Analysis Of Race Research Articles

Analysis of Race and Ethnicity Among United States Medical Board Leadership.

Background: The inequitable representation of women and members of racial and ethnic minority groups in leadership positions within academic medicine is an ongoing challenge with practical and realistic solutions. The purpose of this study was to assess the race and ethnicity of individuals in leadership positions among the 24 Member Boards of Directors (Boards) of the American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS). Methods: We performed a cross-sectional analysis of the race and ethnicity patterns for individuals holding leadership positions among the 24 Boards of the ABMS as of March 1, 2022. Two independent coders with 100% concordance recorded race and ethnicity using online biographies and photographs. Percentages were compared to the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) 2018 data reports. Results: Among 449 director positions, 415 (92.4%) were physicians. Within the physician subset, 12.3% (51/415) Asian, 8.2% (34/415) Black, and 3.4% (14/415) Hispanic individuals were identified. Women who are members of racial and ethnic minority groups have less representation than men of the same race. Of 24 Boards, 37.5% (9/24) had no Asian women, 50.0% (12/24) had no Black women, and 75.0% (18/24) had no Hispanic women. White physicians were overrepresented on 14 of 21 (66.7%) Boards compared to the proportion of active White physicians or White individuals in the United States general population. Conclusion: Disparities exist for members of racial and ethnic minority groups, particularly women from these groups. As a leader in academic medicine, the ABMS should ensure its Boards are diverse with respect to gender, race, and ethnicity. Diverse groups often contribute unique insights that support medical education, advance science, and improve clinical care.

From Intersectionality to Interstitiality: Pathways in Italian Race, Migration, and Diaspora Studies

In recent years, the study of Italy’s contemporary migrant “crisis” has broadened into explorations of national biopolitics in transhistorical and transnational contexts. This article suggests some useful pathways between critical race theory and postcolonial theory to explore pressing questions related to race-based cultural politics and Italian national identity. It highlights critical race theory’s potential to enrich analyses of racializing discourses: for example, the concept of “interest convergence” is harnessed here to describe and understand the mechanisms of Italy’s “New Risorgimento,” i.e. its recent psychic unification through race-paranoia. The article also investigates possible applications of the widely (mis)used term “intersectionality” and explores some of the limits of both critical race theory and postcolonial theory, especially the ever-present risk of slippage back into preexisting essentialist identity categorizations. To avoid such slippages, the article suggests further exploration of theoretical conceptualizations of hybridity by two of postcolonial theory’s foundational scholars, Edward Said and Homi K. Bhabha, due to their emphasis on discourse analysis and “interstitiality” rather than intersectionality. It urges further examination of Italy’s questione della razza via interstitiality in order to introduce urgently-needed nuance into analyses of race, nationality, power, and cultural discourse. Finally, the article emphasizes the importance of deploying multiple theoretical approaches and stresses the need to work within a public-facing “global humanities” framework to explore and expose how racializing discourses generate detrimental manufactured anxieties and hate in contemporary societies. Creating a “sense of the commons” via such transnational and comparative approaches to analyzing biopolitical conflicts would build both inclusivity, and therefore strength, within democratic nations, institutions, and societies, thus allowing them to thrive once again.

Data plantation: Northern Virginia and the territorialization of digital civilization in “the Internet Capital of the World”

Abstract Purpose The development of the Northern VA and the Washington, DC metro area as a key node in the globalizing digital urban system is well established. This essay investigates the growth of that technological geography in the 1990s and 2000s as a part of the planetary epoch of human transformation that some have called the “Plantationocene” (vs. Anthropocene). Approach A historical and critical interpretive analysis of race, landscape, and technology policy in the Northern VA area. Findings The paper establishes the region’s social attachments to its “bucolic” agrarian landscape, rooted in the US Civil War and vast inequalities of the reimposition of the plantation as an “afterlife of slavery” after Reconstruction’s failure. It then suggests that the conditions of the plantation economy within a kind of digital plantation economy—featuring resource monopolies, extractive forms of exploitation, and monocrop “ecologies”—based on the “Server Farming” (aka, data center) industry through which some 70 % of the world’s Internet traffic flows. It looks at this digital aspect of the Plantationocene as post-Bellum and insurgent, in which the manipulation of history, the accumulation and control of ‘arable’ (digital) land, and the dispossession of social processes under quasi-feudalistic property rights encourage unequal, unsustainable, and often violent cultures and political ecologies. Practical implications Researchers considering digital urbanism might use this approach to understand online and offline geographies of the contemporary media industry. Social implications It treats the contemporary anti-government and ethno-nationalist movements growing in digital mediation as part of a much longer and unsettled planetary conflict over the plantation system, racialized social inequality, and the abolition of slavery. Originality/value While some work on “data colonialism” implicitly connects digital urbanism to the mostly agriculturally-focused work on the Plantationocene, this essay makes the connection explicit, place-based in specific historical-geographical contexts, and focused on the roles of specific political economic actors.

Analysis of Race and Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Factors, and Tooth Decay Among US Children

ImportanceWhile large oral health disparities remain by race and ethnicity among children, the associations of race, ethnicity, and mediating factors with oral health outcomes are poorly characterized. Identifying the pathways that explain these disparities would be critical to inform policies to effectively reduce them.ObjectiveTo measure racial and ethnic disparities in the risk of developing tooth decay and quantify relative contributions of factors mediating the observed disparities among US children.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis retrospective cohort study used electronic health records of US children from 2014 to 2020 to measure racial and ethnic disparities in the risk of tooth decay. Elastic net regularization was used to select variables to be included in the model among medical conditions, dental procedure types, and individual- and community-level socioeconomic factors. Data were analyzed from January 9 to April 28, 2023.ExposuresRace and ethnicity of children.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe main outcome was diagnosis of tooth decay in either deciduous or permanent teeth, defined as at least 1 decayed, filled, or missing tooth due to caries. An Anderson-Gill model, a time-to-event model for recurrent tooth decay events with time-varying covariates, stratified by age groups (0-5, 6-10, and 11-18 years) was estimated. A nonlinear multiple additive regression tree–based mediation analysis quantified the relative contributions of factors underlying the observed racial and ethnic disparities.ResultsAmong 61 083 children and adolescents aged 0 to 18 years at baseline (mean [SD] age, 9.9 [4.6] years; 30 773 [50.4%] female), 2654 Black individuals (4.3%), 11 213 Hispanic individuals (18.4%), 42 815 White individuals (70.1%), and 4401 individuals who identified as another race (eg, American Indian, Asian, and Hawaiian and Pacific Islander) (7.2%) were identified. Larger racial and ethnic disparities were observed among children aged 0 to 5 years compared with other age groups (Hispanic children: adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.47; 95% CI, 1.40-1.54; Black children: aHR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.19-1.42; other race children: aHR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.29-1.49), compared with White children. For children aged 6 to 10 years, higher risk of tooth decay was observed for Black children (aHR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.01-1.19) and Hispanic children (aHR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.07-1.18) compared with White children. For adolescents aged 11 to 18 years, a higher risk of tooth decay was observed only in Black adolescents (aHR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.06-1.30). A mediation analysis revealed that the association of race and ethnicity with time to first tooth decay became negligible, except for Hispanic and children of other race aged 0 to 5 years, suggesting that mediators explained most of the observed disparities. Insurance type explained the largest proportion of the disparity, ranging from 23.4% (95% CI, 19.8%-30.2%) to 78.9% (95% CI, 59.0%-114.1%), followed by dental procedures (receipt of topical fluoride and restorative procedures) and community-level factors (education attainment and Area Deprivation Index).ConclusionsIn this retrospective cohort study, large proportions of disparities in time to first tooth decay associated with race and ethnicity were explained by insurance type and dental procedure types among children and adolescents. These findings can be applied to develop targeted strategies to reduce oral health disparities.

It doesn't bother me: An intersectional analysis of discrimination among white women farmers in the US Corn Belt

While women in United States agriculture are increasingly asserting control over land and assuming identities as primary producers, they continue to face significant challenges in being “read” as legitimate producers and in accessing the material resources (land, labor, capital) to do the work of farming. Although scholarship documents how women are generating new strategies to gain legitimacy as farmers and how programs have emerged to provide agricultural outreach to women, much of this work has been “colorblind” in its lack of a critical analysis of race and its intersections with gender. In this paper, we analyze the complex intersections between white supremacy and patriarchy that may benefit white women farmers as they negotiate and normalize gender-based discrimination. Viewing race and gender as materially lived and negotiated, we analyze in-depth qualitative data from 43 conventional white women producers in the US Corn Belt to identify the nuanced ways they socially navigate the white male-dominated world of production agriculture. We find while respondents universally feel that women claiming the role of farmer are subject to both dismissals and outright aggressions in agricultural encounters, many of the respondents claim this discrimination “doesn't bother” them. We argue, that in the semi-dynastic world of Corn Belt production, these white women socially position themselves by drawing on both their embodied histories of labor along with their relationalities to land and people (particularly men) in ways that facilitate a sense of collective belonging contingent on others' exclusion. We conclude by reflecting on how agricultural research on gender could incorporate more critical analyses of race to uncover continuing forms of discrimination in agricultural spaces.

Disability, Race, and Origin Intersectionality in the Doctoral Program: Ableism in Higher Education

This paper explores the experiences of a doctoral disabled student at a university to examine how ableist structures in graduate programs affect access to higher education and post-degree outcomes. Guided by the DisCrit framework and autoethnography approach, the article illuminates systems and processes that disadvantage graduate disabled students. Through intersectional analyses of disability, race, and origin, the article makes visible manifestations of disability microaggressions and systemic ableism, racism, and xenophobia. It interrogates the perpetuation and normalization of academic transgressions, including exclusionary practices that degrade and oppress graduate disabled students and hinder them from seeking success. Finally, the argument is made in favour of reforms to authenticate disability culture, validate students’ rights to education, decolonize academics from ableism, and create a disability-friendly university environment.

Adjuvant therapy in localized vs regional biliary tract cancers: A SEER analysis.

e16221 Background: Biliary Tract Cancers (BTC) are aggressive malignancies. Treatment of early-stage disease involves surgical resection, but whether adjuvant therapy offers a clear survival benefit remains inconclusive. This study aims to explore the impact of demographic factors and adjuvant therapy on survival outcomes at a population level through the lens of the latest SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results) registries. Methods: Cases were filtered by the following criteria: histologic type (adenocarcinoma), anatomic location (gallbladder, intrahepatic, extrahepatic), stage (local and regional), microscopically confirmed diagnosis, and confirmed surgical resection. Cases with incomplete entries were excluded. A Cox proportional hazard model was used to analyze survival in the context of race, gender, income, and type of adjuvant therapy (none, chemotherapy (AC), chemo-radiotherapy (CRT), and radiation (RT)). Data analysis was performed in RStudio. Results: Between 2005 and 2019, 3565 patients were identified. Patients with regional BTC demonstrated improved median survival with AC (27 vs 23 months, HR 0.72, CI 0.63-0.82, p ≤.05) and CRT (28 vs 23 months, HR 0.63, CI 0.56-0.72, p ≤.05). Median survival in localized BTC was 52 months. Adjuvant therapy of any type did not impact survival for localized BTC. Analysis of race as a covariate in localized BTC showed that all minority groups had improved survival compared to non-Hispanic whites (Asian, HR 0.33; Black, HR 0.50; Hispanic, HR 0.38, p≤.05). In regional gallbladder BTC, this survival benefit was limited to Asians only (HR 0.52, p≤.05). Conclusions: Our data show that AC and CRT may improve survival in patients with regional BTC across all anatomic subtypes. In our cohort, adjuvant therapy had no impact on survival in localized BTC. Differences in outcomes may exist among racial groups for different subtypes of BTC. Future adjuvant clinical trials for BTC should consider stratifying for regional and localized disease. [Table: see text]

Distant stage melanoma incidence among US adult women.

e21555 Background: To examine trends in distant stage melanoma incidence among U.S. women. Methods: Demographic and clinical data were obtained from the United States Cancer Statistics (USCS) Database from 2001-2019. SEER*Stat 8.3.9.2 and Joinpoint regression program 4.9.0.0 were used to calculate cancer incidences and trends per 100,000. Average annual percentage change (AAPC) was used to describe trends. Age-adjusted incidences were adjusted by the U.S. 2000 standard population. Results: From 2001-2019, 543,051 women were diagnosed with distant stage melanoma. Over this period, incidence rose from 0.37 to 0.59/100,000 with an increasing annual rate of 2.58% per year (p < 0.0001). In 2019, non-Hispanic White women had disproportionately higher incidence rates at 0.76/100,000 compared to Hispanic (0.26/100,000), non-Hispanic Black (0.17/100,000), and non-Hispanic Asian (0.08/100,000) women. Regarding race, the largest increase in distant melanoma incidence was observed in White women with an average annual increase of 2.92% (p < 0.0001). Among age groups, incidence was highest among those aged ≥45 (1.54/100,000) and 40-44 (0.53/100,000) years. However, the largest increases in distant melanoma incidence were found among 30-34-year-olds at a rate of 3.91% per year (p = 0.004) and 40-44-year-olds at 2.78% per year (p = 0.003). When examined by race and age, annual incidence rates were highest among White women aged 40-44 years at 3.68% per year (p < 0.0001). Regarding U.S. state, incidence was highest in Florida (1.34/100,000), West Virginia (1.32/100,000), and Oklahoma (1.20/100,000). The largest annual increases in distant melanoma incidence rates were observed in Nebraska at 8.63% (p = 0.001), Kentucky at 6.18% (p < 0.0001), and West Virginia at 6.06% (p = 0.001). When performing an intersection analysis of race, age, and U.S. stage, White women living in Nebraska aged ≥45 had the largest increase in distant melanoma at a rate of 8.12% annually (p = 0.004). In 2019, White women in Utah had the highest incidence of distant melanoma at 3.45/100,000. Conclusions: Distant stage melanoma is disproportionally increasing among adult women aged 30-44 years, especially among White populations. Further studies are warranted to understand the environmental and socioeconomic implications behind these trends.

Radiovirotherapy at twenty

Radiovirotherapy at twenty

(Un)Belonging: The Production of Black Trans Loneliness

Black trans people frequently deal with the violent consequences of systemic erasure. Particularly, Black trans people experience structural racism and oppression that socially and economically isolates them, creating conditions for a unique experience of loneliness. In this essay, I engage queer of color critique to explore structural forces that work together to systematically and violently exclude Black trans people. The purpose of this conceptual piece is to advance loneliness theory to include structural isolation to explain manifestations of loneliness due to discrimination and oppression of Black trans people. I discuss my motivations and methods to engage in this work, my theoretical framework, followed by a critique of the theoretical underpinnings of loneliness research. Later, I identify and define three manifestations of structural isolation—anti-Black racism, cisheterosexism, and neoliberalism. Then, I discuss how these forces work together to produce structural isolation among Black trans people and how that isolation places them at risk for loneliness. I conclude this article with a discussion on how queer of color critique provides a framework for a more inclusive analysis of race, gender, and class in social work studies. Finally, I put forward my perception of the critical implications for social work.

Race Associated With Increased Complication Rates After Total Knee Arthroplasty

BackgroundRacial and ethnic disparities have been suggested to be associated with poor outcomes after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). While socioeconomic disadvantage has been studied, analyses of race as the primary variable are lacking. Therefore, we examined the potential differences between Black and White TKA recipients. Specifically, we assessed 30-day and 90-day, as well as 1 year: (1) emergency department visits and readmissions; (2) total complications; (3) as well as risk factors for total complications. MethodsA consecutive series of 1,641 primary TKAs from January 2015 to December 2021 at a tertiary health care system were reviewed. Patients were stratified according to race, Black (n = 1,003) and White (n = 638). Outcomes of interest were analyzed using bivariate Chi-square and multivariate regressions. Demographic variables such as sex, American Society of Anesthesiologists classification, diabetes, congestive heart failure, chronic pulmonary disease, and socioeconomic status based on Area Deprivation Index were controlled for across all patients. ResultsThe unadjusted analyses found that Black patients had an increased likelihood of 30-day emergency department visits and readmissions (P < .001). However, in the adjusted analyses, Black race was demonstrated to be a risk factor for increased total complications at all-time points (P ≤ .0279). Area Deprivation Index was not a risk for cumulative complications at these time points (P ≥ .2455). ConclusionBlack patients undergoing TKA may be at increased risk for complications with more risk factors including higher body mass index, tobacco use, substance abuse, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes and were thus, “sicker” initially than the White cohort. Surgeons are often treating these patients at the later stages of their diseases when risk factors are less modifiable, which necessitates a shift to early, preventable public health measures. While higher socioeconomic disadvantage has been associated with higher rates of complications, the results of this study suggest that race may play a greater role than previously thought.

Mediational Effect of Teacher-Based Discrimination on Academic Performance: An Intersectional Analysis of Race, Gender, and Income/Class

Drawing on prior research, this study applies an intersectional framework to investigate discrimination in the context of teacher–student relationships and its influence on students’ academic outcomes. Outcomes assessed were inclusive of self-efficacy, school attendance, and grade point average (GPA). For this analysis, structural equation modeling was used with a cross-sectional sample of the Maryland and Adolescent Development in Context Study (MADICS) and the youth self-administered (YSA) questionnaires administered when the youth were in 8th grade (Wave 3). A total of 1182 students completed the survey, of whom 704 were selected for this study. Findings show teacher discrimination as a mechanism to uncover some of the ways race, gender, and income simultaneously intersect to affect students’ academic outcomes. The current study confirms and extends prior work establishing associations among race, gender, income, and teacher discrimination and academic outcomes among African American youth. African American students, especially males, regardless of income levels, may benefit directly—evidenced in visible academic performance—from more positive and race-conscious interactions with teachers. Future implications for practice are shared.

Impostorism and Psychological Distress among College Students of Color: A moderation analysis of Shame-proneness, Race, Gender, and Race-Gender Interactions

Impostorism and Psychological Distress among College Students of Color: A moderation analysis of Shame-proneness, Race, Gender, and Race-Gender Interactions

Black and White Comedy: Trade and Race in Bredero's Moortje (1617)

Moortje ( Little Moor, 1617) is an adaptation of Terence’s The Eunuch, in which the Dutch playwright Gerbrand Adriaensz Bredero replaced the castrate with a ‘Moor’. Scholars have demonstrated how Moortje renders an early modern discourse of race that, at the threshold of Dutch participation in colonial trade, facilitated the enslavement and trafficking of African people. This article aims to do justice to the polyphonic discussion on colonial trade in the seventeenth-century Republic, arguing that Moortje can also be read as a foreshadowing of postcolonial shame and ‘white innocence’. It does so through an analysis of race at the intersections with gender, focusing on the distinct processes through which two women in the play – one black and one white – are commodified on the market and appropriated by their new owner. It also analyses two paratexts in which Bredero compares the cultural appropriation of classical comedy to colonial appropriation. Together, the analyses indicate that racial thinking, although closely intertwined with the discourse on trade, does not in all respects facilitate the commodification and appropriation of the black woman. Rather blackness in Moortje represents the unknown, both in terms of colonial trade and its effects for the conscience of the white merchant.

Abstract GS1-01: Race and clinical outcomes in the RxPONDER Trial (SWOG S1007)

Abstract Introduction: Racial disparities in breast cancer (BC) outcomes continues to be a major health care challenge. The 21-gene recurrence score (RS) is an important tool to guide treatment (tx) decisions among women with early-stage BC. We report an analysis of clinical characteristics, survival outcomes and race in association with RS in participants (pts) in the RxPONDER trial. Methods: We analyzed clinical outcomes with respect to race and ethnicity. Unreported race excluded 18.7% of the pts, with most due to privacy rules. The primary outcome was invasive disease-free survival (IDFS). Distant relapse-free survival (DRFS) was also evaluated. Analyses adjusted for assigned tx arm, RS, and grade were performed. There were too few events to include Native American/Pacific Islander (NAPI) women in the survival analyses. Results: A total of 4,048 trial women with Hormone Receptor positive, HER2 negative (HR+/HER2-) BC, 1-3 involved axillary lymph nodes (LNs), RS ≤ 25 and known race/ethnicity were included in this analysis including the following: 2,833 non-Hispanic (NH) White pts (70%), 248 NH Black pts (6.1%), 610 Hispanic pts (15.1%), 324 Asian pts (8.0%), and 33 NAPI pts (0.8%). Asian and Hispanic women were younger than NH Whites (by 7.1 and 2.4 years, respectively) but NH Blacks did not differ in age. RS distribution did not differ among all racial subgroups (p=0.49). There were also no significant differences in tumor size (p=0.10) or number of positive LNs (p=0.26) across all racial groups. However, tumor grade was found to be significantly different with grade 3 tumors higher for NH Blacks (18.0%), NH NAPI (21.1%), and Hispanics (14.5%) vs. NH Whites (10.4%) and Asians (6.5%) (p&amp;lt; 0.001). Overall five-year IDFS was lower for NH Blacks (87.0%) compared to that for Asians (93.9%), NH Whites (91.5%), and Hispanics (91.4%) (Table 1). A multivariable Cox model adjusting for RS and tx arm showed worse IDFS for NH Blacks compared to NH Whites (HR=1.38; 95% CI 1.00-1.90; p=0.048), although Asian pts had better IDFS than NH Whites (HR=0.65; 95% CI 0.44-0.97; p=0.034). In a separate analysis by menopausal status the magnitude of the IDFS hazard ratios (HRs) for NH Blacks was similar, although no longer statistically significant (premenopausal HR=1.37; 95% CI 0.69-2.72; postmenopausal HR=1.38; 95% CI 0.96-1.98). While there was no statistically significant interaction between NH Blacks vs. NH Whites and tx arm for either premenopausal (p=0.99) or postmenopausal women (p=0.44), adjusting for RS, the small number of events in the NH Black cohort, particularly in premenopausal women (n = 9 IDFS events), limit power and inference about differences in chemotherapy benefit. Among postmenopausal women, NH Blacks had worse DRFS compared to NH Whites (HR=1.69; 95% CI 1.12-2.53; p=0.01), adjusting for tx and RS. A similar trend was seen among premenopausal women (HR=1.74; 95% CI 0.79-3.82; p=0.17), although not statistically significant. Data on tx adherence over 5 years was not mature, although NH Blacks were more likely to accept tx assignment compared to NH Whites at randomization (93% vs. 86%, p=0.004). Conclusion: Black women with HR+/HER2- BC, 1-3 involved LNs and RS ≤ 25 have worse outcomes compared to White women despite similar RS results. There was no significant interaction between NH Blacks vs. NH Whites and tx arm, although this analysis was limited due to sample size. There remains an important need for novel approaches to improve clinical outcomes particularly for NH Black Women. Table 1. IDFS by Race and Ethnicity. Citation Format: Yara Abdou, William E. Barlow, Julie R. Gralow, Funda Meric-Bernstam, Kathy S. Albain, Daniel F. Hayes, Nancy U. Lin, Edith A. Perez, Lori J. Goldstein, Stephen K. Chia, Sukhbinder Dhesy-Thind, Priya Rastogi, Emilio Alba, Suzette Delaloge, Anne F. Schott, Steven Shak, Priyanka Sharma, Danika L. Lew, Jieling Miao, Joseph M. Unger, Debu Tripathy, Lajos Pusztai, Gabriel N. Hortobagyi, Kevin Kalinsky. Race and clinical outcomes in the RxPONDER Trial (SWOG S1007) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2022 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2022 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(5 Suppl):Abstract nr GS1-01.

Requiem for transit ridership? An examination of who abandoned, who will return, and who will ride more with mobility as a service

To adhere to health regulations and reduce the risks associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, employers, mobility operators, and travelers alike adopted new strategies such as teleworking, rigorous sanitation, and social distancing. In this research, we examine the individual-level factors contributing to transit ridership abandonment and return decisions. We utilize comprehensive survey-based data of transit users in the Chicago metropolitan area (N = 5648) collected prior to reopening. We investigate three ridership behaviors, namely (1) discontinued public transit ridership, (2) the intent to return to pre-pandemic transit ridership levels once health concerns are alleviated, and (3) the likelihood of using public transit more often if its fare systems are integrated with other mobility services such as ridehailing and micromobility. Examining the role of sociodemographics, employment characteristics, transit investment priorities, and travel behavior before and during the pandemic, this research reveals fine-grained details about transit usage decline, as well as future intentions. The results indicate that teleworking, unemployment, and vehicle access are the major factors behind discontinued transit ridership. Analysis of race, ethnicity, and gender effects reveals that vulnerable users often have a higher risk of abandonment coupled with a lower likelihood of returning. These results point to the need for transit agencies to consider the specific concerns of ethnic/racial minorities and women. Encouragingly, there is an opportunity for agencies to attract more ridership with fare integration. Several respondent segments would use transit more if fare systems are integrated with ridehailing and micromobility, highlighting the importance of lowering the barriers to accessing these mobility services. This research informs several policies that can be adopted by transit agencies and other mobility providers. We discuss the importance of an equitable return to transit, possibilities for Mobility-as-a-Service with fare integration as a starting point and stress the significance of teleworking in future transit policies.

The Political Economy of Subprime Educational Policy: A Critical Analysis of Charter Schools in Black Communities

In this conceptual paper, the author explores the relationship between the subprime mortgage crisis and charter school expansion. By situating both cases in a structural analysis of race and political economy, this article demonstrates how Jim Crow segregation established the conditions for contemporary symbiotic relationships between segregation and economic exploitation as evidenced by the concentration of subprime mortgages and charters in Black communities. By centering Black communities, this analysis demonstrates the limitations of charters to advance educational opportunity for historically underserved communities if broader political economic contexts are considered.

Visualising Heritage: a critical discourse analysis of place, race, and nationhood along the Erie Canal

ABSTRACT The Erie Canal forever changed the American environment, both materially and ideologically. Since 1825, the iconic New York waterway’s primary use has evolved from transportation to recreation. Today, leisure along the Erie Canal celebrates the “Empire State” throughout a Rust Belt still reeling from the racialised environmental injustices of industrial development and decline. This study collectively examines a wide sample of Erie Canal representations along its historic corridor to see their most recurring pattern: the dominant Erie Canal discourse. Through critical discourse analysis, this research qualitatively examines what is most often included and excluded in Erie Canal communication. The findings reveal a nostalgic, imposed gaze underpinned by the powerful ideologies of place, race, and nationhood that sustain inequality. We argue that in order for Erie Canal heritage spaces to initiate a democratisation process, these reproducing discourses of exclusion must be taken seriously.

Critical Fabulation and the Foundations of Classical Judaism

This article interrogates the historiography of the field of classical Judaism and suggests what a revisionist feminist historiography of this foundational period might look like. Feminist analysis of gender, class, and race in antiquity allows us to see how scholarly biases today reinscribe and even exceed ancient prejudices. Building on Blossom Stefaniw’s essay “Feminist Historiography and Uses of the Past” and deploying Saidiya Hartman’s method of critical fabulation to analyze synagogue inscriptions and rabbinic texts, this article offers counternarratives of Jewish daily life in the period of Late Antiquity. Through investigation of evidence for enslaved, manumitted, and fostered people in the households of the late antique Jewish patriarchs, this article emphasizes the contribution of ostensibly nonnormative Jews to late antique synagogues, rabbinic learning, and Jewish society in Late Antiquity. It argues that our imaginings of Jewish society and the Jewish household in premodernity must change to accommodate the evidence of these heretofore marginalized Jews and the challenges posed by their enslaved status and/or gendered identity. This restoration of excluded perspectives and traditions represents a more ethical historiographic practice, which produces more inclusive and accurate representations of the past, sets the stage for recognizing continuities through the medieval era, and, finally, enables a different present, one with subjects empowered to construct more ethical social norms within and outside the academy.

Neo-Victorian

Despite neo-Victorianism's theoretical awareness of how colonial structures continue to infuse imaginations of the long nineteenth century, and how neo-Victorian culture might challenge both Victorian and contemporary ideological structures, common practices of neo-Victorian scholarship too often remain constricted in their geographical and conceptual breadth. In thinking about the structural convergences and challenges between Victorian studies and neo-Victorian studies, this keyword entry emphasizes texts and cultural traditions that have rarely been the purview of the neo-Victorian. Informed by Ronjaunee Chatterjee, Alicia Mireles Christoff, and Amy R. Wong's analysis of race as a central function in Victorian studies, it charts alternative neo-Victorian genealogies in anglophone African and Black British literatures and cultures. On this basis, it asks how conceptions of the neo-Victorian will need to change if the field is to take seriously its anticolonial potential.