Domain Analysis Research Articles

A comparative of theosophical sufism in Syarah al-Hikam by Sholeh Darat and ‘Abdullah Gangohi

This study elaborated on the explanation of theosophical Sufism in the book of al-Hikam by two well-known Islamic academics, Kyai Sholeh Darat (Indonesia) and Shaykh ‘Abdullah Gangohi (India). The data in this study are the text of Syarah al-Hikam, written by Kyai Sholeh Darat and the text of Syarah Al-Hikam in the perspective of Shaykh ‘Abdullah Gangohi. This qualitative research study used a Systemic Functional Linguistic (SFL) approach from M.A.K. Halliday. Data analysis in this research applied the Spradley model, namely: (1) domain analysis, (2) taxonomy analysis, (3) componential analysis and (4) analysis of cultural themes. The domain analysis tried to map the information structure in the explanation of al-Hikam based on the theory of SFL. This information structure is the basis for the genre analysis as a semiotic representation of social society. Meanwhile, the taxonomic analysis tried to elaborate on the Sufism thoughts of both the thinkers based on the Syarah al-Hikam text. Componential analysis synergised the results of the information structure and the theosophical Sufism thought in al-Hikam. Finally, the analysis of cultural themes endeavoured to elaborate on the theosophical Sufism thoughts of the two Sufism thinkers and to draw the relationships and the contributions to the universal Sufism. The conditions of theosophical Sufism can be elaborated based on the information structure. The limitation of this study is the lack of researcher’s efforts to investigate the substance of theosophical Sufism, because this research is only limited to the outer layer of language.Contribution: This article shows that the thought of theosophical Sufism showed that Islam in Southeast Asia is Islam that carries the spirit of Islam Rahmatan lil-alamin. In addition, the thought of theosophical Sufism in Syarah al-Hikam has had an impact on the socio-cultural transformation, especially on the Sufism movement [thariqah] spread across Indonesia and India.

Damage Diagnosis in RC Frames on a Frequency Domain Basis

Today, there are many methods for detecting damages in reinforced concrete structures, such as pushover analysis, energy-based analysis and nonlinear analysis in the time domain. These methods are used to determine the dynamic properties of the structure by using accelerometers and a number of measuring devices that determine the mechanical and physical properties of the structure. In this study, it is aimed to diagnose damage with a set of frequencies and corresponding amplitude values obtained from accelerometers that determine the dynamic properties of the structure, instead of these methods that create calculation complexity. In this study, firstly, the damaged elements and joint points of the 1-storey RC frame with a single opening in both directions were determined by pushover analysis, for which the finite element model was built in the SAP2000 program. Later, time history analyzes were carried out under the influence of acceleration data of the Pazarcık earthquake (Mw 7.7) that occurred on February 6. The results obtained in the time domain were converted into the frequency domain and some inferences were made regarding the damaged areas. The study results showed that if the amplitude drop decreases in the same frequency range at a node, damage occurs at that node. It has been determined that the damages occurring in the RC frame increase due to the decrease in amplitude.

Research on Key Technologies of Spatial Domain Image Steganography and Analysis of Typical Applications

In the digital age, secure storage and communication of information are crucial aspects of everyday life, drawing significant global interest. Steganography serves as a pivotal method for concealing private information within various media forms—such as images, videos, and text—enabling secure information transmission. This paper delineates the distinctions between information hiding and encryption and delves into image steganography. The focus here is on spatial-based image steganography techniques, which are broadly categorized into traditional and deep learning-based methods. Traditional methods rely on modifications to the pixel values of the host image, often resulting in minor but detectable changes if not carefully managed. On the other hand, deep learning-based methods leverage neural networks to learn how to encode data in an image in a way that is much harder to detect. A comprehensive performance analysis of these techniques is provided, complete with comparative tables to aid in clarity and reference. Additionally, this paper aims to guide researchers by charting current trends in the field and suggesting future research directions. By exploring these advanced techniques, the paper contributes to the broader discourse on enhancing the security and efficacy of steganographic practices.

Research on power metering method for nonlinear loads in power system based on improved S-transform

Abstract Traditional power metering algorithms are no longer suitable for new power systems to address the issue of distorted voltage and current waveforms caused by a growing number of nonlinear loads in modern power systems. The paper proposes a power-metering algorithm based on an Improved Stockwell Transform (IST). Based on the Stockwell transform, several parameters that can control the Gaussian window are introduced to improve the flexibility of the Gaussian window. Additionally, the inequality constraint based on the energy concentration measure is used to optimally select the best window parameters, enhancing the time–frequency domain analysis capability of the IST. The study uses IST to decompose and reconstruct the voltage and current fundamental characteristic signals and distortion characteristic signals in the power system. This provides good time resolution at low frequencies and good frequency-domain resolution at high frequencies. Power metering based on unsteady voltage and current is achieved by calculating the resulting fundamental and harmonic powers, respectively. The simulation results demonstrate that the IST-based power metering method has a higher level of accuracy than the existing metering methods.

Investigation of motion response suppression characteristics in floating platforms equipped with novel spiral side plates

AbstractTo enhance the stability of floating wind turbine platforms, this study combines the structural characteristics of helical side plates and proposes the installation of serrated helical side plates on Spar wind turbine platforms. Based on potential flow theory, the present study employs blade element momentum theory and radiation‐diffraction theory. Upon establishing a dynamic data link library, wind‐wave coupling was implemented, and the dynamic response characteristics of platforms with different helical side plates were compared. The results indicate that in the frequency domain analysis, the platform with serrated helical side plates demonstrates reduced sensitivity to waves, with a particularly notable increase in added mass in the heave direction, suggesting excellent hydrodynamic performance. In the time domain analysis, improvements in the platform's surge and heave stability performances were observed, measuring 10.99% and 10.64%, respectively, in extreme conditions. Owing to the unique features of the serrated structure, the tension in the mooring chains on the wave‐facing side is reduced, thereby effectively lowering the fatigue load on the mooring chains.

Genome-wide profiling of bZIP transcription factors in Camelina sativa: implications for development and stress response

BackgroundThe bZIP transcription factor family, characterized by a bZIP domain, plays vital roles in plant stress responses and development. While this family has been extensively studied in various plant species, its specific functions in Camelina sativa (False Flax) remain underexplored.Methods and resultsThis study identified 71 bZIP transcription factors in C. sativa, classified into nine distinct groups based on phylogenetic analysis. Subcellular localization predicted a nucleus-specific expression for these bZIPs. Analysis of GRAVY scores revealed a range from 0.469 to -1.256, indicating a spectrum from hydrophobic to hydrophilic properties. Motif analysis uncovered 10 distinct motifs, with one motif being universally present in all CsbZIPs. Conserved domain analysis highlighted several domains beyond the core bZIP domain. Protein-protein interaction predictions suggested a robust network involving CsbZIPs. Moreover, promoter analysis revealed over 60 types of cis-elements, including those responsive to stress. Expression studies through RNA-seq and Real-time RT-qPCR demonstrated high expression of CsbZIPs in roots, leaves, flowers, and stems. Specifically, CsbZIP01, CsbZIP02, CsbZIP44, and CsbZIP60 were consistently up-regulated under cold, salt, and drought stresses, whereas CsbZIP34 and CsbZIP35 were down-regulated.ConclusionThis study presents the first comprehensive genome-wide profiling of bZIP transcription factors in Camelina sativa, providing novel insights into their roles in plant development and stress response mechanisms. By identifying and characterizing the bZIP gene family in C. sativa, this research offers new opportunities for improving stress tolerance and crop resilience through targeted genetic approaches, addressing key challenges in agriculture under changing environmental conditions.

Development of a Quality Control System Using Modal Analysis to Evaluate a Multi-Point Projection Welding Process.

The article presents the results of the development and research regarding the application of modal analysis to the evaluation of a multi-point projection welding process. The quality control system is based on the information provided by modal analysis for the entire welding station after the previously completed welding process. The research is carried out due to the lack of an effective method for assessing the course of the multi-spot projection welding process in the case of a single current circuit passing through many points at the same time. A study of the applicability of modal analysis in investigating the quality of a multipoint joint was conducted for four DIN 928 nuts welded to a steel profile. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of weld defects on the displacement of resonant frequencies. To realize the objective, the dynamic properties of the entire welding station, including the sample in the frequency domain, were investigated. In the first stage of the study, a finite element method was used to perform modal analysis and examine the form of vibrations for the individual natural frequencies of the welding fixture including the sample. Then, quality verification using the dynamic resistance method was performed, which was compared later with the modal approach. The last stage of the study was to conduct modal analysis in the frequency domain to verify the numerical studies.

Rapid monitoring of structural deformation based on unsupervised segmentation model

This paper presents a novel approach for rapid structural deformation monitoring using an enhanced segmentation model, SAM-DM (Segment Anything Model-Deformation Monitoring). The method enhances the SAM model by integrating an innovative point prompt generation technique, image fusion, and connected domain analysis, enabling structural deformation monitoring with just a single manual click on the target area in the initial video frame. Specifically, this manual click generates coordinate information for the target area, serving as a point prompt for the SAM-DM model. This process results in the creation of a high-quality binary mask, which is then fused with the original image to isolate only the target area. Subsequently, connected domain analysis is employed to automatically process the mask, extracting the pixel centroid coordinates of the target area, which are then used as prompts for segmenting subsequent frames. This approach allows continuous tracking of changes in the target area's coordinates, thereby facilitating rapid structural deformation monitoring. Experimental results demonstrate that this method can accurately monitor deformation across all target points and adapt to varying lighting conditions and noise levels. Applied to monitor the bending deformation of reinforced concrete beams and the in-plane deformation of concrete slabs, the method achieves results closely aligned with actual measurements, yielding relative errors of 0.95 % and 0.48 %, respectively. Additionally, in monitoring the vibrational deformation of steel frames, the primary frequency of the curve precisely matches measured values, confirming that the SAM-DM-based method delivers both high accuracy and strong robustness.

Characterization and phylogenetic analysis of vomeronasal receptors in the female muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus)

Vomeronasal receptors (VRs) play a crucial role in recognizing pheromones, which are essential for social chemical communication. The male muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) secretes musk, which contains pheromones as a reproductive signal, and the female can recognize it through the VNO to mediate social communication behavior. This study aimed to identify the genomic information of VRs (OzVRs) in the female muskrat and elucidate their physicochemical properties and evolutionary relationship. Six predominantly expressed OzVR genes were identified using the RACE technique, and a comprehensive analysis was conducted on their gene structure, subcellular distribution, functional predictions, and mRNA levels, revealed that all OzVRs were transmembrane proteins. Phylogenetic analysis clustered OzVR genes into two clades (V1Rs: OzV1R21, OzV1R81, OzV1R105; V2Rs: OzV2R33, OzV2R44, OzV2R60). Physiochemically, OzV1Rs were basic proteins, while OzV2Rs exhibited weakly acidic character. Among them, OzV1R81 and OzV2R44 were identified as hydrophobicitystable proteins, with the remainder categorized as hydrophobicity-unstable proteins. Promoters analysis revealed the involvement of transcription factors and complexes, including Ahr::Arnt, Runx1, Arnt, and TFAP2A, in regulating the expression of the OzVR genes. Conserved domain and motif analyses demonstrated a high conservation of the VRs superfamily in rodents, with many conserved domains linked to pheromone binding. Functional predictions confirmed that OzVRs were associated with pheromones detection. Finally, the expression patterns of OzVR genes in different tissues and seasons indicated that OzVRs have the highest level of expression in the vomeronasal organ, and OzV1Rs notably higher in the breeding season than that in the non-breeding season, however the expression levels of OzV2Rs were higher in the non-breeding season. This study provided insights into the phylogenetic relationships, gene structure, physicochemical properties, promoter binding sites, functions and gene expression patterns of OzVRs, offering a theoretical reference for further examination of VR gene functions and a foundation for understanding chemical signaling mechanisms in the muskrat.

Genome-wide analysis of glutathione S-transferase genes in four Prunus species and the function of PmGSTF2, activated by PmMYBa1, in regulating anthocyanin accumulation in Prunus mume

Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are proteases with multiple physiological functions and play an important role in plant responses to abiotic stresses. Nevertheless, there is a paucity of systematic research on GST genes in Prunus genus. Here, 330 GST genes in four Prunus species were identified for the first time and classified into eight subgroups based on protein sequence and conserved structure, among which Tau subfamily genes had the largest number. The amino acid lengths of GST-encoded proteins in the four species ranged from 66 to 1152 aa, most of which were soluble proteins and located in the cytoplasm and chloroplasts. The GST family was propelled by tandem duplications, yet robust purifying selection constrained its divergence. Conserved motif and domain analysis revealed that the majority of PmGSTs exhibited a highly conserved GST-N structure. The expression pattern of PmGSTs exhibited tissue specificity and spatiotemporal specificity. qRT-PCR validated the transcriptome results and 11 genes were differentially expressed in varieties with different flower and stem colors. In addition, we discovered an anthocyanin-related gene PmGSTF2, which can effectively restore the anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin deficiency-related phenotypes of the Arabidopsis tt19 mutant. Recombinant PmGSTF2 enhanced the water solubility of cyanidin and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside in vitro. Moreover, PmMYBa1 could directly bind to the promoter of PmGSTF2 and activate its expression. The findings revealed that GSTs were preserved in Prunus species and that PmGSTF2 was critical in regulating anthocyanin accumulation.

Genome-wide identification of the TRAF gene family in humpback grouper (Cromileptes altivelis) and analysis of their expression in response to Vibrio harveyi challenge

TRAF (Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor) proteins are key mediators of signal transduction in cell signaling and immune regulation within the toll-like receptor (TLR) and tumor necrosis factor (TNFR) superfamily. Despite the importance of TRAF genes in teleost innate immunity, study on their functions in C. altivelis is limited. This study utilized bioinformatics methods to identify and named eight TRAF genes (CaTRAF2a, CaTRAF2a-like, CaTRAF2b, CaTRAF3, CaTRAF4a, CaTRAF5, CaTRAF6 and CaTRAF7) in C. altivelis. Phylogenetic, syntenic and molecular evolution revealed that all CaTRAF members were evolutionarily conserved in teleost. Domain analysis indicated the presence of a conserved N-terminal RING finger domain in all CaTRAF proteins. Most CaTRAF proteins also featured a MATH domain at the C-terminal, with the exception of CaTRAF7 which contained seven repeat WD40 domains. In addition, qRT-PCR was used to detect the expression patterns of nine different tissues and eight different embryonic development stages of healthy fish, and it was found that there were spatial and tissue specificities among the members. HE staining revealed evident pathological lesions in the tissues post V. harveyi infection. Atrophy and significant bending of the gill lamellae were observed in the gills, while irregular cell shapes, increased fat vacuoles, and enlarged cell volume were noted in the liver. Intestinal tissues displayed thickening of the muscle layer, elongation of intestinal villi, and increased folds. Moreover, the expression of TRAF gene changed significantly after V. harveyi infection. These results would help to clarify the molecular role of CaTRAF gene in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses in C. altivelis.

Genome-wide analysis of tobacco NtTOM1/TOM3 gene family and identification of NtTOM1a/ NtTOM3a response to tobacco mosaic virus

BackgroundTOBAMOVIRUS MULTIPLICATION 1 (TOM1) and its homolog TOBAMOVIRUS MULTIPLICATION 3 (TOM3) play a prominent role in the multiplication of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in higher plants. Although homologs of NtTOM1/TOM3 genes have been identified in several plant species, little is known about the characteristics and functions of NtTOM1/TOM3 at the genome-wide level in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.).ResultsIn this study, we performed genome-wide identification and expression pattern analysis of the tobacco NtTOM1/TOM3 gene family. Twelve NtTOM1/TOM3 genes were identified and classified into four groups based on phylogenetic analysis. Sequence and conserved domain analyses showed that all these genes contained a specific DUF1084 domain. Expression pattern analysis showed that NtTOM1a, NtTOM1b, NtTOM1d, NtTOM3a, NtTOM3b, and NtTOM3d were induced by TMV at 1-, 3-, and 9 dpi, whereas the expression of other genes was not responsive to TMV at the early infection stage. TMV virion accumulation showed no obvious difference in either nttom1a or nttom3a mutants compared with the wild type. However, the virus propagation was significantly, but not completely, inhibited in the nttom1atom3a double mutant, indicating that other gene family members may function redundantly, such as NtTOM1b and NtTOM1d. In addition, overexpression of NtTOM1a or NtTOM3a also inhibited the TMV replication to some extent.ConclusionsThe present study performed genome-wide analysis of the NtTOM1/TOM3 gene family in tobacco, and identified NtTOM1a and NtTOM3a as important genes involved in TMV multiplication based on functional analysis. These results provide a theoretical basis for further improving TMV resistance in tobacco.

Paradoxical perceptions: minoritized high school students’ stereotypical and expansive views of science and scientists at an urban, inclusive STEM-focused high school (ISHS)

Existing research on inclusive STEM-focused high schools (ISHSs) has focused on the design and implementation of ISHSs at the school-level, along with the positive effects of ISHSs on STEM course taking, college majoring, and STEM career orientations. Missing from the literature are studies that foreground the perspectives and voices of students of color and their perceptions of science and scientists from asset-based, critical perspectives. Thus, the purpose of this qualitative case study is to document the perceptions of science and scientists among racially, ethnically, and linguistically minoritized ninth graders at an urban, inclusive STEM-focused high school in a mid-sized, northeastern city in the United States, along with the contexts, sources, and associated experiences informing these perceptions. Iterative cycles of inductive and deductive coding and domain analysis, informed by theoretical perspectives on ecological systems and Discourses, revealed paradoxical perceptions. Students viewed science as a body of knowledge, testing and experimenting, a life-enhancing discovery, building on background information, and connected with other disciplines and everywhere. Students’ perceptions of scientists were both stereotypical and expansive, including that scientists are smart and serious; use science equipment and gear in traditional lab contexts; and are creative, curious, and open-minded. While students primarily identified deceased White males as scientists, three girls of color mentioned counter-stereotypical women and people of color when they thought of science. Students noted that science field trips and after school programs, as well as science in the media and school, informed their perceptions. These findings suggest that despite reform efforts such as Science for All, very little has changed regarding conceptions of science and scientists. What is more, these findings are troubling when minoritized students at an ISHS continue to replicate status quo perceptions of science and scientists. This study has implications for practice, research, and policy related to building on and extending these views in more critically conscious and equity-oriented ways.

The news values of fake news

Fake news poses a significant threat to society by undermining public trust and consensus on critical issues. Although there is a considerable amount of research on the linguistic features of fake news texts, a comprehensive understanding of how language is used to persuade and promote specific ideologies within them is still lacking. This study addresses this gap by analyzing fake news discourse through the lens of news values. We apply the Discursive News Values Analysis (DNVA) framework and key semantic domain analysis to a corpus of fake news stories on vaccination, climate change, and COVID-19. We identify a set of news values that differentiate fake from mainstream news discourse. Our findings reveal that fake news emphasizes negativity, unexpectedness, consonance, and facticity, while also relying on the previously undocumented news values of subversiveness, causality, religiosity, and historicity. These values form a powerful discursive toolkit exploited by fake news writers to craft compelling false narratives.

Modernisasi Pesantren Salaf Terhadap Transisi Kehidupan Sosial Dalam Tinjauan Filsafat Sosial

Salaf pesantren is one of the Islamic educational institutions that has a great influence and contribution to Indonesia in encouraging the progress of science and character education. So it is appropriate to study the renewal carried out by these salaf pesantrens. The renewal carried out by these salaf pesantren is a form of answering the needs of a dynamic society. So the review conducted in this paper is to look at the innovation of Hidayatut Thullab pesantren in the review of social philosophy, so the question in this paper is how the social inetarchy relationship between the characters produced between the community or the pesantren family and the educational innovations it makes to society as a whole. The method used is a combination of literature studies and field studies, using the domain analysis method, componen analysis, taxonomy analysis, and cultural theme analysis, the purpose of this method is to find the construction of social situations clearly. The results of the analysis of this paper are, that this semi-modern salaf pesantren has been able to build its social culture clearly, because it is assisted by a curriculum, adequate Islamic material and the environment of pesantren life based on salaf culture, so that the character of social interaction is clearly illustrated as a family or pesantren community that has a strong Islamic identity, a thick cultural culture and tak'dzim to the kiaiKiyai. However, because the innovation is only limited to the digitalisation of online mass media-based da'wah communication, the impact is only in the field of da'wah, and the social environment is also still limited to the relationship network environment, not yet to a more famous national level, as we know that the world of digital communication still needs something unique so that it goes viral and is widely known and captures more people. While the pesantren's relationship with the surrounding community as a form of social interaction has not been carried out optimally, because it is still confined to the salaf pesantren system with a traditional classical paradigm, thus making the salaf pesantren movement more limited than modern pesantren, such as the lack of cooperation between pesantren as a whole as educational institutions to the government and NGOs in order to obtain integrated activities, adequate facilities, teacher support and so on.

A Time-Frequency Domain Analysis Method for Variable Frequency Hopping Signal.

A variable frequency hopping (VFH) signal is a kind of frequency hopping (FH) signal that varies both in frequency and dwell time. However, in radio surveillance, the existing methods for unidentified signals using VFH cannot be effectively handled. In this paper, we proposed an improved joint analysis method based on time-frequency domain features, which adopts multi-level processing to solve the time-frequency domain feature analysis problem of the VFH signal. First, the received signal is pre-processed by Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT) and binarization, and a highly discriminative time-frequency image is obtained; then, the fixed frequency signal is removed based on the feature of connected domains, and the conventional frequency hopping (CFH) signal is removed by density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN); finally, the overlapping region is cropped by the joint energy peak time-domain continuity properties. After the above multi-level joint processing method, the problem of VFH signal processing is effectively solved. The simulation result shows that the Mean Square Error (MSE) between the output results and the time-frequency image of the original VFH signal tends to be close to 0 when the Signal-to-Noise ratio (SNR) is 5 dB.

Investigation of friction noise in linear bushing by frequency domain analysis and theoretical model

Linear bushings, unlike existing bearings, are a system that enables linear movement of the axis. This has the advantage of allowing efficient motion due to low friction as it operates through the rotation of the ball, but has the problem of generating noise due to friction between the shaft and bushing. The purpose of this study is to identify the causes of friction noise by checking the frequencies contained in the bushing noise. To this end, a theoretical model is established by referring to conventional LM(Linear Motion) guide research that has similar behavior to bushings, and the reliability of the model is verified through experiments. To simulate actual driving situations, an experimental setup consisting of a fixed support shaft, motor, etc. is created and the noise of original and defective bushings is measured. Through this, commonly included frequencies are detected, and analyze how the frequencies change depending on faults.

Tendon fatigue analysis of tension leg platform using a new time-domain quasi-dynamic method

Due to the non-Gaussian characteristics of the tendon tension response of tension leg platform (TLP), the common statistical model is not adequate to estimate the fatigue damage accurately in the frequency domain, thus the time domain analysis is required. A new quasi-dynamic method is proposed to calculate the tendon tension response considering various factors. An equivalent analytical tendon model is employed and the post-treatment has been carried out for the reconstruction of the high-frequency stress response based on the vertical motion QTFs of each tendon by HydroSTAR. Forty sets of environmental cases are extracted from a scatter diagram. The rainflow counting method is applied to deal with the stress time series and the fatigue damage can be obtained combined with the relevant S-N curve. The number of cycles of tension for each tendon is discussed, considering the contribution of the first-order wave load, the second-order diff-frequency wave load, and the second-order sum-frequency wave load. The comparison of annual fatigue damage based on the quasi-dynamic method and coupled method by Orcaflex is carried out. The study proves that the quasi-dynamic method is an efficient way to estimate the fatigue life of each tendon in the time domain considering numerous cases of discrete sea states.

Genomic and Transcriptional Analysis of the Necroptosis Pathway Elements RIPK and MLKL in Sea Cucumber, Holothuria leucospilota.

Background: Receptor-interacting protein kinases (RIPKs) and mixed-lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) are crucial in regulating innate immune responses and cell death signaling (necroptosis and apoptosis), and are potential candidates for genetic improvement in breeding programs. Knowledge about the RIPK family and MLKL in sea cucumber remains limited. Methods: We searched the genomes of sea cucumber Holothuria leucospilota for genes encoding RIPKs and MLKL, performed phylogenetic tree, motif and functional domain analyses, and examined tissue distribution and embryonic development patterns using qPCR. Results: RIPK5 (Hl-RIPK5), RIPK7 (Hl-RIPK7) and MLKL (Hl-MLKL) were identified in sea cucumber H. leucospilota. Hl-RIPK5 and Hl-RIPK7 were mainly expressed in coelomocytes, suggesting that they play a role in innate immunity, whereas Hl-MLKL exhibited relatively low expression across tissues. During embryonic development, Hl-MLKL was highly expressed from the 2-cell stage to the morula stage, while Hl-RIPK5 and Hl-RIPK7 were primarily expressed after the morula stage, indicating different roles in embryonic development. In primary coelomocytes, Hl-RIPK5 transcriptional activity was significantly depressed by LPS, poly(I:C), or pathogen Vibrio harveyi. Hl-RIPK7 expression levels were unchanged following the same challenges. Hl-MLKL mRNA levels were significantly decreased with poly(I:C) or V. harveyi, but did not change with LPS. Conclusions: These findings provide valuable insights into the evolutionary tree and characterization of RIPK and MLKL genes in sea cucumber, contributing to the broader understanding of the RIPK gene family and MLKL in ancient echinoderms.

Electrochemical noise characterization of corrosion behavior for NiCrAl-NiC coating

The electrochemical noise analysis (including frequency domain and wavelet analyses) method is used to characterize the corrosion behavior of NiCrAl-NiC Abradable Seal Coating (ASC) at different immersion times. By converting EN data to frequency domain analysis, the slope (k values) of current power spectral density (PSD) curves of NiCrAl-NiC ASC increases with prolonged immersion time, suggesting a transition from localized corrosion to pitting. Wavelet analysis results indicate that the D7-D8 detail coefficients control the wavelet energy throughout the immersion process, and with increasing immersion time, the electrochemical activity on the NiCrAl-NiC ASC surface decreases. The electrochemical noise analysis can effectively explain the corrosion behaviors of NiCrAl-NiC ASC.