Displacement Analysis Research Articles

Wellbore breakouts in heavily fractured rocks: A coupled discrete fracture network-distinct element method analysis

Wellbore breakout is one of the critical issues in drilling due to the fact that the related problems result in additional costs and impact the drilling scheme severely. However, the majority of such wellbore breakout analyses were based on continuum mechanics. In addition to failure in intact rocks, wellbore breakouts can also be initiated along natural discontinuities, e.g. weak planes and fractures. Furthermore, the conventional models in wellbore breakouts with uniform distribution fractures could not reflect the real drilling situation. This paper presents a fully coupled hydro-mechanical model of the SB-X well in the Tarim Basin, China for evaluating wellbore breakouts in heavily fractured rocks under anisotropic stress states using the distinct element method (DEM) and the discrete fracture network (DFN). The developed model was validated against caliper log measurement, and its stability study was carried out by stress and displacement analyses. A parametric study was performed to investigate the effects of the characteristics of fracture distribution (orientation and length) on borehole stability by sensitivity studies. Simulation results demonstrate that the increase of the standard deviation of orientation when the fracture direction aligns parallel or perpendicular to the principal stress direction aggravates borehole instability. Moreover, an elevation in the average fracture length causes the borehole failure to change from the direction of the minimum in-situ horizontal principal stress (i.e. the direction of wellbore breakouts) towards alternative directions, ultimately leading to the whole wellbore failure. These findings provide theoretical insights for predicting wellbore breakouts in heavily fractured rocks.

Geophysical and numerical approaches to solving the mechanisms of landslides triggered by earthquakes: A case study of Kahramanmaraş (6 February, 2023)

Many landslides occurred in the 11 Turkish provinces affected by the earthquakes centered in Kahramanmaraş in February 2023, and many people lost their lives due to those landslides. To reduce the risks and hazards brought on by landslides induced by earthquakes, it is essential to identify the mechanisms causing landslides to arise in such situations. In this study, the geological strength index and both seismic refraction tomography and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) geophysical methods were used to determine the failure mechanism of layered sedimentary units defined as flysch (claystone-siltstone-sandstone-marl). The shear strength reduction finite element method (SSR-FEM) was used with the RS2 computer program for model solutions. One of the geophysical methods, ERT, facilitated an interpretation of the cyclic failure mechanism that occurs in flysch, and it was found to be congruent with numerical models. Landslide slip circle depth, water-saturated layers, and resistivity values were determined with the ERT method. Seismic methods were employed to determine the velocity values (Vp, Vs) of the landslip mass. These velocity data, along with the elasticity modulus and Poisson ratios derived from them, were utilized in our numerical model. In the maximum shear strength and horizontal displacement analyses performed on the section line determined before the landslide, the natural state and the situation under the influence of groundwater were examined and the strength reduction factor (SRF) was determined as 1.35 and 1.24, respectively. In an evaluation conducted under the influence of the maximum horizontal ground acceleration (0.22 g) determined by taking into account the seismicity of the study area, it was concluded that instability occurred in the flysches and the SRF value was 0.72. An important finding of this study is that the results of geophysical methods used to determine the lithological properties of sedimentary rock masses and understand the causes of landslides align closely with those of numerical analysis methods, providing high accuracy. These methods also support new approaches, particularly in identifying landslip boundaries and detecting areas with high water saturation. It has been discovered that earthquakes actively contribute to the instability of these kinds of soils.

Design and Analysis of a Topology-Optimized Quadcopter Drone Frame

This study focuses on the analysis and optimization of a drone frame design to enhance its performance characteristics. The design underwent drop testing, stress analysis, displacement analysis, and flow simulation to evaluate its structural integrity, deformation resistance, and aerodynamic performance. Furthermore, topology optimization techniques were employed to achieve a 30% weight reduction while maintaining the structural integrity of the drone frame. The results of the drop test analysis revealed that Design 2 exhibited lower stress levels compared to Design 1, indicating improved load distribution and structural integrity. However, Design 1 demonstrated lower displacement values, suggesting better resistance to deformation. The flow analysis indicated that Design 1 achieved lower flow velocities, indicating superior propulsion and aerodynamic performance. Through topology optimization, the mass of the drone frame was successfully reduced by 30% without compromising structural integrity. The optimized design exhibited improved stress management, reduced displacement, and slightly higher flow velocities compared to the initial design. These improvements contribute to enhanced agility, maneuverability, and energy efficiency of the drone. The findings of this study highlight the importance of considering stress distribution, displacement, and aerodynamic performance in drone design and optimization. The results provide valuable insights for the development of efficient and reliable drones.

Implications of vertical stability control on the SPARC tokamak

To achieve its performance goals, SPARC plans to operate in equilibrium configurations with a strong elongation of κareal∼1.75 , which in turn will destabilize the n = 0 vertical instability. However, SPARC also features a relatively thick conducting wall that is designed to withstand disruption forces, leading to lower vertical instability growth rates than usually encountered. In this work, we use the TokSyS framework to survey families of accessible shapes near the SPARC baseline configuration, finding maximum growth rates in the range of γ≲100 s−1. The addition of steel vertical stability plates has only a modest ( ∼25% ) effect on reducing the vertical growth rate and almost no effect on the plasma controllability when the full vertical stability system is taken into account, providing flexibility in the plate conductivity in the SPARC design. Analysis of the maximum controllable displacement on SPARC is used to inform the power supply voltage and current limit requirements needed to control an initial vertical displacement of 5% of the minor radius. From the expected spectra of plasma disturbances and diagnostic noise, requirements for filter latency and vertical stability coil heating tolerances are also obtained. Small modifications to the outboard limiter location are suggested to allow for an unmitigated vertical disturbance as large as 5% of the minor radius without allowing the plasma to become limited. Further, investigations with the 3D COMSOL code reveal that strategic inclusion of insulating structures within the VSC supports are needed to maintain sufficient magnetic response. The workflows presented here help to establish a model for the integrated predictive design for future devices by coupling engineering decisions with physics needs.

EGMS-toolkit: a set of Python scripts for improved access to datasets from the European Ground Motion Service

Continental-scale, open-access datasets of ground surface displacement in all countries of the European Union, plus Norway, United Kingdom, and Iceland, are now available from the European Ground Motion Service (EGMS). Under the European Union’s Copernicus program, the EGMS has been available since the end of 2022 and will continue for the foreseeable future. The EGMS data are presently derived from Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) processing of the Sentinel-1 SAR satellite imagery, which has been collected from 2015 to date. While EGMS data can be visualised and obtained through an online platform (EGMS Explorer), the data access arrangements are inefficient for large-scale analysis of ground surface displacements due to the volume of data, the tile-formatting of datasets and some server limitations. Here we present a Python-based toolkit, named EGMS-toolkit, to provide a unified and more efficient workflow for accessing EGMS datasets. The toolkit can automatically detect and download EGMS datasets based on a Region of Interest provided by users, then it can merge, clip, and crop the results to that region regardless of its scale. The toolkit then produces files of EGMS ground surface motions in GIS-ready formats for further analysis.

Comparison of Phosphogypsum-Steel Slag-Based cement and Portland cement for stabilization of heavy metals in oil-based drillings cuttings

This research compared Portland cement and Phosphogypsum-Steel Slag-Based (PSSB) cement in terms of their capabilities to stabilize heavy metals (specifically lead and nickel) in Oil-Based Drill Cuttings (OBDC). In the experimental section, the qualitative analysis of heavy metal constituents in OBDC was captured by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). Additionally, an acetic acid leaching test was implemented for the heavy metal leaching concentration to evaluate the ceramsite stabilization effect on OBDC. In the simulation phase, cement models, heavy metal ion models, and stabilization models were constructed to explore the stabilization mechanism of heavy metals. Results demonstrated that PSSB cement exhibits superior stabilization effects on OBDC compared to Portland cement. Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (FAAS) tests showed that PSSB cement reduced Ni and Pb leaching by 21.87 % and 47.32 %, respectively, compared to Portland cement. In PSSB cement, the diffusion coefficients for Ni and Pb ions were observed to decrease by 42.92 % and 79.63 %, respectively, as revealed through Mean Square Displacement (MSD) analysis. The cohesive energy of PSSB cement was 76.73 % lower than that of Portland cement, and its interaction energies for stabilizing Ni and Pb ions were 59.43 % and 76.22 % lower, respectively, demonstrating greater stability and efficiency in metal stabilization. PSSB cement exhibited lower heavy metal concentration and better structural stability than Portland cement.

Response properties of lattice metamaterials under periodically distributed boundary loads

We discuss response properties of lattice metamaterials to sinusoidal distributed static loads applied on a material edge. Analytical displacement solutions are obtained using a Fourier domain transfer matrix for both essential and natural boundary conditions, which are valid for a state of plane strain in orthorhombic lattices, as well as for planar metasurfaces. These solutions give sinusoidal displacement profiles in the material interior of the same wavenumber (spatial frequency) as the boundary load. Their amplitudes decay in the material interior in one of two possible ways, exponential or oscillatory exponential, depending on the lattice design and on the spatial frequency of the load. There is a tendency for the oscillatory exponential behavior to occur at lower wavenumbers representing smoother boundary loads. As explained on a specific example, comparing the metamaterial’s response amplitudes with those of a homogenous material also allows studying an effective, wavenumber-dependent shear modulus of the lattice, which can take both positive and negative values.

Study on crack resistance of basalt fiber reinforced asphalt mixture modified by titanate coupling agent based on digital image correlation

Basalt fiber is widely used in pavement engineering for its strong mechanical properties, while its smooth surface can cause it to slip within the asphalt mixture, weakening the overall structure. In addressing this issue, this study explores the application of a titanate coupling agent (TCA) for surface treatment of the fibers. The aim was to enhance the interfacial adhesion between the fiber and the asphalt, consequently improving the crack resistance of the fiber-asphalt mixture. This study delves into the modification mechanism and chemical grafting process of TCA, employing scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Furthermore, digital image correlation (DIC) was utilized to dynamically monitor the semicircular bending test (SCB) specimens under full loading conditions, facilitating a comprehensive evaluation of the damage evolution process. Through comparative analyses of load-displacement profiles, full-field strain, displacement, and crack development, alongside the characterization of the fracture process zone (FPZ), a multi-scale quantitative assessment was conducted on the cracking characteristics of the asphalt mixtures. Throughout the damage evolution process, the toughening and crack-blocking effects of the modified fibers were extensively evaluated. Concurrently, SEM was employed to observe the fiber distribution and microscopic morphology of the fracture surface, shedding light on the mechanism of action of TBF (Treated basalt fiber) from a microscopic perspective. The augmentation of TBFAM (Treated basalt fiber Asphalt Mixture) is systematically elucidated, demonstrating that, in comparison with the other two asphalt mixtures, TBFAM exhibits prolonged microcrack formation time and a slower rate of crack propagation. The strain at the crack initiation point increased by 1.45 %, with a concurrent 2.49 % increase in the high strain area, indicative of its superior crack resistance. TCA facilitates the generation of a biomimetic coating via chemical grafting, thereby enhancing the surface structure of basalt fibers and fortifying the fiber-asphalt interface bonding ability. The favorable surface structure of TBF fosters a three-dimensional network within the asphalt mixture system, offering functionalities such as bridging, adsorption, toughening, and crack prevention. This impedes crack development and further bolsters the stability of TBFAM.

Dynamic prediction model of landslide displacement based on (SSA-VMD)-(CNN-BiLSTM-attention): a case study

Accurately predicting landslide displacement is essential for reducing and managing associated risks. To address the challenges of both under-decomposition and over-decomposition in landslide displacement analysis, as well as the low predictive accuracy of individual models, this paper proposes a novel prediction model based on time series theory. This model integrates a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) with a Bidirectional Long-Short Term Memory network (BiLSTM) and an attention mechanism to form a comprehensive CNN-BiLSTM-Attention model. It harnesses the feature extraction capabilities of CNN, the bidirectional data mining strength of BiLSTM, and the focus-enhancing properties of the attention mechanism to enhance landslide displacement predictions. Furthermore, this paper proposes utilizing the Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD) method to decompose both landslide displacement and its influencing factors. The VMD algorithm’s parameters are optimized through the Sparrow Search Algorithm (SSA), which effectively minimizes the influence of subjective bias while maintaining the integrity of the decomposition. A fusion of the Maximal Information Coefficient (MIC) and Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) is then employed to identify the critical influencing factors. The selected sequence of factors that conforms to the criteria is used as the input variable for displacement prediction via the CNN-BiLSTM-Attention model. The cumulative displacement prediction is derived by aggregating the results from each sequence. The study reveals that the SSA-VMD-CNN-BiLSTM-Attention model introduced herein achieves superior predictive accuracy for both periodic and random term displacements than individual models. This advancement provides a dependable benchmark for forecasting displacement in similar landslide scenarios.

Robust Quantification of Live-Cell Single-Molecule Tracking Data for Fluorophores with Different Photophysical Properties.

High-speed single-molecule tracking in live cells is becoming an increasingly popular method for quantifying the spatiotemporal behavior of proteins in vivo. The method provides a wealth of quantitative information, but users need to be aware of biases that can skew estimates of molecular mobilities. The range of suitable fluorophores for live-cell single-molecule imaging has grown substantially over the past few years, but it remains unclear to what extent differences in photophysical properties introduce biases. Here, we tested two fluorophores with entirely different photophysical properties, one that photoswitches frequently between bright and dark states (TMR) and one that shows exceptional photostability without photoswitching (JFX650). We used a fusion of the Escherichia coli DNA repair enzyme MutS to the HaloTag and optimized sample preparation and imaging conditions for both types of fluorophore. We then assessed the reliability of two common data analysis algorithms, mean-square displacement (MSD) analysis and Hidden Markov Modeling (HMM), to estimate the diffusion coefficients and fractions of MutS molecules in different states of motion. We introduce a simple approach that removes discrepancies in the data analyses and show that both algorithms yield consistent results, regardless of the fluorophore used. Nevertheless, each dye has its own strengths and weaknesses, with TMR being more suitable for sampling the diffusive behavior of many molecules, while JFX650 enables prolonged observation of only a few molecules per cell. These characterizations and recommendations should help to standardize measurements for increased reproducibility and comparability across studies.

Seismic Performance Analysis of Multi-Span Simply Supported Bridges

Multi-span simply supported (MSSS) bridges are extensively utilized worldwide, yet they often suffer damage or failure during earthquakes. This study employs three-dimensional bridge analysis and design software, CSiBridge, to analyze the seismic response of bridge. The investigation focuses on an existing concrete bridge subjected to the El Centro earthquake ground acceleration. Three distinct underlying soil conditions are considered to assess soil-structure interaction (SSI). Analysis of pier top displacements reveals that bridges with linear horizontal layouts may exhibit minimal displacements and limited impact from soil-structure interaction. However, configurations with irregular horizontal layouts result in notable displacements. This research sheds light on the dynamic behavior of bridges and emphasizes the significance of considering geometric variations in seismic analysis.

Study on the free surface evolution and slamming pressure of curved-wedge water entry using a Riemann-smoothed particle hydrodynamics method

The present study aims to provide a deep understanding of curved wedge water entry. It involves a numerical simulation investigation into the kinematic and dynamic properties of water entry for two curved wedges with deadrise angles of 25° and 35°. The meshless Riemann-smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) model embedded with an acoustic damper is developed to simulate these violent water entries. The validation of the Riemann-SPH accuracy is confirmed through comparison with experimental data, and subsequently, we make a systematical simulation study on curved wedge water entry, including a comparative study of free surface evolution and pressure distribution at different curvatures and drop heights. Furthermore, the kinematics analysis of velocity and displacement of curved wedges and time domain characteristics of slamming pressure loads on both sides of the wedge are investigated. It is revealed that the pressure distribution is symmetrical, with high-pressure regions forming near the bottom of the wedge and gradually propagating outward. The free surface profiles are symmetrical, with deeper depressions formed by sharper wedges. The entry depth and velocity are correlated with the initial theoretical entry velocity, and the rate of speed decline varies with the curvature of the wedge. The slamming pressure loads exhibit distinct time-domain patterns, with lower pressure loads by sharper wedges.

The change of physical properties of calcium carbonate nanomaterials cured soil in road substrates

The utilization of appropriate materials to enhance road subgrade’s physical characteristics is crucial for current transportation construction and maintenance. This study proposes a curing method that employs calcium carbonate nanomaterials to address the problem of soil displacement and settlement in roadway subgrades. A method was developed during the study to explore the optimal curing material ratio. Additionally, this study developed a method for testing and analyzing the mechanical properties of soils cured with nanomaterials, including measures of tensile stress, triaxial shear stress, and Moore’s damage envelope. The study demonstrated that the unconfined compressive strength of the soil treated with calcium carbonate nanomaterials was 0.40 MPa after 7 days of curing with a 6% doping of the curing agent. Increasing the doping to 18% resulted in a breaking load of the soil reaching 0.100 kN. Furthermore, the triaxial shear stress–strain curve of the soil exhibited a slope of 264.47 during the linear phase when the curing agent was dosed at 6%. The slope of the linear phase of the stress–strain curve for triaxial shear at 6% curing agent doping was found to be 264.47. The cured soil molar pack line exhibited an internal friction angle of 22.66 degrees at the same curing agent dosage. The displacement analysis of the replacement roadbed with cured soil revealed a maximum observed displacement of only 377 mm after filling the embankment using the study method. The experimental results provide support for the hypothesis of the study, which suggests that the application of calcium carbonate nanoparticles can significantly enhance the physical characteristics of road subgrade.

Study on displacement units for water flooded low-permeability oil reservoirs

Understanding the reservoir feature changes is essential for optimizing oil exploitation throughout the development lifecycle. This paper proposed an analytical displacement unit method to character the features of water-flooded, low-permeability oil reservoirs. The method hinges the ratio of fluid flux to area and average water saturation, providing a fine description of reservoir dynamics. It has been implemented in a case study of a five-spot waterflooding scheme. The reservoir can be categorized into sixteen distinct unit types, each with specific attributes. This paper delves into the evolution of these displacement units and the key factors that influence their behavior. The findings provide insights into the degree of waterflooding and oil distribution following continuous waterflooding. Furthermore, the proposed method offers a valuable framework for analyzing the development of dominant water flow channels and exploiting the residual oil.

Construction of multi-component finite element model to predict biomechanical behaviour of breasts during running and quantification of the stiffness impact of internal structure

This study aims to investigate the biomechanical behaviour and the stiffness impact of the breast internal components during running. To achieve this, a novel nonlinear multi-component dynamic finite element method (FEM) has been established, which uses experimental data obtained via 4D scanning technology and a motion capture system. The data are used to construct a geometric model that comprises the rigid body, layers of soft tissues, skin, pectoralis major muscle, fat, ligaments and glandular tissues. The traditional point-to-point method has a relative mean absolute error of less than 7.92% while the latest surface-to-surface method has an average Euclidean distance (d) of 7.05 mm, validating the simulated results. After simulating the motion of the different components of the breasts, the displacement analysis confirms that when the motion reaches the moment of largest displacement, the displacement of the breast components is proportional to their distance from the chest wall. A biomechanical analysis indicates that the stress sustained by the breast components in ascending order is the glandular tissues, pectoralis major muscle, adipose tissues, and ligaments. The ligaments provide the primary support during motion, followed by the pectoralis major muscle. In addition, specific stress points of the breast components are identified. The stiffness impact experiment indicates that compared with ligaments, the change of glandular tissue stiffness had a slightly more obvious effect on the breast surface. The findings serve as a valuable reference for the medical field and sports bra industry to enhance breast protection during motion.

Post-buckling behavior of variable-arc-length elastica pipe conveying fluid including effects of self-weight and pressure variation

This paper investigated the post-buckling behaviors of a variable-arc-length (VAL) elastica pipe caused by internal transporting fluid motion, accounting for the effects of the self-weight and variation of internal fluid pressure. Both weak-form and strong-form formulations of the VAL elastica pipe were developed. The weak-form formulation was derived by the virtual work principle, and later solved using the nonlinear finite element method (FEM). The strong-form formulation was derived using equilibrium of the force and moment equations, the geometrical relationship of the differential pipe segment, and the energy conservation of the transported fluid. Because of the large displacement analysis, the variation in the internal pressure inside the pipe was considered, which was taken into account by energy conservation based on the Bernoulli principle. Then, the set of nonlinear governing first-order differential equations, corresponding to the two-point boundary value problem, was conveniently solved using the shooting optimization method (SOM). The numerical results obtained from the presented FEM and SOM analyses independently verified each other, with good agreement between these two methods. The parametric study considered the effects of gravity load (pipe and fluid self-weights) and internal fluid pressure on the post-buckling characteristics of the VAL pipe. The numerical results showed that without the pipe and internal fluid weights, the transporting fluid exerted an axial compressive force on the pipe, causing post-buckling phenomena. Beyond the critical state, the support rotation and the length of the VAL pipe increased as the internal fluid velocity decreased. Finally, by including the effect of self-weight, the mode exchange of the odd buckling modes (1st and 3rd modes) was found from the load-displacement path.

Colloid Transport in Bicontinuous Nanoporous Media.

Colloid transport and retention in porous media are critical processes influencing various Earth science applications, from groundwater remediation to enhanced oil recovery. These phenomena become particularly complex in the confined spaces of nanoporous media, where strong boundary layer effects and nanoconfinement significantly alter colloid behavior. In this work, we use particle dynamics models to simulate colloid transport and retention processes in bicontinuous nanoporous (BNP) media under pressure gradients. By utilizing particle-based models, we track the movement of each colloid and elucidate the underlying colloid retention mechanisms. Under unfavorable attachment conditions, the results reveal two colloid retention mechanisms: physical straining and trapping in low-flow zone. Furthermore, we investigate the effects of critical factors including colloid volume fraction, d, pressure difference, ΔP, interaction between colloids and BNP media, Ec-p, and among colloids, Ec-c, on colloid transport. Analysis of breakthrough curves and colloid displacements demonstrates that higher values of d, lower values of ΔP, and strong Ec-p attractions significantly increase colloid retention, which further lead to colloid clogging and jamming. In contrast, Ec-c has minimal impact on colloid transport due to the limited colloid-colloid interaction in nanoporous channels. This work provides critical insights into the fundamental factors governing colloid transport and retention within stochastic nanoporous materials.

Higher-order displacement, strain, and stress analyses of origami graphene auxetic metamaterial-reinforced cylindrical shell

Higher-order displacement, strain, and stress analyses of origami graphene auxetic metamaterial-reinforced cylindrical shell

Analyzing Joshimath’s sinking: causes, consequences, and future prospects with remote sensing techniques

The Himalayas are highly susceptible to various natural disasters, such as the tectonically induced land deformation, earthquakes, landslides, and extreme climatic events. Recently, the Joshimath town witnessed a significantly large land subsidence activity. The phenomenon resulted in the development of large cracks in roads and in over 868 civil structures, posing a significant risk to inhabitants and infrastructure of the area. This study uses a time-series synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry-based PSInSAR approach to monitor land deformation utilizing multi-temporal Sentinel-1 datasets. The line of sight (LOS) land deformation velocity for the Joshimath region, calculated for the year 2022–2023 using a PSInSAR-based approach, varies from − 89.326 to + 94.46 mm/year. The + ve sign indicates the LOS velocity/displacement away from the SAR sensor, whereas − ve sign signifies the earth's movement towards the SAR sensor in the direction of LOS. In addition, the study investigates feature tracking land displacement analysis using multi-temporal high-resolution Planet datasets. The result of this analysis is consistent with the PSInSAR results. The study also estimated the land deformation for the periods 2016–2017, 2018–2019, and 2020–2021 separately. Our results show that the Joshimath region experienced the highest land deformation during the year 2022–2023. During this period, the maximum land subsidence was observed in the north-western part of the town. The maximum LOS land deformation velocity + 60.45 mm/year to + 94.46 mm/year (2022–2023), occurred around Singhdwar, whereas the north and central region of the Joshimath town experienced moderate to high subsidence of the order of + 10.45 mm/year to + 60.45 mm/year (2022–2023), whereas the south-west part experienced an expansion of the order of 84.65 mm/year to − 13.13 mm/year (2022–2023). Towards the south-east, the town experienced rapid land subsidence, − 13.13 mm/year to − 5 mm/year (2022–2023). The study analyzes the causative factors of the observed land deformation in the region. Furthermore, this work assesses the ground conditions of the Joshimath region using UAV datasets acquired in the most critically affected areas such as Singhdhaar, Hotel Mountain View, Malhari Hotel, and Manoharbagh. Finally, the study provides recommendations and future prospects for the development policies that need to be adopted in the critical Himalayan regions susceptible to land deformation. The study suggests that land deformation in the region is primarily attributed to uncontrolled anthropogenic activities, infrastructural development, along with inadequate drainage systems.

Assessing the Impact of the Türkiye February 2023 Earthquakes on Cultural Heritage Sites: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach Utilizing ARIA Maps and Social Media Collaboration

Abstract. The earthquakes that occurred in our country on February 6, 2023, significantly damaged and destroyed cultural and historical assets. The Habib-i Nejjar Mosque in Antakya and other important historical sites suffered significant damage. This study provides a comprehensive account of the post-earthquake efforts carried out by volunteers from various disciplines, including archaeology, cartography, space sciences, and architecture, using social media platforms. The volunteers created an extensive database for cultural and archaeological sites in all 11 provinces that were declared disaster zones. This database made it easier to conduct a thorough evaluation of the damage. The database was augmented with surface displacement data, enabling an analysis of damage levels with the exactitude facilitated by the gathered information. The utilization of the Advanced Rapid Imaging and Analysis (ARIA) maps was pivotal in this study. The maps, created through partnerships between NASA and different space agencies, offer intricate satellite imagery and analysis of surface displacement. This is essential for evaluating the effects of earthquakes on cultural heritage sites. The utilization of ARIA maps in this study facilitated an accurate assessment of the seismic impact on cultural and historical resources. Additionally, Sentinel 1 images are used to generate displacement maps with the use of the LICSAR tool and the SBAS method. The study examined the state of about 1500 cultural heritage sites in 11 provinces in the aftermath of the earthquake. The report incorporated data from media coverage and input from relevant parties present at the scene, providing a thorough assessment of the situation following the disaster. For instance, the research revealed substantial shifts at prominent locations, like the UNESCO World Heritage site of Arslantepe in Malatya. This site experienced a displacement of over one meter towards the south and 75 cm towards the west, along with a subsidence of approximately 10 cm in the surrounding area. Furthermore, the study presented a visual representation that depicted the quantity of impaired cultural heritage sites in every province, providing a comprehensive evaluation of the impacted cultural and archaeological resources. This comprehensive strategy not only emphasized the magnitude of harm to cultural heritage but also emphasized the significance of interdisciplinary cooperation in disaster response and heritage preservation.