Exhaust Gas Analysis Research Articles

An anode‐supported tubular proton conductor fuel cell with an inner ceramic ammonia cracking component

AbstractA tubular proton‐conducting fuel cell, anode‐supported, was fabricated using dip‐coating and followed by the co‐sintering of anode and electrolyte at 1500°C. The electrolyte and anode thicknesses are respectively 6 and 500 µm. The outer diameter of the tubular cell is 5.8 mm, featuring an anode porosity of 23%. Ammonia‐fueled single cell with Ru‐catalyzed internal cracking reactor is operated at various temperatures from 400°C to 600°C. Calculation results indicate that double‐ring current collection is an efficient current‐collecting mode. At 600°C, the device exhibited a high open‐circuit voltage of 1.02 V and a peak power density of 216 mW cm−2, with a total active area of 2.28 cm2. Exhaust gas analysis reveals a 99.13% ammonia decomposition rate at 600°C.

Simultaneous measurement of SO2 and CO2 for sulfur content detection in marine diesel fuel using QCL absorption spectroscopy

Simultaneous measurement of CO2 and SO2 in ship exhaust gases is a common method for assessing compliance with sulfur emission standards. This study develops a new ship exhaust gas analyzer using time-division multiplexing of two quantum cascade lasers for simultaneous detection of the two gas species. A digital circuit integrated with a dual-channel waveform generator and a lock-in amplifier is developed to implement wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) scheme. To enhance the measurement accuracy of SO2 with broadband absorption feature, a novel WMS approach that combines first-harmonic and normalized second-harmonic detection is introduced. A Kalman filter algorithm is employed to further refine the measurement precision. Experimental results show a 30.76% increase in detection accuracy. With a 1 s time resolution, the sensitivities of 13.4 ppb for SO2 and 9.81 ppm for CO2 are achieved. The effectiveness of the prototype for sulfur content detection is demonstrated, aiding emission management of water transport emissions.

Effect of Formic Acid on Fuel Cell Performance for Automobile Applications

Single-cell tests and exhaust gas analyses were conducted to understand the reaction behavior of formic acid (HCOOH) and its effect on fuel cell performance, as specified in the hydrogen quality standard for fuel cell vehicles. HCOOH decreased the voltage with increasing concentration, but the effect was smaller than that of carbon monoxide and performance was recovered by stopping the HCOOH supply. Exhaust gas analysis during the fuel cell operation and electrochemical measurements with HCOOH adsorbed on the electrocatalyst showed that the HCOOH supplied to the anode should permeate the electrolyte membrane and be oxidized at the cathode to produce carbon dioxide. Verification tests in the hydrogen circulation system that is typically used in actual fuel cell vehicles confirmed that the effect of HCOOH did not appear at current densities up to 2.0 A cm−2 and concentrations up to 5 ppm.

Effect of feeding amount on tail gas and waste salt obtained from molten salt oxidation process of cation exchange resins

ABSTRACT The effective treatment of spent radioactive ion exchange resins generated during the operation of nuclear facilities is of great significance to reduce its potential hazards to the environment. This work innovatively provides a simple and low-cost molten salt oxidation (MSO) system includes air intake, feeding, waste salt discharge and exhaust gas treatment and analysis system for disposal of spent cation exchange resins (CERs). By studying three feeding amounts that injection of 25 g, 125 g and 1250 g CERs in 10 times under air conditions, the oxidation efficiency of CERs in MSO system was further evaluated. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) results indicated the sulfur can be trapped in the melt. Sulfur in functional group can be converted to Na2S and KLi(SO4) via Li2CO3-Na2CO3-K2CO3, which is proved by XRD patterns. The experimental results presented that degradation rates of CERs are 99.31%, 99.80%, and 99.91% in different feeding amounts, respectively. Furthermore, the volume reduction of residue gathered by feeding 1250 g CERs in 10 times was the highest, which can reach 9.19. Therefore, the bench-scale MSO system is a potential and promising treatment for spent CERs volume reduction.

Fuel properties, performance, and emissions of water-emulsified diesel fuel in an IDI diesel engine

This paper aims to verify the possibility of utilising water-in-diesel emulsions (WiDE) as an alternative drop-in fuel for diesel engines. An 8% WiDE was produced to be tested in a four-stroke, indirect injection (IDI) diesel engine and compared to EN590 diesel fuel. An eddy current brake and an exhaust gas analyser were utilised to measure different engine parameters such as torque, fuel consumption, and emissions at different engine loads. The results show that the engine running on emulsified fuel leads to a reduction in torque and power, an increase in the specific fuel consumption, and slightly better thermal efficiency. The highest percentual increment of thermal efficiency for WiDE is obtained at 100% engine load, 5.68% higher compared to diesel. The emissions of nitric oxide (NO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are reduced, but carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HC) emissions are increased, compared to traditional diesel fuel. The most substantial decrease in NO and CO2 levels was achieved at 75% engine load with 33.86% and 25.08% respectively, compared to diesel.

Operando Spectroscopic Studies of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Operation Using Dimethyl Ether as an Alternative Fuel

Dimethyl ether (DME) is an oxygen-containing fuel that is an attractive alternative to the reforming of light alkanes like CH4. Its higher volumetric exergy compared to CH4 yields comparable power densities to other fuels while decreasing its potential for performance degradation that results from coking. We have characterized an SOFC operating at 800 °C on DME using a suite of operando optical and ex post facto methods. Based on exhaust gas infrared spectroscopy, DME decomposes to CH4, C2H2, H2O, CO2, and CO. Electrochemical analysis indicates that under dry DME the maximum power output of an anode supported button cell Ni-YSZ SOFC is only 10% lower than under CH4 (where H content was matched in the fuel stream). FTIR analysis of the anode exhaust gas indicates an electrochemical response under galvanostatic conditions resulting in the consumption of both CH4 and C2H2 to form CO, CO2, and H2O. Operando near-infrared thermal imaging reveal more cooling at the anode surface with DME than CH4 resulting from increased endothermic cracking of CH4. Additional contributions to the cooling are possible from reforming reactions.

Experimental Investigation on the Effect of Heating Oil and Tyre Pyrolysis Oil Combustion in an Evaporative Combustion Chamber

This research aims to delve into the intricacies of combustion processes, specifically focusing on heating oil and a blend of heating oil with Tire Pyrolysis Oil (TPO) in a self-developed evaporative combustion chamber featuring steam injection. The primary objective is to scrutinize the impact of steam injection on the combustion dynamics. Conducting a series of tests, the investigation involved the meticulous manipulation of stoichiometric ratios while introducing ambient air through gravity fuel flow. Subsequent iterations of these tests incorporated the introduction of steam into the ambient air stream. The examination encompassed the combustion of both heating oil and the TPO blend within the combustion chamber. The evaluation criteria comprised an in-depth analysis of flame characteristics, temperature distribution within the combustion chamber, and the quantification of emissions such as particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and water vapor (H2O). Throughout the experimentation phase, commercially available diesel fuel served as the primary fuel source. To facilitate the tests, the combustion chamber under scrutiny was seamlessly integrated into an AVL engine test bench system. Essential parameters, including fuel consumption, were meticulously gauged using an AVL 735 fuel flow meter, while fuel temperature was monitored using the AVL 745 fuel temperature conditioning system. The intake air, a crucial element in the combustion process, was quantified with precision using an AVL Flowsonix sensor. Emission measurements were conducted meticulously using state-of-the-art equipment, with gaseous emissions analyzed using an AVL FTIR AMA i60 exhaust gas analyzer. Simultaneously, soot emissions were quantified through employment of an AVL Micro Soot sensor. This comprehensive approach not only delves into the fundamental aspects of combustion but also extends its reach to the exploration of innovative techniques, such as steam injection, to enhance combustion efficiency and reduce emissions. The integration of advanced measurement tools ensures a robust and thorough analysis of the combustion process and its environmental implications.

Determination of Air–Fuel Ratio at 1 kHz via Mid-Infrared Laser Absorption and Fast Flame Ionization Detector Measurements in Engine-Out Vehicle Exhaust

<div>Measurements of air–fuel ratio (AFR) and <i>λ</i> (AFR<sub>actual</sub>/AFR<sub>stoich</sub>) are crucial for understanding internal combustion engine (ICE) performance. However, current <i>λ</i> sensors suffer from long light-off times (on the order of seconds following a cold start) and limited time resolution. In this study, a four-color mid-infrared laser absorption spectroscopy (LAS) sensor was developed to provide 5 kHz measurements of temperature, CO, CO<sub>2</sub>, and NO in engine-out exhaust. This LAS sensor was then combined with 1 kHz hydrocarbon (HC) measurements from a flame ionization detector (FID), and the Spindt exhaust gas analysis method to provide 1 kHz measurements of <i>λ</i>. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first time-resolved measurement of <i>λ</i> during engine cold starts using the full Spindt method. Three tests with various engine AFR calibrations were conducted and analyzed: (1) 10% lean, (2) stoichiometric, and (3) 10% rich. The measurements were acquired in the exhaust of a light-duty truck with an 8-cylinder gasoline engine. The LAS-FID-based <i>λ</i> sensor results were compared with those obtained from a universal exhaust gas oxygen (UEGO) sensor. The LAS-FID method provided robust <i>λ</i> measurements from the first combustion exhaust event (avoiding the light-off time associated with traditional <i>λ</i> sensors) in addition to enhanced temporal resolution (on the order of 100× increase compared to traditional diffusion-based <i>λ</i> sensors). The insight gained from this novel method could be used to benefit crank, cold start, and open- or closed-loop air–fuel ratio control strategies in gasoline engines for reduced emissions.</div>

Performance of Transition Metal Supported Al2O3 Coated on Honeycomb Catalysts and Its Segmentation on Exhaust Gasses Oxidation

The oxidation of carbon monoxide (CO) and unburnt hydrocarbons (HC) under segmented honeycomb catalysts was investigated using actual exhaust gas mixtures from a gasoline-fueled internal combustion engine of a motorcycle. The honeycomb catalysts were prepared through a wet process, resulting in four types coated with transition metals (Cu, Cr, Fe, and Ni) supported on Al2O3. The oxidation of CO and HC was monitored using an exhaust gas analyzer across a range of air-to-fuel ratios (AFR), from lean to rich, under stationary conditions. The results demonstrate that the honeycomb catalysts effectively decreased CO and HC concentrations in the exhaust gas. Among the transition metal oxide honeycomb catalysts, Cr and Ni exhibited high CO and HC conversion rates, surpassing those observed with Cu. The average CO and HC conversion calculations, spanning from lean to rich air-to-fuel ratios, were consistent with the actual conversion rates achieved. Furthermore, the study investigated the effect of honeycomb segmentation on CO and HC conversion. Surprisingly, the catalytic performance of Cr and Ni remained high even with longer gaps in the honeycomb. Interestingly, the conversion of CO and HC over the iron oxide honeycomb catalyst increased as the gap in the honeycomb became longer. This is likely due to an increase in the gap size and enhanced re-mixing of reactants (CO, HC, and O2) caused by recirculation. Thus, this study provides valuable elucidation on the potential application of segmented honeycomb catalysts for reducing CO and HC emissions in exhaust gases.

EXHAUST GAS ANALYSIS OF DIESEL - CADOBA FARINOSA FORSKK BIO-ETHANOL BLENDED FUEL SAMPLES RUNNING ON COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE

The world is facing declining liquid fuel reserves at a time when energy demand is exploding. As the supply decreases and costs rise, everyone will be forced to adopt the alternative energy resources. In order to achieve a secure and stable energy supply that does not cause environmental damage, renewable energy sources must be explored and promising technologies should be developed. This study investigates the effects of exhaust gases of diesel-Cadoba farinosa forskk bio-ethanol blended fuel samples run on a compression ignition engine. The test fuels were prepared; BDE2 (97% Diesel and 2% bio-ethanol volumetric proportion), BDE4, BDE6, BDE8 and BDE10 with 1% biodiesel (palm oil methyl esters) was maintained throughout to prevent phase separation of the ethanol and diesel respectively. The engine performance and exhaust gas analysis were also conducted to investigate the effect of bio-ethanol as diesel fuel extender, with a TD110-115 single-cylinder, four-stroke and air-cooled, compression ignition engine test rig, under different loading conditions, and incorporated with an SV-5Q automobile exhaust gas analyzer was used to monitor and measure the concentration of gaseous emissions, such as; exhaust gas temperature (EGT), carbon dioxide (CO 2), carbon monoxide (CO), and unburned hydrocarbon (HC) from the engine tail pipe. Results of the test revealed an appreciable increase in exhaust gas temperature of 16.66% due to the rise in cylinder pressure and temperature respectively. An appreciable decrease in HC, CO and CO 2 15.7%, 37.5% and 15% respectively emissions was recorded for all blended fuel samples with the exception of diesel. While, the least CO and CO 2 emission levels were observed for BDE10 fuel samples. On the account of its satisfactory engine performance behavior, fuel conservation advantages, and inherent greenhouse gas mitigation potentials, the candidacy of Cadoba Farinosa Forskk bio-ethanol and diesel blends, offers the promise of a prospective fuel for compression ignition engines.

Comparative Analysis of Exhaust Emission of Retrofitted SI Engine Runs by Different Fuels

The purpose of this study was to experimentally inspect the pollutant emission of a retrofitted SI engine using octane, compressed natural gas, and liquefied petroleum gas fuels operated at different speeds. The study was conducted using a retrofitted SI engine. The engine was coupled with an exhaust gas analyzer to measure the composition of the exhaust emission gas. The results showed that the carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) content is lower when CNG is used compared to octane. The CO2 emission was even lower for LPG than CNG, as LPG has a lower carbon-energy ratio and higher octane quality than LPG and burns faster as a lean mixture. The O2 emission supports that octane and CNG burn as a lean mixture whereas LPG burns as rich. Again, the HC emissions are more prominent and CO emissions are higher for LPG than CNG. Because, it showed incomplete combustion with LPG as fuel due to inappropriate air-fuel mixture in the gas-air mixing chamber, which was specifically designed for CNG. Nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission was minimal when the engine was operated with LPG due to incomplete combustion, and it was found maximum for octane, where medium NOx content was found in the case of CNG. Moreover, the relative air fuel ratio or excess air factor, λ increased as the engine operating speed was raised. Because at high speed, there is some turbulence effect and increased combustion duration.

Rapid Photoacoustic Exhaust Gas Analyzer for Simultaneous Measurement of Nitrogen Dioxide and Sulfur Dioxide.

A rapid photoacoustic (PA) exhaust gas analyzer is presented for simultaneous measurements of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2). A laser diode (LD) emitting at 450 nm and a light-emitting diode (LED) with a peak wavelength of 275 nm operated simultaneously, producing PA signals of NO2 and SO2, respectively. The LD and LED were modulated at different frequencies of 2568 and 2570 Hz, and their emission light beams were transmitted through two resonant tubes in a differential PA cell (DPAC), respectively. A self-made dual-channel digital lock-in amplifier was used to realize the simultaneous detection of dual-frequency PA signals. Cross interference between the PA signals at the two different frequencies was reduced to 0.02% by using a lock-in amplifier. In order to achieve a rapid dynamic measurement, gas sampling was accelerated by an air pump. The use of mufflers and the differential PA detection technique significantly reduced the gas sampling noise. When the gas flow rate was 1000 sccm, the response time of the PA dual-gas analyzer was 8 and 17 s for NO2 and SO2, respectively. The minimum detection limits of NO2 and SO2 were 1.7 and 26.1 ppb when the averaging time of the system was 10 s, respectively. Due to the wide spectral bandwidth of the LED, NO2 produced an interference to the detection of SO2. The interference was reduced by the precise detection of NO2. Since the radiations of the LD and LED passed through two different PA tubes, the impact of NO2 photochemical dissociation caused by UV LED luminescence on NO2 gas detection was negligible. The sharing of the PA cell, the gas lines, and the signal processing modules significantly reduced the size and cost of the PA dual-gas analyzer.

Thermographic Analysis of Exhaust Gas and Emissions by Varying Catalyst Behaviour and Injection Parameters

This study focuses on the detailed analysis of exhaust emissions from multi-point fuel injection (MPFI) engines by manipulating the injection parameters through a programmable electronic control unit. In addition, tests are carried out using different generations of catalytic converters and checking that their working temperature is correct using a thermographic camera, verifying operation, to evaluate their effect on emission reduction. Detailed comparisons of the results between these configurations will allow the identification of the combination that reduces emissions the most without compromising engine efficiency and performance. This research aims to promote a more sustainable approach in the automotive sector by properly configuring systems, but also by demonstrating the technical robustness of their application in vehicles. It has also helped to verify that varying injection and ignition parameters help to fine-tune fuel injection, resulting in efficient combustion. Combining this variation with catalytic converters has further reduced exhaust pollutants.

Exhaust Emission Control in Sport Motorcycles: A Comparison of Catalytic Converters with Alternative Metal Materials

In this modern era, motor vehicles have brought significant changes in human life. Faster and more efficient mobility has increased connectivity between regions, supported economic growth, and improved quality of life. However, increased mobility also means an increase in vehicle exhaust emissions, which contribute to climate change and air pollution. One effective technology for controlling exhaust emissions is the use of catalytic converters. Metal catalytic converters, such as copper, brass, and chrome-plated copper, have been researched as more affordable and effective catalyst alternatives. This research aims to analyze the optimal design of exhaust systems with catalytic converters among three types of alternative materials (copper, brass, and chrome-plated copper) as well as standard exhaust systems without catalysts (STD NC) and standard platinum group metal exhaust systems (STD PGM) in maximizing the reduction of motor vehicle exhaust emissions. An experimental research design was used by utilizing a 2015 Yamaha Vixion Lightning as the research object. Catalytic converters were prepared with specific specifications to ensure consistency and accuracy in measurements. CO (carbon monoxide), HC (hydrocarbons), CO2 (carbon dioxide), and O2 (oxygen) emissions were analyzed using an Exhaust Gas Analyzer. The research results indicate that the CuCr sample exhibits excellent performance in reducing CO and HC emissions. The CuCr sample has an average CO emission of 4.09% Vol with a standard deviation of 1.46, demonstrating good consistency in CO emissions. Meanwhile, the average HC emissions from the CuCr sample are 320 ppmVol with a standard deviation of 106, indicating good consistency in HC emissions. All samples meet the emission standards set by the government, except for the STD NC sample, which exceeds the CO emission threshold.

Experimental investigation of multi-burner array with lean lifted spray flames in inline and inclined configurations

Lean combustion in gas turbines garners attention for emissions reduction, yet it faces stability challenges demanding careful design considerations. In this study, a novel CHAIRLIFT combustor concept, which integrates low swirl lean lifted spray flames known for substantial nitrogen oxides emissions reduction, into a Short Helical Combustors (SHC) arrangement, is investigated. A comprehensive experimental test campaign explores key parameters, including staggered arrangement offset, equivalence ratios, and air inlet temperature, to evaluate its performance. The results reveal exceptional stability in low swirl, lifted flames compared to moderate swirl flames with larger inner recirculation zones. The unwanted flow deflection of highly swirled flames in the SHC arrangement is effectively avoided with the investigated low swirl, lifted flames. The study emphasizes the significant influence of fuel droplet evaporation time on flame stability near the flame root under low air inlet temperatures. Furthermore, at high air inlet temperatures, the complex flame stability mechanism in inclined configurations is controlled by various parameters, including outer recirculation zone size, air inlet temperature, and additional vortices generated by pressure differences near the wall. OH∗ chemiluminescence results corroborate these stability mechanisms, showing that at lower temperatures, the flame stabilizes closer to the nozzle exit due to local rich pockets near the shear layer. Conversely, at the same tilt angle, higher air inlet temperatures lead to an increased flame lift-off height due to faster evaporation and enhanced mixing. Exhaust gas analyses confirm the potential of the investigated lean lifted spray flames in a multi-burner arrangement to achieve very low NOx emissions over a wide range of operating conditions for all investigated burner inclinations. These findings may facilitate the future development and optimization of lean combustion technology for aircraft engines.

Pure ammonia flames with high thermal intensities through fuel and air staging under extreme rich-to-lean conditions

Ammonia combustion has gained significant attention due to its high hydrogen content and zero carbon emissions. It poses a challenge for stabilization due to their low energy content and limited flammability range, with the added concern of fuel NOx emissions. In the current study, a novel burner design equipped with four series of reactors is proposed to achieve stable pure ammonia-air flames with reduced NOx emissions. The impact of thermal intensity (∼0.7 MW/m3 to ∼4 MW/m3), number of stages, equivalence ratio (0.5–1.2), and fuel staging on flame stabilization and emissions were investigated in the proposed burner. Comprehensive emissions analysis is performed at various burner levels. Numerical simulations incorporating Large Eddy Simulation (LES) modeling are employed to enhance understanding of the impact of thermal intensity and equivalence ratios on ammonia dissociation, mixedness, and NO emissions. The results indicated that the present burner design improved reactant mixing, and flame stability, reduced NH3 emissions (∼ 0 PPM), and lowered NOx levels in non-premixed ammonia-air flames. The computational and experimental results demonstrated that the implementation of fuel staging is crucial for reducing NOx emissions for the flames with lean global equivalence ratios. Lower NO emissions were identified at a global equivalence ratio of 1.1 for all the considered flames in the range of 0.5–1.2. In the four-stage rich-lean combustion strategy employed in this study; it was observed that higher thermal intensity (4 MW/m3) with fuel staging resulted in lower NOx emissions per kW of energy input compared to lower thermal intensities 0.7 MW/m3. This finding underscores the significance of achieving uniform mixtures and ensuring local flame in rich conditions for achieving low NOx emissions in ammonia combustion. Exhaust gas analysis is conducted at three stages of the burner to enhance the understanding of emissions at various levels of the burner. The proposed combustor design has achieved a substantial reduction in NOx to ∼1 PPM/kW and ∼2.8 PPM/kW with and without fuel staging, respectively. This impressive outcome is attributed to the controlled ammonia consumption facilitated by uniform mixing generated through the use of tangential air inlets.

Experimental and numerical investigation of high-pressure methane catalytic synthesis from H2 and CO2

The catalytic synthesis of methane from H2 and CO2, which is an efficient way for the production of synthetic natural gas (SNG) by utilizing the H2 originating from carbon-free renewable power sources and the greenhouse gas CO2, was investigated in a non-isothermal channel-flow reactor coated with Ni/Al2O3 at pressures 1.5–10 bar, H2:CO2 volumetric ratios 4–6, and surface temperatures 450–760 K. In situ, spatially resolved Raman measurements of gas-phase species concentrations across the channel height were complemented by gas chromatography analysis of the exhaust gas. Two-dimensional simulations were carried out, using elementary catalytic and gaseous chemical reaction mechanisms and detailed transport. Comparisons of the Raman data and simulations revealed that the preferential diffusion of H2 drastically altered the local H2:CO2 ratios at the catalytic walls, which attained values up to 8 times higher than the corresponding inlet values. This behavior exemplified the caution needed when performing kinetic studies in the mixed kinetically/transport controlled regime. The production of methane increased with increasing pressure and decreasing H2:CO2 ratio. At the highest ratio H2:CO2 = 6, the simulations underpredicted (overpredicted) the measured reactant (product) mole fractions, however, as H2:CO2 decreased, the trend was reversed. The discrepancies reduced with increasing pressure, resulting in a model overprediction of methane by 7.4% at 10 bar. Methane was produced from C(s) via successive hydrogenation. C(s) was in turn produced from COOH(s), followed by dissociation of COOH(s) to CO(s), and finally H-assisted dissociation of CO(s) to C(s). Gas-phase chemistry was negligible over the investigated conditions. The in-channel Raman measurements in conjunction with the exhaust gas analysis facilitated the construction of a global step for the studied reaction. The methane synthesis was assessed to follow a ∼p0.41 pressure dependence over the temperature range 520–680 K.

Análisis de energía, exergía y emisiones de un motor de encendido por compresión modificado que funciona en modo de combustible triple

For the past few years, the energy demand has been raised progressively all over the world. Numerous extensive studies have been conducted to reduce the rate of emission in diverse alternative fuels. However, currently numerous investigations have been undertaken to diminish the harmful impact of the exhaustion of gas emissions from the utilization of diesel, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), and gasoline fuels. Hence, a novel triple fuel system (i.e. petrol, diesel, and LPG) is proposed based on three different analyses, namely energy, exergy, and emission at diverse load (kg) conditions. Nonetheless, the validations of each method are performed by single-cylinder four-stroke diesel engines at optimized conditions. Moreover, the analyses are performed at a constant speed rate of 1500rpm, with six diverse engine loads (kg) of about (2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, and 13.50 kg). Various measurable factors such as emission rate, heat transfer rate, and cylinder pressure are determined to estimate the steady state condition. Finally, various parameters such as brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, and exhaust gas analysis are performed and compared with single fuel, dual fuel, and the proposed triple fuel modes to determine the efficiency of the system.

Study on the effect of dimethyl ether and diesel-castor biodiesel blends on emission and combustion characteristics

The biodiesel from Castor was, investigated with a water-cooled four-stroke diesel engine of model CT 110 with B0, B5, and B10 without and with dimethyl ether (DME) of 2 % and with a fixed load of (80 %) to study the combustion and emission. The biodiesel was made by alkaline transesterification with NaOH as a catalyst. Using established test protocols, the fuels' characteristics, including their viscosity, surface tension, heating value, flash point, and elemental makeup, were measured. Experimental research is used to determine how the pressure and heat release rate affect the performance characteristics of both reference fuel and the blends. The combustion studies are conducted with engine speeds of 1800, 2400, and 3000 rpm and emissions were analyzed with engine speeds starting from 1600 rpm to 3000 rpm with exhaust gas analyzer Gunt, CT159.02 digital analyzer. From the combustion analysis when the blend ratio increases the cylinder pressure (CP) and heat release rate (HRR) also increase due to oxygen molecules in the biodiesel. The addition of DME to biodiesel blends reduces carbon monoxide (CO) emissions relative to neat diesel and biodiesel blends. With the increase of diesel castor biodiesel blends, nitrogen oxide (NOX) emissions decreased as a result of the reduction in the HRR. The effect of castor diesel biodiesel blend on the NOX emissions shows, that when the blend ratio increased the NOX emissions also increased. When DME is added to a higher blend ratio of castor biodiesel, the engine is operated only at higher engine speed. Specifically, for B10 NOX emission was detected after engine speed of 2500 rpm. When the engine ran with DME for blends of castor biodiesel the engine was not operated at low engine speed. The increase of diesel castor biodiesel blends in the case of DME mixture unburned hydrocarbon (UHC) emissions increased. The finding of this research work was as the biodiesel blend increased the cylinder pressure and heat release rate also increased. So, using sustainable biodiesel-diesel blends made from castor oil with DME additive it is advisable to operate diesel engines for better emission regulation.

Insights on dielectric barrier discharge plasma treatment of oil drilling cuttings

Oil drilling cuttings produced during oil exploration and extraction contain a high percentage of crude oil, ranging from 5% to 20% weight ratio (w/w) on a dry basis, and must be managed and treated properly before their release to the environment. In this study, non-thermal plasma (NTP) was investigated as an advanced oxidation process for the efficient, sustainable and cost-effective treatment of oil drilling cuttings. To this end, a plane-to-grid dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor operating at atmospheric pressure was tested under different plasma conditions. The effect of treatment time, DBD power and air flow rate on the total organic carbon (TOC) removal efficiency was assessed and the energy efficiency of the process was determined. Within 10 min of plasma treatment, a very high TOC and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) removal (∼90% and ∼99%, respectively) was achieved, while polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were degraded by ∼50% within 2 min of treatment. Depending on the experimental conditions, the energy efficiency of the process varied from 5 to 35 mg/kJ. From GC-MS analysis, several byproducts of the oxidation of oil drilling cuttings were identified, while the analysis of exhaust gases revealed that ∼85.1% of the removed organics from oil drilling cuttings was transformed to CO2 and CO. This study provides critical information on the effectiveness of the NTP process for the treatment of heavily contaminated solid wastes and can be considered as the critical step for its application for the treatment of solid wastes from the oil industry.