Analysis Of Heavy Metal Content Research Articles

Analysis of Heavy Metal Content of Mercury (Hg) and Cadmium (Cd) in Frozen Tuna (Thunnus sp.)

Analysis of Heavy Metal Content of Mercury (Hg) and Cadmium (Cd) in Frozen Tuna (Thunnus sp.)

Comparative analysis of heavy metal content of unregulated facial whitening creams and branded facial whitening creams

The present study was conducted to evaluate potential health risks of Omani cosmetics considering the dangers and adverse effects on health caused by unregulated and unlabelled cosmetic products. Therefore, this current study is to examine the toxic heavy metals of unregulated facial whitening creams that are available in the Omani market and compare them with branded facial whitening creams. A total twenty-two samples were purchased from the Souqs/markets of all eleven governorates of Oman and their heavy metals content was determined by using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The sample was digested by using ultra wave microwave at 180 °C. The percentage of heavy metals present in the unregulated whitening creams were compared with the heavy metals content of two randomly selected and branded whitening creams. The results showed that most of the unregulated samples contain significant amount of chromium, cooper and lead. In comparison, the branded face creams contained only the permissible amount of the heavy metals tested. The maximum arsenic content was found in a sample collected from Al Batinah South region (1.74 ppm). The maximum cadmium content was found in a sample collected from Al Wusta region (2.02 ppm). The maximum cobalt and chromium content were found in the samples collected from Al Buraimi region (0.10 ppm) and Dhofar region (8.04 ppm) respectively. In conclusion, unregulated face creams are not safe for human consumption because they contain significant levels of heavy metals that exceed the permissible limits.

Analysis of Lead (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd) heavy metals in cow’s milk in Central Java, Indonesia

The need for animal food is increasing because of its nutritional content. Foodstuffs needed to meet daily needs must be healthy and free from harmful substances, including heavy metals. Fresh cow’s milk is an animal-based food that is consumed by many people because it is very easy to find at an affordable price. This study aimed to determine the levels of heavy metals Pb (Lead) and Cd (Cadmium) contained in fresh cow’s milk and to find recommendations if they exceed a predetermined threshold. The method used is laboratory analysis of heavy metal content in fresh cow’s milk from a cattle farm in Boyolali Central Java. Analysis of Pb and Cd content was carried out by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Data analysis was carried out by comparing the content of heavy metals in fresh cow’s milk with SNI 3141.1: 2011 concerning quality requirements for fresh cow’s milk and SNI 7387: 2009 concerning the maximum limit of heavy metal contamination in food. Laboratory test results on fresh cow’s milk had a heavy metal Pb content of 96.67 mg/kg and a heavy metal Cd content of 4.45 mg/kg. It is known that the maximum limit for heavy metal contamination in food is 0.02 mg/kg. It can be concluded that the heavy metal content in fresh cow’s milk has exceeded the existing quality standard threshold. Previous research revealed that the metal lead content in cow’s milk that has been processed is lower than in cow’s milk that has not been processed.

Evaluation of Phytochemical and Antioxidant Potential of Lepidagathis Pungens Nees: A Therapeutic Application

ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL PROFILING OF LEPIDAGATHIS PUNGENS NEES: A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS FOR THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS
 
 Abstract:
 This study aimed to investigate the physicochemical properties, heavy metal content, inorganic elements, extract parameters, and antioxidant activities of Lepidagathis pungens Nees, a plant with potential health-promoting properties. The physicochemical analysis revealed the presence of ash values, moisture content, total fiber content, swelling index, and foaming index. Heavy metal content analysis showed that cadmium, nickel, mercury, lead, chromium, and arsenic levels were within the safe limits set by the World Health Organization, indicating the plant's safety for consumption. The presence of various essential inorganic elements such as calcium, chloride, copper, iron, magnesium, nitrate, phosphate, and potassium was also confirmed. Five different solvent extracts, including Oil ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol, and absolute ethanol extracts of the plant were obtained. from the whole plant, and their extractive values, colors, odors, and consistencies A determination was made. The methanol and aqueous extracts had the highest extractive values. The fluorescent analysis of the whole plant powder revealed various colors under daylight, long UV, and short UV light, depending on the solvent used. The antioxidant properties of the Lepidagathis pungens Nees extracts were assessed through their product scavenges superoxide radicals, hydroxyl radicals, and lipid peroxidations. An aqueous and methanol extract demonstrated the highest scavenging activities across all concentrations for both Lipid peroxidation and hydroxyl radicals. The scavenging activity increased in an inverse relationship between dose and response. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the potential of Lepidagathis pungens Nees as a source of antioxidant compounds, particularly in methanol and aqueous extracts. The safety profile and presence of essential inorganic elements in the plant suggest its potential for use in traditional medicine or as a dietary supplement. Further research into the Inhibitors of antioxidant activity: specific compounds could lead to the development of health-promoting products or therapeutic interventions utilizing the extracts' antioxidant properties.

Heavy Metal Content Analysis and Risk assessment of Local and Imported Vegetables at the Erbil Market

Heavy Metal Content Analysis and Risk assessment of Local and Imported Vegetables at the Erbil Market

ANALISIS KANDUNGAN LOGAM BERAT Pb, Cu, Cd, Cr PADA TANAMAN PADI DAN JAGUNG YANG SISTEM PENGAIRANNYA BERASAL DARI SUNGAI BADUNG

This research aims at identifying the content of heavy metals, namely Pb, Cu, Cd, and Cr in the rice and corn cultivated on the agricultural land of Subak Kerdung, Pemogan Village, South Denpasar District. Rice and corn plants are suspected of having indications of heavy metals due to pollution of the downstream Badung River, which is used as irrigation in Subak Kerdung agricultural land. The analysis of heavy metal contents is conducted on the rice and corn plant organs samples, including roots, stems, leaves, and seeds. The test results show that the organs of rice and corn plants detect the contents of heavy metals Pb, Cu, Cd, and Cr which exceed quality standards. According to the results of analysis tests on organs of the rice plant, the content of heavy metal Pb is detected 21.95 mg/kg; heavy metal Cu 170.42 mg/kg; heavy metals Cd 0.35 mg/kg; and heavy metal Cr 7.03 mg/kg. Meanwhile, the results of analysis test on organs of the corn plant detect the content of heavy metal Pb 16.96 mg/kg; heavy metal Cu 58.16 mg/kg; heavy metal Cd 2.5 mg/kg; and heavy metal Cr 3.16 mg/kg. Therefore, it can be concluded that the content of heavy metals Pb, Cu, Cd, and Cr is more detected in the roots of rice and corn plants, also partially translocated to their stems, leaves, and seeds.
 Keywords: heavy metals; rice plants; corn plants; Badung rivers

The effect of adding wood and temperature on the carbonization of chicken manure and the properties of biochars

The paper presents characterization of chicken manure and mixture of chicken manure (CM) and beech wood (WB) carbonization at 450 and 600 °C. Experiments were carried out in small scale batch reactor. The obtained results indicate that increase in the amount of beech wood in the pellets caused increase in fixed carbon content and also affected increase in the calorific value of biochar. The results show that biochar obtained in the carbonization process of chicken manure cannot be used for the barbecue charcoal production, which is caused by low Cfix and high ash content. Because of this, adding wood may be a good solution for the carbonization process. Experimental investigation showed that carbonization of pellets consisting of CM50 % and CM25 % lead to obtained biochar which meets standards for briquette barbecue production. Experimental results showed the possibility of using pyrolysis gases for energy purposes. Carbonization in different temperatures lead to production of pyrolysis gas mixtures with calorific value higher than the energy demand of the process. Moreover obtained energy contained in gases can cover the part of the heat demand of the farm. Analysis of heavy metals content showed that biochars meet the standards defined by the International Biochar Initiative.

Analysis of heavy metals content in well water and its predictive insights for students’ wellbeing in Almajiri Schools, Sokoto East, Nigeria

Education is a right to every child, but Sokoto is suffering from many issues ravaging education, therewith, a major issue is the Almajiri school. Because the Almajiri schools are abandoned there is every tendency that their drinking water is contaminated considering the rising pattern of pollution across the globe. The aim of the study was to carry out an analysis of heavy metal content in well water and propel some predictive insights for students well-being in Almajiri schools in Sokoto, Nigeria. Samples of well water were collected from Almajiri schools in Sokoto state and metals were analyzed using atomic abortion spectroscopy. 60.10 ± 5.1 to 600.1± 0.01, 100.1 ± 0.5 to 600.0 ± 0.02, are the ranges of calcium, and magnesium macroelements determined. The ranges for essential heavy metals zinc, and iron are as follows; 2.34 ± 0.05 to 5.00 ± 0.02 (zinc), and 0.54± 0.05 to 10.43 ± 0.5 (iron) respectively. The ranges of Pb, Hg, and Cd assessed are as follows: lead (0.0 to 1.06 ± 0.005), mercury (0.10 ± 0.002 to 2.501 ± 0.01), and cadmium (0.00122 ±0.0004 to 0.0761 ± 0.0001). The HI for the heavy metals determined are in the order of schools B>D>A>C. The metals determined are either excess or little (with respect to essential heavy metals) in many cases. In one school, the HI is far above 1 and therefore risk the population with effects. Thus, can elicit harm to the consumers. They can affect the academic, cognitive capacity of the Alamjiri children. There is need to take proper measures to save the health and future development of the Almajiri child against heavy metals poisoning possibility. Â

Study of Heavy Metal Content in Lola Snail (Trochus niloticus) in The Karang Island of Central Tapanuli Regency

Research on the analysis of heavy metal content in the waters of Karang Island, Central Tapanuli Regency aims to know the metal content in Lola Snail meat, sediment, and Lola Snail shells. The research method begins with taking samples of Lola snails and sediments on Karang Island and preparing the samples. Then, the samples were analyzed by AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrometry) to determine the content of heavy metal elements in the meat of Lola Snail, followed by XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) testing to determine the content of heavy metal elements in sediments, and also testing with EDX (Energy Dispersive X-Ray) to determine the content of heavy metals in the shell. The results of the analysis on the AAS test showed that the order of heavy metal concentrations in Lola snail meat at station I was Zn Cr Cu Cd Pb, while at station II was Zn Cu Cr Cd Pb. The results of the sequence of heavy metal concentrations using XRD in sediments around Karang Island at the station I was Zn Cr Cu Cd Pb, while at station II was Zn Cd Cu Cr Pb. The results of the analysis on the shells of Lola snails using EDX at both stations showed they did not contain heavy metal elements (Pb, Cd, Cu, Cr, and Zn), but only contained O, Ca, Mg, Na, Al, and Si elements.

Screening of new native metallophytes from copper abandoned mining site: Promising tool for phytoremediation

AbstractA field survey on abandoned mining site ‘Bir Nehass‐Morocco’ was conducted to identify new native metallophytes as a promising tool for phytoremediation. The spatial distribution of metals in tailings and mining soils was investigated and metal accumulation in plant tissues was analyzed and compared. The results indicated that the studied area was polluted by Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd Cadmium with maximum values of 2892, 27868.3, 6982 and 63.03 mg.kg−1, respectively, which are higher than background levels for agricultural soils. The concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd decreased with the distance from the mine tailings. Thirteen species (11 families) were identified and mainly native and therophyte plants. Significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed among the average concentrations of metals in plant tissues and most values exceeded the normal concentration range. Based on the comparative analysis of heavy metals content, translocation and bioconcentration factors in plants, Aizoon canariense L, Hirschfeldia incana (L.) L. Fossat, Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrader and Peganum harmala L had a high accumulation ability and showed a remarkable phytoremediation potential which could be identified as promising candidates for phytoremediation techniques.

Analysis of heavy metals content in commercially available kratom products in Richmond, Virginia

Kratom is a novel psychoactive substance that has gained popularity within the past ten years. Originating from Southeast Asia, the leaves of the Mitragyna speciosa tree contain two principal alkaloids, mitragynine and 7-hydroxy-mitragynine, that play a key role in opioid-like effects. Due to its effects, the use of kratom products has increased drastically. However, reports describing concerns about the heavy metal content of these products for safe consumption are still scarce. i Twenty-seven kratom products were obtained from tobacco shops in the Richmond, Virginia area, including powders, teas, extracts, and a carbonated beverage. Kratom samples were subjected to an acid digestion followed by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) analysis. Aluminum (Al), arsenic (As), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) were quantitated using yttrium as the internal standard. Kratom tea samples were found to have up to 20 times the tolerable upper intake of manganese. Overexposure to manganese can lead to manganism, a syndrome that presents Parkinsonian symptoms including tremors, dystonia, and facial muscle spasms. As kratom products become more mainstream, stricter regulations of these products must be set in place. The presence of toxic metals in kratom products is a public health concern.

Multivariate analysis of heavy metals content of beef from Soroti, Uganda

Information about food hygiene and quality in the sub-Saharan African countries remains scarce at a time when many of their citizenry are beginning to acquire the much coveted middle income status. Confounding this are challenges linked to monitoring on a continuous basis the safety of food produced by such lucrative industries as the beef industry. The objective of the current study was to initiate a process of encouraging changes in the status quo, by showing how a first step in that direction might look like. Using heavy metal contents of representative beef samples from butcheries in Soroti, Uganda, typical of a sub-Saharan country, we demonstrate how relationships and common sources of metals in food could be identified in a multivariate space. Beef samples from 40 sites were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry for iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co) and cadmium (Cd). The study showed that all beef samples contained these metals, the extent of which were in the order: Fe>Zn>>Ni, Cr>Pb>Cu, Co>Cd. By correlation analysis, the pairs Ni and Cr, Cd and Co, Ni and Fe or Cr and Fe were found to be most likely coming from similar sources. At least three distinct characteristics of beef consumed in Soroti were also found, a distinction perhaps arising from three major categories of feedlots used to raise donor cattle. The incremental risk of children or adults developing cancer over a lifetime was estimated and found to fall into three categories, two of which are separately explained by the presence of Cr or Ni. The sources of these metals remain a matter of speculation on our part. More studies are needed to determine these sources and to understand the nature of cancer risk in the three categories of beef identified here.

Isolation and Analysis of Heavy Metal Content in Scales from Three Species of Farmed Fish in Lake Maninjau

The study isolated and analyzed heavy metal content in fish scale from Osphronemus goramy, Cyprinus carpio, and Oreochromis niloticus in Lake Maninjau. Fish weights (n=10) for O. goramy, C. carpio, and O. niloticus were 389.99±24.96 g, 633.30±87 g, and 210.5±12.12 g. Isolation begins with washing scales using running water, followed by 24-hour immersion in 10% NaCl (1:10 w/w) in a refrigerator. Afterward, they are oven-dried at 50°C for 3.5 hours and ground into powder. Fish scale results were analyzed using the dry weight/wet weight formula x 100. AOAC-compliant spectrometry tested heavy metal concentrations of Hg, Pb, Cr, As, Ag, and Cu. Results for O. goramy, C. carpio, and O. niloticus were 65.85%, 61.68%, and 55.63%, respectively. The concentration of heavy metals in O. goramy showed the highest level was Pb (185 mg/kg), followed by Cu (83 mg/kg), Ag (<14.66 mg/kg), Cr (<5 mg/kg), Hg and As (0.43 mg/kg). In C. carpio the highest concentration was Pb (152 mg/kg), followed by Cu (121 mg/kg), Cr (50 mg/kg), Ag (15 mg/kg), Hg and As (<0.50 mg/kg). Meanwhile, in O. niloticus, the highest concentration was Cu (160 mg/kg), followed by Pb (149 mg/kg), Cr (50 mg/kg), Ag (15 mg/kg), Hg and As (< 0.50 mg/kg).

Monitoring and analyzing the effect of heavy metals in air based on ecological and health risks in Coimbatore

Earlier, there were limited number of small-scale factories and they were operated only for certain hours a day. Therefore, the level of air pollution was moderate. But when those factories are converted into a large-scale factory the industrial air pollution created a major impact. The studies say that 6 out of 10 people in Coimbatore region inhales polluted air that outdo the WHO data limit. Air quality index can convey the people how polluted the air is. Industries are the major source for worsening air quality. Higher the air quality greater the health concern. To estimate the air quality in the industrial areas of Coimbatore city the air pollutants like ammonia (NH3), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), Particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5), Sulphur dioxide (SO2), Particulate matter10 (PM10), Carbon mono oxide (CO) and Trioxygen (O3) are monitored regularly to do the analysis and also the suspended particulate matter (SPM) are collected in the industrial areas of five stations. The collected SPM undergoes analysis for heavy metal contents like Zinc (Zn), Ferrous (Fe), Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni) and Chromium (Cr). All the ten samples were wrapped in a polythene sleeve and taken to air pollution division, Environmental Scientific Research Department, Government college of Technology, Coimbatore.The result shows that the prominent pollutant present in Coimbatore city is Carbon monoxide (CO) and also the higher possibility of Particulate matter10 (PM10). In heavy metal content analysis, the result shows that the concentration of zinc (Zn) is greater than that of other metal contents in Coimbatore city. The order for concentration of heavy metals that we got from our analysis is Zn>Cu>Fe>Cr>Ni>Pb.The concentration of Zinc (Zn) is higher because in most of the industries iron and steel plays a major role. Zinc (Zn) act as protective coating for those products.Air pollution is one of the deadly environmental threat for death. It is accountable that the death from heart attacks, strokes, breathing disorder and other respiratory disease are more than 7 million for every year. This states that the death due to air pollution causing diseases are greater than tuberculosis, AIDS and malaria combined. As per the medical analysis the causes of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases are mainly due to the heavy metal content present in the air.

Heavy Metal Contents Of Hg, Cd, Pb, And Cu In Blue Swimming Crab (Portunus Pelagicus) In Banten Bay, Indonesia

Bojonegara coast, Banten Bay is an industrial zone in the West Serang region, which is characterized by the presence of some factories around the coast. These have potential to produce and pour the pollutants such as heavy metals into the water and accumulate into the body of aquatic organisms like blue swimming crab. This study aims to analyze the level of heavy metal accumulation in the blue swimming crab (Portunus pelagicus) of Banten Bay waters. Sampling was carried out from August to October 2020. Analysis of heavy metal content was carried out using AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer). During the observation, the heavy metal content of Hg, Cd, Pb, and Cu were significantly different between large and small blue swimming crab (p<0,05). The accumulation of heavy metal Cu in small blue swimming crab ranged from 3,22-4,34 mg kg−1 and large blue swimming crab ranged from 6,64-9,52 mg kg−1 while the heavy metal content of Hg, Cd, and Pb in small crabs was below detection AAS. Bioaccumulation of Cu in blue swimming included moderate to high, while heavy metal Hg, Cd, and Pb it was low accumulation. The safe limit for consumption blue swimming crab is 22,0588 kg of meat/week for adults and 5,5147 kg of meat/week for children.

English

The Bandama River contributes essentially to the well-being of the Ivorian population. Unfortunately its biodiversity is strongly threatened by human activities. In order to assess the water quality of the Bandama River and its impact on fish fauna, a scientific study was carried out from March 2019 to February 2020 in its estuarine zone. Thus, the physico-chemical variables of the water, the contents of Pb, Mn, Fe, Cd and Hg in the water and sediment matrices were measured in the three stations defined for the study. Twenty fish species were selected to assess the level of ecological stress observed on the fish fauna. The analysis of the water variables revealed a fairly oxygenated watercourse with temperature above 25&deg;C, acidic pH, high conductivity and salinity above 10&permil;. The analysis of heavy metal contents revealed a high enrichment of the Bandama estuary in Mn and Hg due to human activities in the whole catchment area. Ecological stress data indicated high fish stress with negative allometric growth for most economically important fish collected in the Grand-Lahou area. Awareness raising among local communities and management measures should be implemented for the conservation of aquatic species in this freshwater Key Biodiversity Area. &nbsp; Key words: Heavy metals, anthropic activity, conservation, Azagny National Park, coastal wetland.

Relationships of Magnetic Properties and Heavy Metals Content of Guano in Bat Cave, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Bat Cave is one of the caves with guano deposits in the Rammang-Rammang karst area, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The guano deposits can indicate environmental changes in the cave. This study aims to analyze the magnetic properties and correlation between magnetic susceptibility and heavy metal content in guano. Sampling was carried out in Bat Cave, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, and magnetic susceptibility, XRD (mineralogy analysis), and XRF (heavy metal content analysis) were measured. The results showed that the guano sample contained superparamagnetic grains and stable single domain (SP-SSD) measuring -8m3/kg. The location of caves in karst areas and climate change affect the magnetic grains. The Pearson correlation coefficient analysis results showed that magnetic susceptibility had a negative correlation with the heavy metal content of Fe. Meanwhile, Fe has a positive correlation with the content of other heavy metals such as Cu, Zr, and Nb. Thus, magnetic susceptibility has the potential as a proxy indicator to detect the presence of heavy metals.

Analysis of heavy metal content and microbiological quality of fish and giant prawns chatch in Percut Watershed, Percut Sei Tuan District, Province of North Sumatra

The purpose of this research was to determine the content of heavy metals and microbiological quality, and compare to the requirements of the quality standard values according to SNI 2729:2013 and SNI 2705:2014, as well as to determine the value of the Bioaccumulation Factor (BAF) and the maximum consumption limit of fish and giant prawns heavy metal-concentrated. This researh used survey and random sampling methods, i.e taking research samples (tilapia, broom fish, and giant prawns) at 3 (three) observation stations, including Station 1 Amplas, Station 2 Denai, and Station 3 Percut. Heavy metal content (Pb and Cd) and microbiological quality (E.coli and Salmonella, sp) were analysed. Data analysis was done by inference and calculated using Microsoft office Excel (Microsoft Inc., USA) descriptively. The results showed that all samples in each observation did not meet the quality standard value requirements according to SNI 2729:2013 and SNI 2705:2014. The average heavy metal content of Lead (Pb) was 0,3 mg/kg in tilapia and broom fish, and 0,5 mg/kg in giant prawns. The content of heavy metal Cadmium (Cd), were 0,1 mg/kg in tilapia and broom fish, and 0,5 mg/kg in giant prawns. All samples also showed positive in containing E.coli and Salmonella, sp. The value of Bioaccumulation Factor (BAF) of heavy metals (Pb and Cd) in all samples was 1, meaning that the sample's ability to accumulate heavy metals (Pb and Cd) was high. The maximum limit for consumption of concentrated samples of heavy metals in tilapia was 0,196 kg/week, broom fish was 0,221 kg/week, and giant prawns was 0,203 kg/week.

Comparative study of pomelo‐peel‐derived hydrochar and torrefied poultry‐litter on coal fuel blends: Combustibility, synergy factor, and ash analysis

AbstractCo‐firing is considered to be a promising approach for the reduction of CO2 emissions from coal‐fired plants. However, the utilization of fruit‐waste‐based feedstocks is less common than the use of animal‐waste feedstocks, which are usually accompanied by high toxic ash content and low combustibility. In this work, pomelo‐peel‐derived hydrochar (PPHC), characterized by excellent fuel properties and combustibility, was systematically compared with torrefied poultry litter (PLBC), to promote its use as an eco‐friendly solid fuel. The two bio‐based solid fuels were prepared using hydrothermal carbonization (180–240 °C) and torrefaction (220–310 °C), respectively. Elemental analysis, proximate analysis, scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, and Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used to study the physicochemical and structural properties of the prepared chars. The combustion behavior and post‐combustion ash content of PPHC/coal and PLBC/coal blends were assessed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and X‐ray fluorescence (XRF). Fuel blends of PPHC and coal showed superior combustibility (S = 5.77–14.79 × 10−12), stronger synergistic effects (1.48–3.19°C−3 min−1/2), and lower activation energy requirements (28.5–31.6 kJ mol−1), in comparison with PLBC/coal blends. Comparative analysis of heavy metal content revealed that PPHC/coal blends were characterized by less toxicity, with lower concentrations of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, As, and Co. Hence, the results demonstrated that pomelo peel hydrochar, with excellent combustibility and environmental friendliness, could serve as a better alternative for co‐firing with coal. Meanwhile, torrefied poultry litter showed undesirable ash properties, suggesting an urgent need for the development of alternative methods for its treatment. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Analysis of heavy metal pollution in Lonicerae Japonicae Flos and its health risk assessment

In this study, the content of five heavy metals(Pb, Cd, As, Hg, and Cu) in 59 batches of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos(LJF) medicinal materials and pieces were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS). The health risk assessment was processed using the maximum estimated daily intake(EDI), target hazard quotients(THQ), and carcinogenic risks(CR) assessment models. With reference to the limit standard for heavy metal content in LJF specified in 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia, five batches produced in Hebei were found to contain excessive Pb, and the remaining 54 batches met the specifications, with the unqualified rate of 8.47%. Comparative analysis of heavy metal content in LJF samples from three different producing areas, namely Shandong, Henan, and Hebei showed that the levels of Pb, As, and Hg in LJF from Hebei were significantly higher than those from Henan and Shandong. The samples produced in Shandong contained the highest content of Cd. The samples from Hebei contained the highest content of Cu while those from Shandong had the lowest content of Cu. As demonstrated by health risk assessment based on the EDI, THQ and CR models, these 59 batches of LJF samples did not cause significant health hazards for the exposed population, and there was no potential non-carcinogenic or carcinogenic risk. In conclusion, a few of LJF samples contained excessive heavy metals, so some measures, including controlling production environment, cultivating management mode, and optimizing processing methods, should be taken for ensuring the medication safety of LJF.