Analysis Of Memes Research Articles

Code-switching in South Asian English CMC

Abstract This paper analyses the use of indigenous language elements including code-switching in two contrasting genres, i.e. group chats and Twitter memes along with tweets, in the English communication of South Asian (Bangladeshi, Indian, Pakistani, and Sri Lankan) internet users. The results from group chats show that one of the most common lexical indigenous elements are tags, for example, address forms like yaar, machan, and da which all can be translated to English as ‘dude’ or ‘buddy’. The analysis of Twitter memes along with tweets shows that despite the tweet text being in English, the South Asian users tend to employ memes with indigenous text more often as compared to English memes for political satire. Overall, the study finds that code-switching and indigenous resources are used to create a sense of localness in English communication, whether it is group chats or Twitter memes and tweets.

Representations of Public Perceptions on Indonesia’s 2024 Presidential Candidates: A Semiotic Analysis of Memes on Social Media

Representations of Public Perceptions on Indonesia’s 2024 Presidential Candidates: A Semiotic Analysis of Memes on Social Media

Unraveling barley's PAL gene family: a genome-wide study on defense mechanisms against Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici

Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) is a pivotal enzyme bridging primary and secondary phenylpropanoid metabolism, influencing plant growth, development, and stress responses. Despite extensive studies on PAL genes across various plant species, their investigation in barley, a critical staple food globally, has been relatively scarce. In this study, we have successfully identified 10 HvPAL genes, designated as HvPAL genes, in Hordeum vulgare (barley). These HvPAL genes were categorized based on their conserved sequences, which revealed patterns through MEME analysis and multiple sequence alignment. Interestingly, we found cis elements related to stress in the promoter regions of HvPAL genes, indicating their involvement in the response to pathogens. Furthermore, these gene promoters contained components associated with light, development, and hormone responsiveness. This suggests that they may play a role in hormonal developmental processes. MicroRNAs were also identified as regulators of the HvPAL genes we identified highlighting their significance in barley. To further investigate these gene expression patterns, we analyzed the RNA-seq data revealed the upregulating of HvPAL 2, HvPAL3, and HvPAL8, and downregulating HvPAL 5, HvPAL 6, and HvPAL9 genes in this study. This study focused on the regulation of PAL genes in response to 23 different races of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici in barley. These results suggest ways to improve traits and develop barley varieties that are resistant to pathogens by selectively increasing the expression of certain HvPAL genes that were not previously regulated. This thorough investigation aims to expand our knowledge of the versatility of the PAL gene family, providing insights for advancements in host -pathogen genetics.

Genome wide identification of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) gene family in Cucumis sativus (cucumber) against abiotic stress

Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) is a widely studied enzyme in plant biology due to its role in connecting primary metabolism to secondary phenylpropanoid metabolism, significantly influencing plant growth, development, and stress response. Although PAL genes have been extensively studied in various plant species but their exploration in cucumber has been limited. This study successfully identified 11 CsPAL genes in Cucumis sativus (cucumber). These CsPAL genes were categorized based on their conserved sequences revealing patterns through MEME analysis and multiple sequence alignment. Interestingly, cis-elements related to stress were found in the promoter regions of CsPAL genes, indicating their involvement in responding to abiotic stress. Furthermore, these gene’s promoters contained components associated with light, development and hormone responsiveness. This suggests that they may have roles in hormone developmental processes. MicroRNAs were identified as a key regulators for the CsPAL genes, playing a crucial role in modulating their expression. This discovery underscores the complex regulatory network involved in the plant’s response to various stress conditions. The influence of these microRNAs further highlights the complicated mechanisms that plants use to manage stress. Gene expression patterns were analyzed using RNA-seq data. The significant upregulation of CsPAL9 during HT3h (heat stress for 3 h) and the heightened upregulation of both CsPAL9 and CsPAL7 under HT6h (heat stress for 6 h) in the transcriptome study suggest a potential role for these genes in cucumber’s tolerance to heat stress. This comprehensive investigation aims to enhance our understanding of the PAL gene family’s versatility, offering valuable insights for advancements in cucumber genetics.

Identification of a mimotope of a complex gp41 Human Immunodeficiency VIrus epitope related to a non-structural protein of Hepacivirus previously implicated in Kawasaki disease.

We have previously isolated a highly mutated VH1-02 antibody termed group C 76-Q13-6F5 (6F5) that targets a conformational epitope on gp41. 6F5 has the capacity to mediate Ab dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC). When the VH1-02 group C 76 antibodies variable chain sequence was reverted to germline (76Canc), this still retained ADCC activity. Due to this ability for the 76Canc germline antibody to functionally target this epitope, we sought to identify a protein target for vaccine development. Initially, we interrogated peptide targeting by screening a microarray containing 29,127 linear peptides. Western blot and ELISAs were used to confirm binding and explore human serum targeting. Autoimmune targeting was further interrogated on a yeast-displayed human protein microarray. 76Canc specifically recognized a number of acidic peptides. Meme analysis identified a peptide sequence similar to a non-structural protein of Hepacivirus previously implicated in Kawasaki disease (KD). Binding was confirmed to top peptides, including the Hepacivirus-related and KD-related peptide. On serum competitions studies using samples from children with KD compared to controls, targeting of this epitope showed no specific correlation to having KD. Human protein autoantigen screening was also reassuring. This study identifies a peptide that can mimic the gp41 epitope targeted by 76C group antibodies (i.e. a mimotope). We show little risk of autoimmune targeting including any inflammation similar to KD, implying non-specific targeting of this peptide during KD. Development of such peptides as the basis for vaccination should proceed cautiously.

Multimodal sentiment analysis of english and hinglish memes

Multimodal sentiment analysis of english and hinglish memes

A Comparative Analysis of Pakistani and Indian Social Media Memes: Cultural Narratives and Social Understandings

This study investigates the sociological impact and linguistic characteristics of Pakistani and Indian memes, focusing on their occurrence on social media sites, and explores how these digital expressions influence cultural stories and public opinions. Employing content analysis, a diverse collection of memes were analyzed to identify themes, linguistic elements, and cultural references attached to the memes under study. Besides, the study seeks to uncover the distinctions between memes in Pakistan and India, their appeal to viewers, and their impact on and representation of social norms, political opinions, and cultural heritage. The study focuses on comprehending the language, humor, and visual elements used to effectively convey messages from memes in different countries. The research embraces cultural essence and offers a thorough examination of how memes influence public opinion and cultural narratives in Pakistan and India. The finding reveals that memes have evolved as powerful tools for social interaction, self-expression, and cultural commentary in digital networks. Study highlights the importance of memes in modern discourse and emphasizes to understand the symbolic meaning of memes for deeper knowledge in their sociological and dialectal aspects.

Bridging gaps in image meme research: A multidisciplinary paradigm for scaling up qualitative analyses

AbstractThis paper outlines a multidisciplinary framework (Digital Rhetorical Ecosystem or DRE3) for scaling up qualitative analyses of image memes. First, we make a case for applying rhetorical theory to examine image memes as quasi‐arguments that promote claims on a variety of political and social issues. Next, we argue for integrating rhetorical analysis of image memes into an ecological framework to trace interaction and evolution of memetic claims as they coalesce into evidence ecosystems that inform public narratives. Finally, we apply a computational framework to address the particular problem of claim identification in memes at large scales. Our integrated framework answers the recent call in information studies to highlight the social, political, and cultural attributes of information phenomena, and bridges the divide between small‐scale qualitative analyses and large‐scale computational analyses of image memes. We present this theoretical framework to guide the development of research questions, processes, and computational architecture to study the widespread and powerful influence of image memes in shaping consequential public beliefs and sentiments.

Decoding Iran's meme culture and implications in journalism

The study of digital humour and meme culture as a complex phenomenon, given the growing consumption and popularity of memes, especially among digital technology speakers, coupled with the scarcity of scholarly attention and research on this topic in Iran, has become increasingly relevant. This article focuses on the complex interplay between memes, culture and technology. By analysing the integral role of humour in Iranian digital culture, the study aims to explore the nature and functions of Iranian meme culture. The analysis shows that Iranian digital humour and meme culture function as a platform for equal opportunities to laugh, challenge established cultural norms and question prevailing ideologies. The research methodology is based on the reproduction of gender conventions and power hierarchies in Iran through internet memes. The methods applied are: content analysis, distributive and comparative. The study also builds on Bakhtin's concept of "chronotope" in multimodal analysis of memes common among Iranian immigrants. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that it makes a valuable contribution to the field of journalism and media studies, highlighting the importance of understanding the role of humour and memes in shaping public perception and navigating complex ideological landscapes, as well as the ways in which memes can be used to disrupt or alter these dynamics. The results of the analysis of Iranian digital humour and memes show that meme culture functions as a means to combat inequalities in power and status. In addition, the study demonstrated the Iranian population's reinterpretation of the immigrant experience, thereby reaffirming and refining their hybrid identity as transnational Iranians. This process unfolds through the recreation of different spatio-temporal configurations within the meme.

Roles of DJ41_1407 and DJ41_1408 in Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC19606 Virulence and Antibiotic Response.

Acinetobacter baumannii is a major cause of nosocomial infections, and its highly adaptive nature and broad range of antibiotic resistance enable it to persist in hospital environments. A. baumannii often employs two-component systems (TCSs) to regulate adaptive responses and virulence-related traits. This study describes a previously uncharacterized TCS in the A. baumannii ATCC19606 strain, consisting of a transcriptional sensor, DJ41_1407, and its regulator, DJ41_1408, located adjacent to GacA of the GacSA TCS. Markerless mutagenesis was performed to construct DJ41_1407 and DJ41_1408 single and double mutants. DJ41_1408 was found to upregulate 49 genes and downregulate 43 genes, most of which were associated with carbon metabolism and other metabolic pathways, such as benzoate degradation. MEME analysis revealed a putative binding box for DJ41_1408, 5'TGTAAATRATTAYCAWTWAT3'. Colony size, motility, biofilm-forming ability, virulence, and antibiotic resistance of DJ41_1407 and DJ41_1408 single and double mutant strains were assessed against wild type. DJ41_1407 was found to enhance motility, while DJ41_1408 was found to upregulate biofilm-forming ability, and may also modulate antibiotic response. Both DJ41_1407 and DJ41_1408 suppressed virulence, based on results from a G. mellonella infection assay. These results showcase a novel A. baumannii TCS involved in metabolism, with effects on motility, biofilm-forming ability, virulence, and antibiotic response.

A comparative linguistic analysis of internet memes in English, Polish and Ukrainian: specifics, functions and language means

The present study centers on the examination of the structure and nuances of Internet memes as exemplars of verbal communication. Its objective is to depict and scrutinize Internet memes chosen by theme as linguistic manifestations of sociopolitical and cultural significance. Additionally, the paper aims to investigate the interrelation between the visual and textual elements within the meme. The principal hypothesis posits that Internet memes encompass a range of linguistic devices that aid in constructing the semantic framework of the message and ease the identification of embedded cultural cues. The research methodology is comprehensive, employing descriptive techniques, analysis and synthesis, tools from the comparative method, and surveys of respondents. The study's findings indicate that the structure of Internet memes is fragmented, yet adequate in forming a comprehensive array of meanings, which are also shaped through linguistic mechanisms. Furthermore, this assertion holds true across all three languages analyzed. Future investigations into the cultural and social components of memes, explored through verbal expression using metaphor theory and structural anthropology, can enhance our comprehension of meme creation dynamics and the foundation of its widespread appeal.

Us Slavs! A Stereotypical Image of the Slav in Polish Memes

ABSTRACT This study discusses stereotypical distinguishing traits of the Slavs, making up their image that is created by Polish memes. A qualitative analysis of the memes covered their potential to indicate traits and behaviours that are being considered at present as typically Slavic. The analysis is focused on Slavic autostereotypes, showing how today’s Polish Slavs perceive the group with which they identify. The study is aimed to identify the traits defined by the Poles as typically Slavic, and thus to explain who is classified as a stereotypical Slav today. A qualitative analysis of memes depicting the Slavs led to the identification of eight traits attributed to that group of people, namely: the Slav squat, Slavic imagination, the Slavic drinking culture, Slavic culinary preferences, Slavic impulsiveness and tendency to argue, Slavic style, Slavic “technical achievements” and Slavic femininity.

Meme Analysis Using LLM-Based Contextual Information and U-Net Encapsulated Transformer

Meme Analysis Using LLM-Based Contextual Information and U-Net Encapsulated Transformer

Comparative analysis of memes in Russian- and English-language internet space

The article deals with creolized memes in Russian and English Internet space, which are defined as memes that include a linguistic and visual component and carry a semantic load. Both of these components can also carry semantic load, endow it with its own meaning and also influence the interpretation of the creolized text. The general features of this type of text in both language cultures under consideration are outlined, a comparative analysis of creolized memes in Russian and English languages is carried out, the peculiarities of Russian and English Internet communication in terms of themes, forms of the comic, and methods of creating a comic effect are considered. The examples of memes given in the article are based on language play, and the graphic patterns considered express satirical and ironic forms of the comic on the Internet

MEMES, MULTIMODALITIES, AND MACHINES: ASSEMBLING MULTIMODAL PATTERNS IN MEME CLASSIFICATION STUDY

Memes are an important facet of current online communication on social media, with rich social, political, and cultural significance and power. This present work focuses on developing computational frameworks to support textual and visual content analysis of online memes, assisting the profiling of the unique contents and interrelationships of different meme characteristics. The framework focusses on decomposing the multimodal subcomponents of online memes to support accurate sorting and classification of meme exploitable and other rich textual materials. We showcase the development of a multimodal meme classification toolbox with the capability to utilize more abundant information from those multimodal components, with a view towards bolstering and extending existing meme analysis methods for cultural and media studies.

Semiotic Analysis of Memes Insulting Others on Facebook

This research is entitled semiotic analysis of memes insulting others on Facebook. The semiotic study aims to explain the signs as well as to know the meanings of dark joke memes on Facebook social media. The theory used in this study is Peirce's theory, namely by using the triadic model. The method used in this study is by using a qualitative descriptive method. The data analysis method uses the second data, namely the uploaded image and the researcher selects it by taking a screenshot and then interpreting. Data collection techniques used are observation, documentation and note-taking techniques. Peirce's semiotic analysis is an analytical technique that researchers use to find out the signs and meanings of dark joke meme images on Facebook social media, namely the triadic model consisting of representamen, object and interpretant. The results of this study, namely being able to find out the signs and meanings that exist in writing and images of dark joke memes on Facebook social media.

МИМ У НАСТАВИ: КА ВИСОКООБРАЗОВНОМ КОНТЕКСТУ

The subject of the paper is the analysis of memes in the teaching context of higher education, with a focus on their functionality in the teaching process, from the adoption of new material to the renewal and synthesis of the acquired knowledge. Due to the fact that the meme is one of the theoretically insufficiently studied phenomena in the teaching context, in this paper we approach it through the diachrony of its study in the theory of art, and the process of its introduction into the teaching context from the role of an auxiliary teaching tool to the curriculum of university study programs fully aimed at the study of meme creation and the study of meme in the context of social and humanities studies. In the final part of the paper, we provide a concise overview of our empirical research into the functionality of meme in university literature teaching, from which we derive certain conclusions specific to the use of meme in this educational domain.

Structure of the Mating-Type Genes and Mating Systems of Verpa bohemica and Verpa conica (Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina).

Verpa spp. are potentially important economic fungi within Morchellaceae. However, fundamental research on their mating systems, the key aspects of their life cycle, remains scarce. Fungal sexual reproduction is chiefly governed by mating-type genes, where the configuration of these genes plays a pivotal role in facilitating the reproductive process. For this study, de novo assembly methodologies based on genomic data from Verpa spp. were employed to extract precise information on the mating-type genes, which were then precisely identified in silico and by amplifying their single-ascospore populations using MAT-specific primers. The results suggest that the MAT loci of the three tested strains of V. bohemica encompassed both the MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1 genes, implying homothallism. On the other hand, amongst the three V. conica isolates, only the MAT1-1-1 or MAT1-2-1 genes were present in their MAT loci, suggesting that V. conica is heterothallic. Moreover, bioinformatic analysis reveals that the three tested V. bohemica strains and one V. conica No. 21110 strain include a MAT1-1-10 gene in their MAT loci, while the other two V. conica strains contained MAT1-1-11, exhibiting high amino acid identities with those from corresponding Morchella species. In addition, MEME analysis shows that a total of 17 conserved protein motifs are present among the MAT1-1-10 encoded protein, while the MAT1-1-11 protein contained 10. Finally, the mating type genes were successfully amplified in corresponding single-ascospore populations of V. bohemica and V. conica, further confirming their life-cycle type. This is the first report on the mating-type genes and mating systems of Verpa spp., and the presented results are expected to benefit further exploitation of these potentially important economic fungi.

Semiotic Organization of Russian Environmental Internet Memes

In this article, the authors examine Russian environmental internet memes, presented on social networks such as VKontakte, Odnoklassniki, and on websites like Memepedia, Pikabu, and A. Chistopashin’s site. They have developed a set of criteria relevant for the analysis of environmental internet memes as complex linguistic and semiotic formations. The aim of the study was to identify the specific features of the semiotic organization of environmental internet memes and establish the dominant semiotic code that determines the conceptual content of the meme. It is shown that the Russian-speaking segment of environmental communication through memes has its own thematic and genre specificity. Environmental internet memes usually rely on the use of media semiotic codes, where the meme includes both text and illustration. Less frequently, memes are created based on narrative semiotic codes, where the visual component illustrates the beginning, climax, or end of a story. The verbal component is dominant when borrowing viral visual templates. The main stylistic device in environmental internet memes, alongside irony and the effect of false expectation, is linguistic play. Semiotic analysis of internet memes has shown that the combination of verbal and visual signs is typical for the media segment of environmental internet communication.

Diversity and evolution of the MHC class II DRB gene in the Capra sibirica experienced a demographic fluctuation in China

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes are the most polymorphic genes in vertebrates, and their proteins play a critical role in adaptive immunity for defense against a variety of pathogens. MHC diversity was lost in many species after experiencing a decline in size. To understand the variation and evolution of MHC genes in the Siberian ibex, Capra sibirica, which has undergone a population decline, we analyzed the variation of the second exon of MHC class II DRB genes in samples collected from five geographic localities in Xinjiang, China, that belong to three diverged mitochondrial clades. Consequently, we identified a total of 26 putative functional alleles (PFAs) with 260 bp in length from 43 individuals, and found one (for 27 individuals) to three (for 5 individuals) PFAs per individual, indicating the presence of one or two DRB loci per haploid genome. The Casi-DRB1*16 was the most frequently occurring PFA, Casi-DRB1*22 was found in only seven individuals, 14 PFAs occurred once, 7 PFAs twice, implying high frequency of rare PFAs. Interestingly, more than half (15) of the PFAs were specific to clade I, only two and three PFAs were specific to clades II and III, respectively. So, we assume that the polygamy and sexual segregation nature of this species likely contributed to the allelic diversity of DRB genes. Genetic diversity indices showed that PFAs of clade II were lower in nucleotide, amino acid, and supertype diversity compared to those of the other two clades. The pattern of allele sharing and FST values between the three clades was to some extent in agreement with the pattern observed in mitochondrial DNA divergence. In addition, recombination analyses revealed no evidence for significant signatures of recombination events. Alleles shared by clades III and the other two clades diverged 6 million years ago, and systematic neighbor grids showed Trans-species polymorphism. Together with the PAML and MEME analyses, the results indicated that the DRB gene in C. sibirica evolved under balancing and positive selection. However, by comparison, it can be clearly seen that different populations were under different selective pressures. Our results are valuable in understanding the diversity and evolution of the DRB gene in a mountain living C. sibirica and in making decisions on future long-term protection strategies.