Phase Noise Analysis Research Articles

Analysis and Design of a 195.6 dBc/Hz Peak FoM P-N Class-B Oscillator With Transformer-Based Tail Filtering

A complementary p-n class-B oscillator with two magnetically coupled second harmonic tail resonators is presented and compared to an N-only reference one. An in depth analysis of phase noise, based on direct derivation of the Impulse Sensitivity Function (ISF), provides design insights on the optimization of the tail resonators. In principle the complementary p-n oscillator has the same optimum Figure of Merit (FoM) of the N-only at half the voltage swing. At a supply voltage of 1.5 V, the maximum allowed oscillation amplitude of the N-only is constrained, by reliability considerations, to be smaller than the value that corresponds to the optimum FoM even when 1.8 V thick oxide transistors are used. For an oscillation amplitude that ensures reliable operation and the same tank, the p-n oscillator achieves a FoM 2 to 3 dB better than the N, only depending on the safety margin taken in the design. After frequency division by 2, the p-n oscillator has a measured phase noise that ranges from -150.8 to -151.5 dBc/Hz at 10 MHz offset from the carrier when the frequency of oscillation is varied from 7.35 to 8.4 GHz. With a power consumption of 6.3 mW, a peak FoM of 195.6 dBc/Hz is achieved.

Nanoscale DGMOSFET: DC Modelisation and Analysis of Phase Noise in RF Oscillator

Nanoscale DGMOSFET: DC Modelisation and Analysis of Phase Noise in RF Oscillator

Design of ultra low‐power RF oscillators based on the inversion coefficient methodology using BSIM6 model

SummaryThis paper presents a fast and accurate way to design and optimize LC oscillators using the inversion coefficient (IC). This methodology consists of four steps: linear analysis, nonlinear analysis, phase noise analysis, and optimization using a figure of merit. For given amplitude of oscillation and frequency, we are able to determine all the design variables in order to get the best trade‐off between current consumption and phase noise. This methodology is demonstrated through the design of Pierce and cross‐coupled oscillators and has been verified with BSIM6 metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor compact model using the parameters of a commercial advanced 40 nm complementary metal oxide semiconductor process. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Analysis of Phase Noise in 28 nm CMOS LC Oscillator Differential Topologies: Armstrong, Colpitts, Hartley and Common-Source Cross-Coupled Pair

Comparative Phase Noise analyses of common-source cross-coupled pair, Colpitts, Hartley and Armstrong differential oscillator circuit topologies, designed in 28 nm bulk CMOS technology in a set of common conditions for operating frequencies in the range from 1 GHz to 100 GHz, are carried out in order to identify their relative performance. The impulse sensitivity function (ISF) is used to carry out qualitative and quantitative analyses of the noise contributions exhibited by each circuit component in each topology, allowing an understanding of their impact on phase noise. The comparative analyses show the existence of five distinct frequency regions in which the four topologies rank unevenly in terms of best phase noise performance. Moreover, the results obtained from the ISF show the impact of flicker noise contribution as the major effect leading to phase noise degradation in nanoscale CMOS LC oscillators.

A Low Phase Noise Injection-Locked Programmable Reference Clock Multiplier With a Two-Phase PVT-Calibrator for <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$\Delta\Sigma$</tex></formula> PLLs

A low phase noise injection-locked reference clock multiplier that can suppress the delta-sigma (ΔΣ) noise of ΔΣ phase-locked loops (PLLs) is proposed. By adopting a two-phase PVT-calibrator that switches the calibration resolution, the clock multiplier can reduce the frequency-acquisition time, as well as tightly regulate the real-time degradation of the phase noise. To improve the performance of the calibration method utilizing two identical oscillators, the self-injection pulse generator that balances the loadings of two oscillators is proposed. In addition, this work presents a systematic design methodology that minimizes the degradation of the phase noise over the PVT variations, based on the phase noise analysis of injection-locking. The clock multiplier was designed with the prototype ΔΣ PLL in the 65-nm CMOS process. It can provide five reference frequencies, i.e., 19.2, 28.8, 48, 57.6, and 96 MHz. The phase noise of the 96-MHz signal was -130.0 and -131.8 dBc/Hz at 100 kHz and 1 MHz offsets, respectively; the performance of low phase noise was confirmed over temperature variations. The total active area was 0.062 mm2, and the power consumption was 1.6-1.9 mW. By switching the reference frequency from 19.2 to 96 MHz, the phase noise of the prototype PLL at the 10-MHz offset from the 4.4-GHz signal was improved from -120.1 to -138.6 dBc/Hz.

Analysis and Compensation of Phase Noise in Vector OFDM Systems

Vector orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (V-OFDM) for single transmit antenna systems is a generalization of OFDM where single-carrier frequency domain equalization (SC-FDE) and OFDM are just two special cases. It has been shown to be able to collect multipath diversity and thus generally outperforms OFDM. The performance of OFDM under phase noise has been extensively studied in the literature. These effects can be summarized as introducing a common phase error (CPE) and inter carrier interference (ICI) resulting in poor performance. The performance of V-OFDM under phase noise still remains uninvestigated and in this paper it is shown that phase noise in V-OFDM systems leads to a common vector block phase error (CVBPE) as well as an inter vector block carrier interference (IVBCI) effect. An expression for the signal plus interference noise ratio (SINR) for a V-OFDM system is derived and found to agree closely with simulation results. A pilot vector CVBPE based phase noise estimation technique is derived, and then combined with the maximum likelihood (ML) and the linear minimum mean square error (LMMSE) estimators to estimate the phase noise. It turns out that compared with OFDM, V-OFDM systems can perform phase noise estimation with lower complexity. The decorrelation and cancellation techniques are then used to compensate for the phase noise impairment. Numerical results for both coded and uncoded systems with perfect and practical channel estimation are provided to validate the analysis and effectiveness of the proposed phase noise estimation and compensation methods.

Phase noise characterization of oscillators through Ito calculus

SummaryRecent phase noise analysis techniques of oscillators mainly rely on solving a stochastic differential equation governing the phase noise process. This equation has been solved in the literature using a number of mathematical tools from probability theory like deriving the Fokker–Planck equation governing the phase noise probability density function. Here, a completely different approach for solving this equation in presence of white noise sources is introduced that is based on the Ito calculus for stochastic differential equations. Time‐domain analytical expressions for the correlation of the noisy variables of the oscillator are derived that in asymptotically large times give the steady‐state stochastic correlations as well as the power spectral densities of the variables. The validity of the new approach is verified by comparing its results against extensive Monte‐Carlo simulations. This approach is applied to an oscillator with a dielectric resonator at 4.127 GHz, and a very good agreement between its results with those of the Monte‐Carlo simulations and the previous approaches is observed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Ultralow In-Band Phase Noise Injection-Locked Frequency Multiplier Design Based on Open-Loop Frequency Calibration

A new design methodology is proposed for an ultralow in-band phase noise injection-locked frequency multiplier (ILFM) based on open-loop frequency calibration. The prototype ILFM was designed and fabricated in the 65-nm CMOS process. Using an open-loop calibrator without a real-time monitoring loop, the ILFM achieved excellent in-band phase noise with low power consumption and a small silicon area. Following the design procedure based on the phase noise analysis, the proposed ILFM showed that the open-loop calibrator was capable of overcoming phase noise degradation due to process-voltage-temperature variations. The output frequency was 3.0 GHz when the oscillator was injection locked by the 15th harmonic of the 200-MHz reference clock. The in-band phase noise performance was -117.0, -122.6, and -124.5 dBc/Hz at 10-, 100-, and 1-MHz offsets, respectively. The total active area was 0.19 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , and the power consumption was 8.1 mW.

An Analysis of Phase Noise in Transformer-Based Dual-Tank Oscillators

This paper introduces a new phase noise analysis for one-port and two-port dual mode transformer-based (T-based) oscillators. In this paper we differentiate through linear time variant analysis between the noise response of L-based oscillators and dual-tank dual-mode T-based oscillators. Through derivations, we show that the open loop quality factor definition, commonly used in LC oscillators, is not a valid alternative definition for quality factor in T-based oscillators. We derive the traditional quality factor and the open loop quality factor for both the one- and two-port T-based oscillators. In addition, we investigate through calculation and simulation the impulse sensitivity function (ISF) for noise in the signal path of differential T-based oscillators. SpectreRF noise simulations are then used to verify the derived ISFs in one- and two-port models of T-based oscillators. Finally a case study of a dual-mode T-based oscillator is implemented in a commercially available 130 nm technology. The oscillator is used as an example to show how the different quality factors can affect phase noise performance in the two modes of oscillation available in transformer-based oscillators.

Analysis and filtering of phase noise in an optical frequency comb at the quantum limit to improve timing measurements.

It is shown that the sensitivity of a highly sensitive homodyne timing measurement scheme with femtosecond (fs) lasers [Phys. Rev. Lett.101, 123601 (2008).] is limited by carrier-envelope-phase (CEO) noise. We describe the use of a broadband passive cavity to analyze the phase noise of a Ti:Sapphire oscillator relative to the standard quantum limit. This cavity also filters the lowest levels of classical noise at sidebands above 100kHz detection frequency. Leading to quantum-limited CEO-phase noise at millisecond time scales, it can improve the sensitivity of the homodyne pulse timing measurement by 10dB.

Analysis and Design of a 54 GHz Distributed “Hybrid” Wave Oscillator Array With Quadrature Outputs

An array of distributed oscillators for millimeter-wave phased arrays combines local oscillator (LO) generation and distribution, leading to a phase noise improvement proportional to the number of array elements. The unit “hybrid wave” oscillator (HWO) consists of a rotary traveling-wave oscillator with quadrature outputs, coupled to the other units through standing-wave oscillators. A phase noise analysis for distributed oscillators based on impulse-sensitivity functions (ISF) is introduced and applied to study the proposed oscillator and arrays of it. A standalone oscillator and a 4-elements array implemented in a 65 nm CMOS technology have a measured phase noise of -125 dBc/Hz and -131 dBc/Hz respectively at 10 MHz from the 52 GHz carrier. Each unit consumes 36 mW corresponding to a FoM of -183.7 dBc/Hz. The tuning range is from 51.9 to 56.5 GHz.

Analysis of Phase Noise in Heterodyne Interferometry with Acousto-Optical Transformation of Light Frequency

The components of phase noise are considered and an estimate of their level for the case of heterodyne interferometry with acousto-optical transformation of light frequency is performed.

Phase noise analysis of injected gain switched comb source for coherent communications

We present experimentally and analytically the phase noise characterization of an externally injected gain switched comb source. The results reveal the residual high frequency FM noise in the comb lines, which stays unnoticed in the optical linewidth value but leads to an increased phase-error variance. The potential impact of the residual phase noise is investigated in a 10.7 GBaud optical DQPSK system where a 2 dB power penalty is recorded at BER of 10(-9). In a 10.7 GBaud digital coherent QPSK system no penalty is observed but with 5 GBaud 16-QAM format a 3 dBpenalty exists at the FEC limit of 4.4e-3.

An Analysis of Phase Noise in Realigned VCOs

This brief presents an analysis of realigned voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs) leading to an analytical expression for their phase noise (PHN), which is of more general validity than those currently available in the literature. This brief further discusses a phenomenon that seems to have been given little attention, i.e., the increase by 3 dB of the high-frequency part of the PHN of a realigned VCO compared to the PHN of the same VCO in free running. Considerations on the impact of this effect and of the cyclostationary nature of the PHN in realigned VCOs on some typical applications are also given. The results are verified by numerical simulations.

Suppressing of Nonlinear Phase Noise in Dispersion Managed Quasi-Linear Transmission Systems

Dispersion and nonlinear effect of fiber is the main factor limiting the performance of the long-haul and high speed optical transmission system. This paper focuses on the analysis and modeling of nonlinear phase noise in quasi-linear optical transmission system. The analytical expression for the nonlinear phase noise is obtained basing on the first order perturbation theory. And the numerical calculation of the nonlinear phase noise is deduced. The calculation results show that when the noise source and the end point of the system is equidistant from the optical phase conjugation (OPC), the nonlinear phase noise added by the optical amplifiers can be compensated by the OPC located after the optical amplifiers.

Uncorrelated Phase Noise Analysis for Millimeter-Wave Radiometer Imager Frequency Synthesizer

In this paper, a nontrivial uncorrelated phase noise analysis is proposed for frequency synthesizer of a passive millimeter-wave Synthetic Aperture Interferometric Radiometer (SAIR) imager named BHU-2D-U designed for concealed weapon detections on human bodies with high imaging rates. This synthesizer provides local oscillators both for millimeter-wave front-ends and intermediate frequency IQ demodulators for the receivers. The influence of synthesizer uncorrelated phase noise in different offset frequency ranges on the visibility phase errors have been systematically investigated with phase noise mismatch requirements drawn. Integrated RMS phase error has been applied to establish uncorrelated phase noise requirements for visibility error control. Measurement results have proved that uncorrelated phase noise does exist among synthesizer output pairs, and the previously defined requirements are achieved with imaging results proposed. In conclusion, the uncorrelated phase noise effects on SAIR visibility errors have been concretized to phase noise design requirements, which have been realized by synthesizer design. DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v12i2.3844

Comparative Analyses of Phase Noise in 28 nm CMOS LC Oscillator Circuit Topologies: Hartley, Colpitts, and Common-Source Cross-Coupled Differential Pair

This paper reports comparative analyses of phase noise in Hartley, Colpitts, and common-source cross-coupled differential pair LC oscillator topologies in 28 nm CMOS technology. The impulse sensitivity function is used to carry out both qualitative and quantitative analyses of the phase noise exhibited by each circuit component in each circuit topology with oscillation frequency ranging from 1 to 100 GHz. The comparative analyses show the existence of four distinct frequency regions in which the three oscillator topologies rank unevenly in terms of best phase noise performance, due to the combined effects of device noise and circuit node sensitivity.

Phase noise, and phase models: Recent developments, new insights and open problems

This paper presents new insights and a review of recent results on the application of phase models to phase noise analysis in nonlinear oscillators. It is shown that an approach based on stochastic processes and the theory of stochastic differential equations offers several advantages. It is also shown that white noise is responsible for phase diffusion and frequency shift in oscillators, that is, the phase noise problem is best described as a convection diffusion process. An approach for the derivation of a reduced phase model and the associated Fokker-Planck equation is presented. These equations allow an easy determination of fundamental properties as the expectation value for the oscillation frequency, the probability distribution of the phase, the correlation function and the power spectral density.

Noise Sensitivity Analysis of 5 Stages Voltage Controlled Ring Oscillator at nm Technology

present paper, design of differential ring oscillator using replica bias circuit has been presented. Qualitative analysis of jitter and phase noise of differential ring oscillators in the time and frequency domain is presented respectively which shows great results for the design issues of voltage controlled ring oscillator. The effect of the different number of transistors and their symmetrical arrangement to phase noise and jitter is analyzed. Good agreement between qualitative and quantitative measurements is observed using the cadence virtuoso tool, which is exceedingly applicable in ultra high speed Wi-Fi communications. Keywordsoscillator, Replica bias, Phase noise and Jitter.

Phase noise analysis of two wavelength coherent imaging system

Two wavelength coherent imaging is a digital holographic technique that offers several advantages over conventional coherent imaging. One of the most significant advantages is the ability to extract 3D target information from the phase contrast image at a known difference frequency. However, phase noise detracts from the accuracy at which the target can be faithfully identified. We therefore describe a method for relating phase noise to the correlation of the image planes corresponding to each wavelength, among other parameters. The prediction of the phase noise spectrum of a scene will aid in determining our ability to reconstruct the target.