Lifetime Analysis Research Articles

Unconventional Nonequilibrium Phase Stabilization in FeNi Alloy Examined by Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy

The equilibrium FeNi alloy prefers face centered cubic (fcc) phase whereas the formation of metastable phases through certain low‐temperature synthesis methods is obscure. FeNi alloy exhibiting nonequilibrium body centered cubic (bcc) structure beyond 5 at% Ni is obtained through chemical reduction at 453 K with noticeable lattice shrinkage. Positron lifetime analysis and Doppler broadening spectroscopy are employed to probe the correlation between defects and phase stability. The mean lifetime of the chemically synthesized alloys is larger than 300 ps, implying an average of 7‐vacancy cluster. The modified two‐state trapping model reveals defect concentration in the range of , on par with irradiated alloys. Significant deviation in the high‐momentum component between the bulk and chemically synthesized samples is correlated to the changes in 3d electrons. The Fe and FeNi alloy uncover significant contraction in d‐band of Fe which facilitates bcc phase stabilization above 5 at% Ni through cluster vacancy formation.

Estimating average wind speed in Thailand using confidence intervals for common mean of several Weibull distributions.

The Weibull distribution has been used to analyze data from many fields, including engineering, survival and lifetime analysis, and weather forecasting, particularly wind speed data. It is useful to measure the central tendency of wind speed data in specific locations using statistical parameters for instance the mean to accurately forecast the severity of future catastrophic events. In particular, the common mean of several independent wind speed samples collected from different locations is a useful statistic. To explore wind speed data from several areas in Surat Thani province, a large province in southern Thailand, we constructed estimates of the confidence interval for the common mean of several Weibull distributions using the Bayesian equitailed confidence interval and the highest posterior density interval using the gamma prior. Their performances are compared with those of the generalized confidence interval and the adjusted method of variance estimates recovery based on their coverage probabilities and expected lengths. The results demonstrate that when the common mean is small and the sample size is large, the Bayesian highest posterior density interval performed the best since its coverage probabilities were higher than the nominal confidence level and it provided the shortest expected lengths. Moreover, the generalized confidence interval performed well in some scenarios whereas adjusted method of variance estimates recovery did not. The approaches were used to estimate the common mean of real wind speed datasets from several areas in Surat Thani province, Thailand, fitted to Weibull distributions. These results support the simulation results in that the Bayesian methods performed the best. Hence, the Bayesian highest posterior density interval is the most appropriate method for establishing the confidence interval for the common mean of several Weibull distributions.

Phase-field modelling of electromigration-induced intergranular slit propagation in metal interconnects

We use a phase-field method to elucidate grain-boundary grooving as a mechanism of genesis and subsequent propagation of intergranular slit in metal interconnects under concurrent surface and grain boundary diffusion. Surface diffusion is assumed to be the rate limiting transport mechanism. Accelerated grain-boundary grooving induced by electromigration is shown to ensue a narrow channel-like slit which advances at a steady state along the grain-boundary preserving its shape near the tip region. The slit characteristics namely the width and velocity dependence on electric field derived are shown to be in excellent agreement with the sharp interface calculations which treat the tip region of the slit independently. Furthermore, the simulations reveal that for the same magnitude of electric field, a slit conceived from a smaller grain exhibits a slower kinetics and delay damage dissemination. The apparent discrepancy from the sharp interface description is resolved on the basis of curvature gradient and electromigration-induced surface flux which heal the root during groove to slit transition and is predominant in smaller grains. Finally, drawing analogy from the nucleation and growth models of electromigration voids, failure due to intergranular slit is divided into serial process of initial grooving followed by slit propagation stage. The lifetime analysis suggests the grooving stage to be the rate determining step in the failure process, yielding an exponent of 1.33 in Black’s law.

Photoluminescence and Temperature Sensing Properties of Bi3+/Sm3+ Co-Doped La2MgSnO6 Phosphor for Optical Thermometer

The optical temperature sensor utilizing the fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) has garnered significant attention in the past few years due to its rapid response, robust anti-interference capability, remote control feature, and other advantages. In this study, the high-temperature solid-phase approach was used to fabricate a variety of double perovskite-structured La2MgSnO6: Bi3+, Sm3+ (LMS: Bi3+, Sm3+) phosphors. The Rietveld refinement data of XRD and the Gaussian fitting of the emission peak of LMS: 0.02Bi3+ phosphor indicated Bi3+ occupies three lattice sites. The calculation and analysis of average lifetime and energy transfer efficiency substantiated the presence of energy transfer from Bi3+ to Sm3+, with a transfer efficiency of up to 59.07%. The emission intensity of LMS: 0.02Bi3+, 0.05Sm3+ at 403 K maintains 50.2% at the condition of room temperature. The FIR fitting and calculation demonstrated that LMS: 0.02Bi3+, 0.05Sm3+ phosphor possessed good optical temperature sensitivity, with a maximum absolute sensitivity Sa-max of 0.0055 K−1 and a maximum relative sensitivity Sr-max of 0.88% K−1, demonstrating its valuable potential applications for optical temperature sensors.

Investigating Wafer Quality in Industrial Czochralski‐Grown Gallium‐Doped p‐Type Silicon Ingots with Melt Recharging

Herein, a systematic study of the electronic quality of gallium‐doped p‐type silicon wafers from Czochralski‐grown ingots with melt recharging is presented. It is found that in the as‐grown state, the ingots contain interstitial iron concentrations in the range of 3 × 109–2 × 1010 cm−3, with a trend of slightly higher concentrations toward the tail end of each ingot, and in subsequently grown ingots. However, analysis of the effective lifetimes indicates that iron–gallium pairs are not the dominant recombination centers in the as‐grown state. Moreover, when these wafers are subjected to a tabula rasa step, an increase in the iron concentration is observed in the range of 1 × 1010–6 × 1010 cm−3, with iron–gallium pairs becoming the dominant recombination centers. This is possibly caused by the dissolution of pre‐existing precipitated iron in the wafers. Nevertheless, the negative impact of iron contamination can be dramatically reduced by subjecting the wafers to a phosphorus diffusion gettering step, as is commonly incorporated in the fabrication of p‐type passivated emitter and rear cells. Therefore, it is concluded that the quality of the ingots is not limited by iron contamination, even after multiple ingots are pulled from the recharged melt.

Visible light-driven borylation of aryl halides by a B12 derivative based on a dual photoredox strategy

Reductive dehalogenation of an aryl halide (Ar-X) subsequent coupling with bis(pinacolato)diboron (B2pin[Formula: see text] to form an arylboronate (Ar-Bpin) by the photo-excited B[Formula: see text] complex of the Co[Formula: see text] oxidation state with an iridium photosensitizer (PS), [Ir(dtbbpy)(ppy)2]PF6, under anaerobic conditions was reported. The robust B[Formula: see text] complex and iridium PS provided the highest turnover numbers of over 3,800 for the borylation reaction at room temperature. The CoI state of the B[Formula: see text] complex was formed via the reductive quenching pathway of [Ir(dtbbpy)(ppy)2]PF6 by visible light irradiation in the presence of [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]-diisopropylethylamine ([Formula: see text]-Pr2NEt) as a sacrificial electron donor (SED), which was confirmed by a photoluminescence lifetime analysis. A picosecond time-resolved spectroscopic analysis showed that the electron transfer from the excited Co[Formula: see text] state of the B[Formula: see text] complex ([Formula: see text]Co[Formula: see text] to the Ar-X occurred in the order of the rate constants for electron transfer ([Formula: see text], Ar-I [Formula: see text] Ar-Br [Formula: see text] Ar-Cl. Based on the mechanistic studies, dual excitation of PS and the B[Formula: see text] complex is involved in the catalytic reaction and single electron transfer (SET) from [Formula: see text]Co[Formula: see text] to Ar-X could provide the aryl radical by fragmentation of the Ar-X radical anion. The aryl radical should react with the radical trapping reagent, B2pin2, to form the Ar-Bpin product.

Mitral Repair vs Replacement for Degenerative Mitral Regurgitation in Patients Aged ≥65 Years

BackgroundThe benefits of mitral valve repair vs replacement are well documented. However, survival benefits in the elderly population are more controversial. In this novel lifetime analysis, we hypothesize that survival benefits for valve repair vs replacement in the elderly are sustained throughout the patient’s lifetime. MethodsFrom January 1985 through December 2005, 663 patients, aged ≥65 years with myxomatous degenerative mitral valve disease underwent primary isolated mitral valve repair (n = 434) or replacement (n = 229). Propensity score matching was used to balance variables potentially related to outcome. ResultsFollow-up was complete in 99.1% of mitral repair and 99.6% of mitral replacement patients. In matched patients, perioperative mortality was 3.9% (9 of 229) for repair and 10.9% (25 of 229) for replacement (P = .004). Survival estimates (95% confidence limits) from 29-year follow-up for matched patients were 54.6% (48.0%, 61.1%) and 11.0% (6.8%, 15.2%) at 10 years and 20 years for repair patients, and 34.2% (27.7%, 40.7%) and 3.7% (1%, 6.4%) for replacement patients, respectively. Median survival (95% confidence limits) was 11.3 years (9.6, 12.2 years) for repair patients compared with 6.9 years (6.3, 8.0 years) for replacement patients (P < .001). ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that although the elderly population is prone to multiple comorbidities, survival benefits of isolated mitral valve repair vs replacement are sustained throughout the patient’s lifetime.

Water Use Efficiency in Milk Production of Selected Dairy Breeds in Central Region of Bihar: A Lifetime Analysis

Water Use Efficiency in Milk Production of Selected Dairy Breeds in Central Region of Bihar: A Lifetime Analysis

Fracture failure analysis of flywheel hub served in heavy-fuel aviation piston engine

The safety of both the crew and aircraft are gravely compromised by flywheel hub fatigue failure in its heavy-fuel piston engine. It is imperative to investigate the root causes and mechanisms behind flywheel hub fracture. In this study, a comprehensive approach combining macroscopic fracture analysis, microstructural evaluation, chemical composition analysis and FEA simulation is employed to systematically investigate the root cause and failure mechanism of flywheel hubs in a heavy-fuel piston engine. Firstly, the failure mode of the flywheel hub is fatigue caused by cyclic loading, as evidenced by the propagation of typical beach markings. The mechanism behind flywheel hub failure is facilitated by severe cyclical loads and design flaws that result in a high concentration of stress between the spokes due to rounding. Furthermore, finite element analysis simulations are conducted under operational conditions utilizing stress and fatigue lifetime analysis to validate the fatigue mechanism. The experimental data is then cross-verified with simulation results, demonstrating a concurrence. Lastly, precautionary measures such as regular non-destructive testing (NDT), geometry redesign, and moderate operation of the power lever are also proposed to address future fatigue issues in flywheel hubs.

Optical and DFT study of a novel blue-emitting Gd7O6(BO3) (PO4)2: Bi3+ phosphor

In this study, a novel blue-emitting phosphors, Gd7O6(BO3) (PO4)2: Bi3+, has been successfully synthesized via a high-temperature solid-state method, and first-principles calculations, microscopic structures, and optical properties of these phosphors were studied. The bandgap and density of states in both the undoped and doped states by implementing the Vienna Ab initio Simulation Package were also investigated. The obtained results indicated that the introduction of Bi3+ dopants led to a reduction in the bandgap value, as ascertained through data analysis. Based on the spectroscopic analysis, it can be inferred that the material A manifests a Stoke shift of 10,073 cm−1 and full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 87 nm. The thermal stability of the spectrum indicates a slight blue shift with increasing temperature, accompanied by a small increase in FWHM. Based on the fluorescence lifetime analysis, it has been revealed that there is a reduction in the fluorescence lifetime with the escalation of the doping concentration. The CIE diagram displays that all the samples at different concentrations are placed in the blue region and primarily converge at a single point.

Thermo-hydro-mechanical analysis of the complete lifetime of the bentonite barrier in the FEBEX in-situ test

The FEBEX test was a large-scale demonstration project for the deep geological disposal concept of nuclear waste involving bentonite seals that lasted 18 years. One of the objectives of the test was to evaluate the capabilities of numerical methods to provide reliable predictions of the physical processes in a geological repository. Although previous studies have demonstrated the performance of current models of water, vapour and heat flow to capture the evolution of temperature and relative humidity, some uncertainties remain in the capabilities of constitutive models to predict and interpret the stress–strain behaviour of the bentonite. In this paper a recently developed thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) elastoplastic constitutive model is used to analyse the bentonite barrier of the FEBEX test by means of the Finite Element method. The model features a two-way hydro-mechanical coupling and includes thermo-plasticity. The associated water retention formulation distinguishes the behaviour of adsorbed water and free water. The predictive capabilities of the model are tested by calibrating the material parameters on the sole basis of laboratory tests. Good predictions of total stress, dry density and water content are obtained and the analysis of the computed THM stress paths provides new insights on the causes of the final heterogeneous state of the bentonite barrier.

Formation of a stable PSI-PSII megacomplex in rice that conducts energy spillover.

In green plants, photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII) bind to their respective light-harvesting complexes (LHCI and LHCII) to form the PSI-LHCI supercomplex and PSII-LHCII supercomplex, respectively. These supercomplexes further form megacomplexes, like the PSI-PSII and PSII-PSII in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and spinach to modulate their light-harvesting properties, but not in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Here, we fractionated and characterized the stable rice PSI-PSII megacomplex. The delayed fluorescence from PSI (lifetime ~ 25 ns) indicated energy transfer capabilities between the two photosystems (energy spillover) in the rice PSI-PSII megacomplex. Fluorescence lifetime analysis revealed that the slow PSII to PSI energy transfer component was more dominant in the rice PSI-PSII supercomplexes than in Arabidopsis ones, suggesting that the PSI and PSII in rice form a megacomplex not directly but through LHCII molecule(s), which was further confirmed by negatively-stained EM-analysis. Our results suggest species diversity in the formation and stability of photosystem megacomplexes, and the stable PSI-PSII supercomplex in rice may reflect its structural adaptation.

Revealing the hidden dynamics of confined water in acrylate polymers: Insights from hydrogen-bond lifetime analysis.

Polymers contain functional groups that participate in hydrogen bond (H-bond) with water molecules, establishing a robust H-bond network that influences bulk properties. This study utilized molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to examine the H-bonding dynamics of water molecules confined within three poly(meth)acrylates: poly(2-methoxyethyl acrylate) (PMEA), poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA), and poly(1-methoxymethyl acrylate) (PMC1A). Results showed that H-bonding dynamics significantly slowed as the water content decreased. Additionally, the diffusion of water molecules and its correlation with H-bond breakage were analyzed. Our findings suggest that when the H-bonds between water molecules and the methoxy oxygen of PMEA are disrupted, those water molecules persist in close proximity and do not diffuse on a picosecond time scale. In contrast, the water molecules H-bonded with the hydroxy oxygen of PHEMA and the methoxy oxygen of PMC1A diffuse concomitantly with the breakage of H-bonds. These results provide an in-depth understanding of the impact of polymer functional groups on H-bonding dynamics.

Substrate temperature dependence of structure and optical properties of ZnTiO3:Er3+/Yb3+ thin films synthesized by pulsed laser deposition

ZnTiO3:Er3+,Yb3+ thin film phosphors were successfully deposited by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) at different substrate temperatures. The distribution of the ions in the films was investigated and the chemical analysis showed that the doping ions were homogeneously distributed in the thin films. The optical response of the phosphors revealed that the reflectance percentages of the ZnTiO3:Er3+,Yb3+ vary with the silicon substrate temperature due to the differences in the thickness and morphological roughness of the thin films. Under 980 nm diode laser excitation, the ZnTiO3:Er3+,Yb3+ film phosphors displayed up-conversion emission from the Er3+ electronic transitions, with violet, blue, green, and red emission lines at 410, 480, 525, 545 and 660 nm from 2H9/2 → 4I15/2, 4F7/2 → 4I15/2, 2H11/2 → 4I15/2, 4S3/2 → 4I15/2 and 4F9/2 → 4I15/2 transitions, respectively. The up-conversion emission was enhanced by increasing the silico (Si) substrate temperature during the deposition. Based on the photoluminescence properties and decay lifetime analysis, the energy level diagram was established and the up-conversion energy-transfer mechanism was discussed in detail.

Statistical inference for multi stress–strength reliability based on progressive first failure with lifetime inverse Lomax distribution and analysis of transformer insulation data

AbstractThis research aims to develop a multireliability inference method for stress–strength variables based on progressive first failure and an inverse Lomax distribution. This research examines the difficulties associated with estimating the stress–strength reliability function, R, when X, Y, and Z are drawn from three different Inverse Lomax distributions. On the basis of progressive first‐failure censored samples, reliability estimators for multi‐stress–strength Inverse Lomax distributions are estimated using the maximum likelihood, maximum product of spacing, and Bayesian estimation methods. The Bayes estimate of R is obtained using the MCMC method for a symmetric loss function. Monte Carlo simulations and real‐data applications are used to assess and compare the performance of the various suggested estimators.

A Novel and Sensitive Fluorescent Probe for Glyphosate Detection Based on Cu2+ Modulated Polydihydroxyphenylalanine Nanoparticles.

A novel and sensitive fluorescent probe based on Cu2+-modulated polydihydroxyphenylalanine nanoparticles (PDOAs) has been developed for the detection of glyphosate pesticides. Compared to conventional instrumental analysis techniques, fluorometric methods have obtained good results in the field of agricultural residue detection. However, most of the fluorescent chemosensors reported still have some limitations, such as long response times, the high limit of detection, and complex synthetic procedures. In this paper, a novel and sensitive fluorescent probe based on Cu2+ modulated polydihydroxyphenylalanine nanoparticles (PDOAs) has been developed for the detection of glyphosate pesticides. The fluorescence of PDOAs can be effectively quenched by Cu2+ through the dynamic quenching process, which was confirmed by the time-resolved fluorescence lifetime analysis. In the presence of glyphosate, the fluorescence of the PDOAs-Cu2+ system can be effectively recovered due to the higher affinity of glyphosate for Cu2+, and thus released the individual PDOAs. Due to the admirable properties such as high selectivity to glyphosate pesticide, "turn on" fluorescence response, and ultralow detection limit of 1.8 nM, the proposed method has been successfully applied for the determination of glyphosate in environmental water samples.

New Ternary Blend Strategy Based on a Vertically Self-Assembled Passivation Layer Enabling Efficient and Photostable Inverted Organic Solar Cells.

Herein, a new ternary strategy to fabricate efficient and photostable inverted organic photovoltaics (OPVs) is introduced by combining a bulk heterojunction (BHJ) blend and a fullerene self-assembled monolayer (C60 -SAM). Time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry - analysis reveals that the ternary blend is vertically phase separated with the C60 -SAM at the bottom and the BHJ on top. The average power conversion efficiency - of OPVs based on the ternary system is improved from 14.9% to 15.6% by C60 -SAM addition, mostly due to increased current density (Jsc ) and fill factor -. It is found that the C60 -SAM encourages the BHJ to make more face-on molecular orientation because grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering - data show an increased face-on/edge-on orientation ratio in the ternary blend. Light-intensity dependent Jsc data and charge carrier lifetime analysis indicate suppressed bimolecular recombination and a longer charge carrier lifetime in the ternary system, resulting in the enhancement of OPV performance. Moreover, it is demonstrated that device photostability in the ternary blend is enhanced due to the vertically self-assembled C60 -SAM that successfully passivates the ZnO surface and protects BHJ layer from the UV-induced photocatalytic reactions of the ZnO. These results suggest a new perspective to improve both performance and photostability of OPVs using a facial ternary method.

Exploration of the relationship between cumulative exposure to tobramycin and ototoxicity in patients with cystic fibrosis

BackgroundAminoglycosides (AGs), such as tobramycin, are essential antibiotics in the management of pulmonary infections in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). They induce ototoxicity without the relationship being clearly described in the literature. Our aim is to propose a mathematical and statistical model describing the relationship between the estimated cumulative exposure (Area Under the Curve, AUC) to tobramycin and ototoxicity with audiogram interpretation in young patients with CF. MethodsCumulative AUCs were estimated for each course of tobramycin, for the 106 individuals with CF (between 4 and 22 years of age) enrolled in this retrospective study (35 who had received IV tobramycin, 71 controls). Mean hearing loss was calculated for each audiogram and a statistical model was developed to predict hearing loss. ResultsThe model confirms a significant relationship between cumulative tobramycin exposure and changes in hearing acuity:Meanhearingloss=2.7+(3×10−5)×AUC_tobramycin+individual_susceptibilityHowever, the ototoxic effect is not clinically perceptible (mean hearing loss: 3.8 dB). The impact of AUC on hearing loss is minor in these subjects who received a limited number of courses of tobramycin (median: 5 courses). ConclusionA significant relationship between cumulative exposure to tobramycin and ototoxicity was demonstrated. Individual treatment susceptibility should not be overlooked. As ototoxicity is not clinically perceptible in the study subjects, hearing tests should be continued during adulthood to provide individualized medical guidance and to obtain a lifetime analysis of the relationship between exposure and hearing loss.

Enhancement of the self-luminescent intensity of LaSrGaO4 by Cr3+ doping for the absorption of far infrared plant PFR phytochrome

Two series of phosphors of LaSr1-xGaO4:xCr3+ and La1-xSrGaO4:xCr3+were synthesized by a high-temperature solid-state method under the same experimental conditions. The phase structure, surface topography, luminescence properties and luminescence mechanism of phosphors were investigated. LaSrGaO4 host exhibits a narrow emission band peaks at 716 nm which comes from the intrinsic defects. LaSr1-xGaO4:xCr3+ and La1-xSrGaO4:xCr3+ phosphors show emission spectra with the same shape to the host, while the luminous intensity improved greatly. From the analysis of low temperature spectra and decay lifetimes of the samples, it can be concluded that Cr3+ show no intrinsic luminescence in the LaSrGaO4 host. The analysis of TL spectra proved that the defect concentration was increased by Cr3+ doping, and enhanced the intrinsic luminescence. The emission spectrum of the LED device based on the LaSr0.999GaO4:0.001Cr3+ phosphor almost coincides with the absorption spectrum of the PFR phytochrome, which indicated the pc-LED have potential application in the field of plant lighting, especially for the study of the independent regulatory mechanism of PFR.

Spectroscopic characterization of the interactions between poly(2-(trimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) chloride and the xanthene dyes, 2′, 7′-difluorofluorescein and 2, 4, 5, 7-tetraiodofluorescein

Intermolecular interactions in buffered aqueous solution between the polycation, poly(2-(trimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) chloride (pTMAEMC) and two anionic xanthene dyes, 2′, 7′-difluorofluorescein (Oregon Green 488) and 2, 4, 5, 7-tetraiodofluorescein (Erythrosin B), are characterized using multiple optical spectroscopic methods. Visible absorption spectroscopy indicates the formation of ground-state pTMAEMC-dye complexes. Benesi-Hildebrand binding isotherm analysis of visible absorption spectra for pTMAEMC-dye mixtures quantifies the strength of binding interactions producing the complexes. For both Oregon Green 488 (OG) and Erythrosin B (EB) in mixtures with pTMAEMC, the concentration of the solution’s sodium acetate buffer at a fixed pH alters the binding constants, Kb, suggesting that ionic strength plays a key role in determining the binding affinity of pTMAEMC for the dyes. Comparison of Kb, for the dyes indicates stronger binding of EB under all solution conditions. Steady-state fluorescence emission spectroscopy, fluorescence quenching, excited-state fluorescence lifetime measurements and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy provide complementary data for the interactions between pTMAEMC and the dyes. Mixtures of pTMAEMC with the dyes produce fluorescence enhancements and fluorescence quenching which exhibit a dependence on the buffer concentration used in the mixture. Excited-state lifetime analysis indicates that OG interacts with pTMAEMC through ground-state interactions while EB exhibits both ground-state and excited-state interactions with pTMAEMC. The spectroscopic measurements suggest that a polyelectrolyte effect for pTMAEMC due to ionic strength variation produced by the buffer concentration affects the dye binding profile of the polycation. This conclusion is supported by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) analyses of the hydrodynamic diameter changes in pTMAEMC-OG binding in low buffer concentration (low ionic strength) solution. FCS analyses of pTMAEMC-OG mixtures also reveal diversity in the complexes formed in low ionic strength solution suggesting that other xanthene dyes will exhibit similar binding behaviors in mixtures with pTMAEMC as a function of solution ionic strength.