Residual Analysis Research Articles

The Swedish Production of Apartments as a Function of GNP, Building Costs and Population Changes: Generation of Intelligent Media Content via Big Data Analytics

The Swedish Production of Apartments as a Function of GNP, Building Costs and Population Changes: Generation of Intelligent Media Content via Big Data Analytics

In situ mass spectrometric investigation to probe GeSn growth dynamics and mechanisms in the chemical vapor deposition processes

GeSn has attracted increasing attention due to its tunable bandgap from indirect to direct resulting in unique electronic and optoelectronic capabilities. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is well acknowledged as an advanced growth method for GeSn, demonstrating its capability with grown materials for infrared lasers and detector development. As an in situ diagnostics of the CVD process, a residual gas analyzer (RGA) could enable the detection of all gaseous species during growth, thus probing the growth dynamics and mechanism. Therefore, it is highly desirable but is lacking in the (Si)GeSn research community. This work utilized an RGA equipped with a specialized differential vacuum pumping system to analyze the mass spectra of the GeSn CVD precursors of SnCl4, GeH4, and their combination. The spectra of SnCl4 collected from gas samples at a standard base pressure of 0.3 Torr display consistent fragments with central mass-to-charge ratios (m/z) of 78, 120, 155, 225, and 260, corresponding to Sn+, SnCl2+, SnCl+, SnCl2+, SnCl3+, and SnCl4+, respectively. These profiles closely resemble those observed in the National Institute of Standards and Technology and Wiley and Matsumoto et al. The simultaneous introduction of SnCl4 and GeH4 at a combined pressure of several tens of Torr yields spectra, indicating a chemical reaction that produces GeCl4 at room temperature in the vacuum chamber and tubing. Utilizing Gaussian16 and ORCA codes, the ab initio and density functional thermochemistry computations were employed to predict potential essential reactions and validate the experimental findings.

Revolutionizing food science with mass spectrometry imaging: A comprehensive review of applications and challenges.

Food science encounters increasing complexity and challenges, necessitating more efficient, accurate, and sensitive analytical techniques. Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) emerges as a revolutionary tool, offering more molecular-level insights. This review delves into MSI's applications and challenges in food science. It introduces MSI principles and instruments such as matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, desorption electrospray ionization, secondary ion mass spectrometry, and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, highlighting their application in chemical composition analysis, variety identification, authenticity assessment, endogenous substance, exogenous contaminant and residue analysis, quality control, and process monitoring in food processing and food storage. Despite its potential, MSI faces hurdles such as the complexity and cost of instrumentation, complexity in sample preparation, limited analytical capabilities, and lack of standardization of MSI for food samples. While MSI has a wide range of applications in food analysis and can provide more comprehensive and accurate analytical results, challenges persist, demanding further research and solutions. The future development directions include miniaturization of imaging devices, high-resolution and high-speed MSI, multiomics and multimodal data fusion, as well as the application of data analysis and artificial intelligence. These findings and conclusions provide valuable references and insights for the field of food science and offer theoretical and methodological support for further research and practice in food science.

Topologically optimised facade brackets: an embodied carbon, structural and residual stress analysis

The research investigates the topological optimisation of the metal brackets that connect curtain wall panelling to the floor slabs of a building. As is typically the case with standard building components, the brackets are overdesigned with higher load margins than real applied loads. Optimising them results in reduced mass and a more evenly spread stress distribution. Correspondingly, the question that the project asks is whether the optimised designs have a comparable structural performance to the standard bracketry used in construction, and a lower embodied carbon. To answer this, several optimisations of a standard facade bracket are performed, resulting in a total of six converged design options, with three of them progressed for fabrication. The manufactured designs are then horizontal and vertical load and residual stress tested to assess their performance, and an embodied carbon analysis is performed to calculate the corresponding emissions for raw material extraction, processing, and component fabrication. The results indicate the presence of compressive yield magnitude residual stresses, and that structural performance is comparable to a standard bracket, but embodied carbon is in most cases higher. The paper concludes with a discussion of the findings, and possible next steps in the optimisation, structural testing, and embodied carbon analysis workflow.

Transfer of Caffeine and its Major Metabolites to Chicken Eggs

This study aimed to determine whether the eggs of laying hens fed caffeine contain this compound and its primary metabolites (theophylline, theobromine, and paraxanthine). Laying hens were distributed into four experimental groups fed rations containing 0 (control), 150, 300, or 450 μg/g of caffeine. For residual analysis, six eggs per group were collected after 4, 8, and 12 weeks. The concentrations of caffeine, theophylline, theobromine, and paraxanthine were determined in the white and yolk of each egg by a high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detector (HPLC-PDA) method. All four compounds were detected in the white and yolk of eggs produced by hens fed caffeine, but their levels in the egg white were approximately twice those in the yolk. The major metabolite found in eggs was theophylline (57.5% of caffeine metabolites in the egg white and 58.5% in the yolk), followed by theobromine (39.9% in the egg white and 41.5% in the yolk), and paraxanthine (2.64% in the egg white and non-detected in the yolk). In summary, caffeine and its metabolites, theophylline, theobromine, and paraxanthine, are transferred to the chicken eggs.

Oral bioaccessibility of potentially toxic elements in various urban environmental media

An important aspect of geochemical studies is determining health hazard of potentially toxic elements (PTEs). Key information on PTEs behaviour in the human body in case of their ingestion is provided with the use of in vitro bioaccessibility tests. We analysed and compared oral bioaccessibility of a wide range of PTEs (As, Cd, Ce, Cr, Cu, Hg, La, Li, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sn, Zn), including some that are not often studied but might pose a human health hazard, in soil, attic dust, street dust, and household dust, using Unified BARGE Method (UBM). Additionally, feasibility of usage of scanning electron microscope techniques in analyses of solid residuals of UBM phases was tested. Results show that bioaccessible fractions (BAFs) of PTEs vary significantly between individual samples of the same medium, between different media and between the gastric and gastro-intestinal phases. In soil, attic dust and street dust, bioaccessibility of individual PTE is mostly higher in gastric than in gastro-intestinal phase. The opposite is true for PTEs in household dust. In all four media, with the exception of Pb in household dust, among the most bioaccessible PTEs in gastric phase are Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn. During the transition from the stomach to small intestine, the mean BAFs of most elements in soil, attic dust, and street dust decreases. The most bioaccessible PTEs in gastro-intestinal phase are Cu, Cd, Ni, and As. Micromorphological and chemical characterisation at individual particle level before and after bioaccessibility test contribute significantly to the understanding of oral bioaccessibility.

Factor Associated with Adherence to the Protein and Fat Counting Strategy by Adults with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.

Carbohydrate counting is one of the dietary strategies used for the management of type 1 diabetes (T1DM), and counting proteins and fats allows individuals to achieve better glycemic and metabolic control, reducing glycemic variability and long-term complications. The aim of this paper is to analyze the factors associated with adherence to the protein- and fat-counting strategy in adults with T1DM. This cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2021 to June 2022 through an online questionnaire. We applied Pearson's Chi-square test with adjusted residual analysis and a binomial logistic regression test using SPSS software, version 24.0, considering p < 0.05 as indicative of statistical significance. There was an association between performing protein and lipid counting and having a higher education level, income exceeding three minimum wages, and having adequate glycated hemoglobin. Performing protein and lipid counting increased the chances of having adequate HbA1c by 4.3 times. Protein and lipid counting was a predictor of having adequate HbA1c. The results suggest that considering the practice of counting proteins and fats is important as a strategy to optimize glycemic control.

Residual Stress and Fatigue Strength Analysis of Stiffener Welds of Steel-Plate Composite Girder Bridge Considering Welding Sequence

Residual Stress and Fatigue Strength Analysis of Stiffener Welds of Steel-Plate Composite Girder Bridge Considering Welding Sequence

Tracing culinary practices in the western provinces of the Roman Empire using Organic Residue Analysis

This study aims at reconstructing foodways in the north-east (NE) of the Iberian Peninsula, focusing on lipid residue analysis of utilitarian vessels and using as case studies the sites of Puig Castellar of Biosca (180–120 BCE) and Guissona (120 BCE-third century CE). In total, fifty vessel fragments of different types and origins were analysed with techniques such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS). As some vessel fragments were recovered from waterlogged contexts, they had excellent lipid preservation, which enabled the detection of various compounds that are rarely reported in archaeological contexts in Iberia. Analyses revealed both animal and plant products in the vessels, suggested that a variety of food resources was consumed, and that vessels had multiple uses. The detection of levoglucosan in some extracts, along with other heat markers, further suggested the presence of cellulose or starchy products in contact with fire as well as the heating of animal fats. Combined with available bioarchaeological and palaeoenvironmental studies from both sites, the analyses indicated a continuity in diet across the time periods during which the sites were occupied. Some differences were also observed, including the possible use of tubers until the first century CE. The results are then contextualised and compared with other available organic residue studies from the Roman Iberian Peninsula. The study demonstrates how the combination of multiple bioarchaeological proxies and biomolecular approaches can provide a holistic means to approach Roman foodways.

The Co-Production of Service: Modeling Services in Contact Centers Using Hawkes Processes

In customer support contact centers, every service interaction involves a messaging dialogue between a customer and an agent; together, they exchange information, solve problems, and collectively co-produce the service. Because the service progression is shaped by the history of conversation thus far, we propose a bivariate marked Hawkes process cluster model of the customer-agent interaction. To evaluate our stochastic model of service, we apply it to an industry contact center data set containing nearly 5 million messages. Through both a novel residual analysis comparison and several Monte Carlo goodness-of-fit tests, we show that the Hawkes cluster model indeed captures dynamics at the heart of the service and surpasses classic models that do not incorporate the service history. Furthermore, in an entirely data-driven simulation, we demonstrate how this history-dependent model can be leveraged operationally to inform a prediction-based routing policy. We show that widely used and well-studied customer routing policies can be outperformed with simple modifications according to the Hawkes model. Through analysis of a stylized model proposed in the contact center literature, we prove that service heterogeneity can cause this underperformance and, moreover, that such heterogeneity will occur if service closures are not carefully managed. This paper was accepted by Elena Katok, operations management. Funding: The authors are grateful for the generous support of this work by the National Science Foundation Division of Graduate Education [Grant DGE-1650441] (A. Daw), the Israel Science Foundation [Grant 336/19] (G. B. Yom-Tov), and the United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation [Grant 2022095] (A. Daw, G. B. Yom-Tov). Supplemental Material: The online appendix and data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2021.04060 .

Culinary continuity in central Japan across the transition to agriculture

Rice and millet arrived in Western Japan from Korea around 3,000 years ago and spread eastwards across the archipelago in the next 700 years. However, the extent to which agriculture transformed traditional Jōmon hunter-gatherer-fisher communities is debated. Central Japan is a key area of study as remodelling of radiocarbon dates shows a slowdown in the dispersal rate of rice agriculture in this area. Here, we examine and compare the use of pottery by Final Jōmon and Early to Middle Yayoi communities in the Tōkai and the Central Highland regions of central Japan, using lipid residue analysis. Although the identification of specific biomarkers for rice remains elusive, an increase in the ratio of E/H C18 APAAs with the arrival of rice and millet indicates a potential change in plant processing and consumption. We were also able to identify biomarkers for broomcorn millet (miliacin) in both Final Jōmon and Yayoi pottery. However, evidence for millet consumption is sparse and in all cases was likely mixed with wild hunted and foraged foods. We conclude therefore that, despite the introduction of rice and millet agriculture in central Japan, pre-existing diets and culinary habits of Jōmon hunter-gatherers remain important.

Measurable Residual Disease Analysis by Flow Cytometry and Correlation With Molecular Measurable Residual Disease in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia: A Real-World Prospective Study.

Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a subtype of acute myeloid leukemia distinguished by its rapidly progressive and fatal clinical course. Measurable/minimal residual disease (MRD) monitoring is vital for the prognosis and clinical management of acute myeloid leukemia. To examine the immunophenotypes of the residual leukemic cells, evaluate the performance of multiparametric flow cytometry (FCM) measuring MRD, and compare it with molecular monitoring in patients diagnosed with APL. Two hundred seventy-seven patients with APL were enrolled. Immunophenotypes were prospectively analyzed by a 1-tube-10-color antibody panel via FCM. MRD of APL with PML::RARα was detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RQ-PCR). The clinical value of MRD as an indicator of survival was also examined. APL showed 5 distinct patterns of residual leukemic cells, based on CD45 and side-scatter scattergram, all with CD9 positivity and a previously unrealized loss of CD117. FCM-based MRD evaluation showed a concordance rate of 87.7% with PCR. At the end of the consolidation therapy, MRD measured by both PCR and FCM could differentiate patients with longer and shorter overall survival (OS) (P = .04 and P = .03, respectively). Patients with APL variant had a shorter OS than patients with APL who harbored PML::RARα (P < .001). CD9 is a reliable marker to differentiate residual leukemic cells from normally differentiating myeloid cells. FCM demonstrated a high comparability to PCR-MRD and an excellent performance in predicting OS, and thus could potentially be used as a routine indicator in the clinical management of patients with APL.

Effectiveness and residual activity of four common insecticides used in the Mississippi Delta to control tarnished plant bugs in cotton.

The tarnished plant bug, (TPB) Lygus lineolaris Palisot de Beauvois (Hemiptera: Miridae) is a key pest of cotton in the midsouth region and some areas of the eastern United States. Its control methods have been solely based on chemical insecticides which has contributed to insecticidal resistance and shortened residual periods for control of this insect pest. This study was conducted over a two-year period and examined the efficacy and residual effect of four commercial insecticides including lambda-cyhalothrin (pyrethroid), acephate (organophosphate), imidacloprid (neonicotinoid), and sulfoxaflor (sulfoxamine). The effectiveness and residual effects of these insecticides were determined by application on cotton field plots on four different dates during each season using three different concentrations (high: highest labeled commercial dose (CD), medium: 1/10 of the CD, low: 1/100 of the CD) on field cotton plots. Four groups of cotton leaves were randomly pulled from each treated plot and control 0-, 2-, 4-, 7-, and 9-days post treatment (DPT) and exposed to a lab colony of TPB adults. One extra leaf sample/ plot/ spray /DPT interval (0-2-4-7-9-11) during 2016 was randomly collected from the high concentration plots and sent to Mississippi State Chemical Laboratory for residual analysis. Mortality of TPB adults was greatest for those placed on leaves sprayed with the organophosphate insecticide with mortalities (%) of 81.7±23.4 and 63.3±28.8 (SE) 1-day after exposure (DAE) on leaves 0-DPT with the high concentration for 2016 and 2017, respectively, reaching 94.5±9.5 and 95.4±7.6 6-DAE each year. Mortality to all insecticides continued until 9 and 4-DPT for high and medium concentrations, respectively. However, organophosphate (39.4±28.6) and pyrethroid (24.4±9.9) exhibited higher mortality than sulfoxamine (10.6±6.6) and the neonicotinoid (4.0±1.5) 7-DAE on 9-DPT leaves with the high concentration. Based on our results using the current assay procedure, TPB adults were significantly more susceptible to contact than systemic insecticides and due to its residual effect, organophosphate could kill over 80% of the TPB population 7-DPT.

Use of plasma process diagnostic sensors for the monitoring of in situ dry cleaning of plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition chamber

A potential source of particle contamination due to poorly maintained PECVD chamber condition forces to perform in situ dry cleaning also actively employed before the wet-cleaning chamber maintenance period. In this paper, we demonstrate the use of plasma process diagnostic sensors, optical emission spectroscope, and quadrupole mass spectrometer for in situ plasma monitoring of the dry-cleaning step. It is worthwhile to know the thin film residue on the chamber’s inner wall, but it is difficult to collect the deposited thin film sample from the wall since the preparation of the sample from the equipment is impossible. To alleviate the concern, we prepared silicon wafer samples mounted on the chamber sidewall over the prolonged exposure of the SiO2 deposition process, and the collected sensory data were investigated under the dry-cleaning condition. The residue film obtained through the experiment was characterized by Fourier transform infrared, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. We found a useful insight into the chamber dry-cleaning end point detection application through residual gas analysis, and the results contribute to process engineers setting up the in situ dry-cleaning recipe to make sure that subsequent deposition can be consistently maintained.

An improved subtraction model applied in supercritical fluid chromatography to characterise polar stationary phases

Herein, an improved subtraction model was proposed to characterise the polar stationary phases in supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). Fifteen stationary phases were selected, including two types of aromatic columns, Waters Torus and Viridis series columns, as well as silica and amino columns. Ethylbenzene and Torus 1-AA were defined as the reference solute and column, respectively. Identifying the interaction with the maximum contribution to retention in SFC separation and using it as the initial term is a key step in modelling. The dipole, or induced dipole interaction (θ′P), replaced the hydrophobic interaction (η′H) as the starting term. The improved model was expressed as logα=η′H+β′A+α′B+κ′C+θ′P+ε′E+σ′S, where the term ε′E indicated that anion exchange interaction was intentionally supplemented. A 7-step modelling process, including bidirectional fitting and residual analysis, was proposed. The obtained column parameters had reasonable physical significance, with the adjusted determination coefficient (R2adj) greater than 0.999 and the standard error (SE) less than 0.029. Methodological validation was further performed using the other four columns and 12 solutes that were not involved in the modelling. The result revealed good predictions of solutes’ retention, as demonstrated by R2adj from 0.9923 to 0.9979 and SE from 0.0636 to 0.1088. This study indicated the feasibility of using the improved subtraction model to characterise polar stationary phases in SFC, with the most crucial being the determination of an initial term, followed by the addition of a new descriptor and the selection of an appropriate reference column. The study expanded the application scope of the subtraction model in SFC, which will help gain an in-depth understanding of the SFC separation mechanism.

Edible squid ink proteoglycans as a multifunctional sustainable additive for silk coatings: Fire protection, UV shielding and as a colorant

Today, marine biomolecules have attracted great interest in the field of flame-retardant (FR) science due to their sustainability and charring properties. Squid ink is mixed bio-colloid rich in proteoglycans, melanin, and metal ions. Here, squid ink was applied to endow silk with outstanding FR performance and ultraviolet protection through surface coating. After coating with 40 g/L squid ink, silk displayed excellent ultraviolet shielding performance with a high UV protection factor (UPF) of 71.5, attributing to powerful ultraviolet absorption ability of melanin. Besides, the coated silk also exhibited outstanding FR performance, characterized by a shorter char length (7.1 cm) and a higher FR-Index (2.5). The heat release performance of the treated silk dramatically decreased, and the peak heat release rate (pHRR) and heat release capability (HRC) both decreased by 49.1 %. Moreover, a significant reduction in total smoke production (TSP ∼ 60 %) was also observed in cone calorimetry test. A reduction in these fire parameters indicated a great improvement in the fire safety of silk. Interestingly, due to the natural adhesiveness of the proteoglycan mixed colloid, the coated silk could withstand 10 washing cycles while maintaining FR properties. Subsequently, further analyses of the cone residues confirmed the formation of a compact and stable char layer. The squid ink coating exerted an intumescent FR action on silk.

Small-quantity cooling lubrication in creep-feed grinding: Surface quality and residual stress analysis

Small-quantity cooling lubrication (SQCL) has emerged as a promising eco-friendly alternative to conventional flood cooling in creep-feed grinding processes. This study delves into the influence of various cooling conditions (dry, SQCL, and flood cooling) on the creep-feed grinding dynamics of 420 stainless steel specimens. Key parameters, including friction coefficient, surface texture, and through-thickness residual stresses, are investigated. Both SQCL and flood cooling exhibit marginal reductions in the friction coefficient compared to dry conditions, owing to their lubricating properties. With a smoother surface finish, SQCL grinding exhibits an average roughness of 42 % lower than that of dry grinding. Furthermore, increasing cutting depth and feed rates lead to elevated residual stresses on the specimen's surface, with SQCL cooling demonstrating substantial reductions compared to dry conditions. The SQCL cooling condition yields surface residual stresses 46–48.28 % lower than those observed in the dry condition. This study sheds light on the efficacy of SQCL as an alternative cooling method in enhancing surface quality and mitigating residual stresses in creep-feed grinding processes.

Development of an organophosphate and carbamate pesticide test kit by using a magnetic particle coated with esterase enzyme from honey bee heads

Organophosphates (OPs) and carbamates (CMs) play a vital role in Thai agriculture, public health, and pest control. However, their detection presents challenges due to expensive methods requiring specialized expertise. Addressing this gap, our study introduces an innovative, cost-effective method for detecting OPs and CMs in Thailand. We utilized the test kit by using magnetic particles coated with esterase enzymes from honey bee heads combined with a colorimetric approach. The developed test kit shows low limits of detection (LODs) at 0.001 mg/L of dichlorvos (OPs) and 0.004 mg/L for carbaryl (CMs). The efficiency of the developed test kits in comparison with the standard technique of gas chromatography with flame photometry detection (GC-FPD) shows a comparable result in fruit and vegetable residue analysis. This developed test kit proposes a cost-effective OPs and CMs analysis test kit for Thailand, promising expense reduction and simplified verification processes. Its applicability to fruits and vegetables signifies practicality in agriculture, marking a significant advancement in accessible and efficient pesticide residue monitoring. Despite challenges in pesticide use, our method holds promise for improving safety and efficiency in Thai pesticide management.Graphical

Elasto-plastic residual stress analysis of selective laser sintered porous materials based on 3D-multilayer thermo-structural phase-field simulations

Residual stress and plastic strain in additive manufactured materials can exhibit significant microscopic variation at the powder scale, profoundly influencing the overall properties of printed components. This variation depends on processing parameters and stems from multiple factors, including differences in powder bed morphology, non-uniform thermo-structural profiles, and inter-layer fusion. In this research, we propose a powder-resolved multilayer multiphysics simulation scheme tailored for porous materials through the process of selective laser sintering. This approach seamlessly integrates finite element method (FEM) based non-isothermal phase-field simulation with thermo-elasto-plastic simulation, incorporating temperature- and phase-dependent material properties. The outcome of this investigation includes a detailed depiction of the mesoscopic evolution of stress and plastic strain within a transient thermo-structure, evaluated across a spectrum of beam power and scan speed parameters. Simulation results further reveal the underlying mechanisms. For instance, stress concentration primarily occurs at the necking region of partially melted particles and the junctions between different layers, resulting in the accumulation of plastic strain and residual stress, ultimately leading to structural distortion in the materials. Based on the simulation data, phenomenological relation regarding porosity/densification control by the beam energy input was examined along with the comparison to experimental results. Regression models were also proposed to describe the dependency of the residual stress and the plastic strain on the beam energy input.

Investigating grandmothers' cooking: A multidisciplinary approach to foodways on an archaeological dump in Lower Casamance, Senegal.

Because they hold information about cultural identity, foodways have been the focus of a variety of disciplines in archaeology. However, each approach documents different stages of culinary preparation and is constrained by the preservation specificities of each type of artefact and ecofact. Difficulties in achieving an interdisciplinary approach may explain the scarcity of such studies. In this paper, we propose a methodology that combines archaeozoological, carpological and microbotanical analysis of ecofacts retrieved in the sediment, with use-alteration, organic residue and microbotanical analysis carried out on pottery vessels, recovered during the excavation of a XXth century archaeological dump site in Lower Casamance (Senegal). The results demonstrate the strength of this multiproxy approach in reconstructing past foodways by characterising the importance of aquatic, terrestrial animals and plant products in the Diola Kassa diet. In addition, this study questions the modalities of food transformation by assessing the preparation techniques of animal and vegetal products (cutting marks, heating processes etc.) and the function of pottery vessels (transport, storage, cooking etc.). Aquatic products and rice were a significant part of the diet of the users of the dump (from archaeozoology, carpology, phytoliths and organic residue analysis) and wet cooking (boiling?), salty and acidic foods seem to have been particularly prevalent (from use-alteration). The absence of specific animal and plant parts in the archaeological record, as well as some pottery function, is also questioned. Beyond gathering the results of each approach, this study focuses on the interweaving of different research methods to depict past foodscape.