Crime Analysis Research Articles

Territorial analysis of crime in rural areas and its short-term forecast for 2022

Objective: to analyze the criminological situation in the Russian Federation and the territorial differences in crime in rural areas, as well as to make a short-term forecast of this type of crime in the Russian Federation.Methods: dynamic, statistical, historical, systemic-structural and comparative-legal methods, as well as a specific sociological methodology of estimating rural crime.Results: the main trend of rural crime from January 1, 2019 to October 1, 2021 can be considered a uniform straightline decrease: a constant monthly decrease by 1.1 thousand crimes. This trend characterizes a situation when the effect of criminogenic factors is neutralized by the impact of anti-criminogenic ones. If we take the above-mentioned data as a basis and generalize them for the next year, we can assume that in 2022 from 331.2 thousand to 388.8 thousand crimes will be registered in rural areas of the Russian Federation. Meanwhile, it should be noted that official data on the state of crime in rural areas, as well as the criminal statistics in the Russian Federation as a whole, cause well-founded doubts. The landslide reduction in crimes in rural areas does not follow from the ongoing social changes in rural areas and gives reason to believe that such a reduction is due to a violation of accounting and registration discipline on the part of staff of the law-enforcement bodies.Scientific novelty: for the first time, a comparative legal analysis of the dynamics of registered crimes in rural and urban areas was carried out, as a result of which the features of crime in rural areas were identified and the author’s short-term forecast for 2022 was proposed. Despite the tendency to reduce the number of crimes registered in rural areas in 2009-2021, the criminal situation in rural areas remains complicated. Statistical indicators do not reflect the real state of this type of crime, since this trend is due to artificial regulation of the number of crimes reflected in statistical reporting towards understatement.Practical significance: as a result of the conducted criminological research, a high degree of public danger of crime in rural areas has been revealed, and its forecasting makes it possible to pay closer attention to the need to develop effective measures to combat and prevent this type of crime.

CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR ATTEMPTING (ENCROACHMENT) UPON THE REPRESENTATIVES OF STATE AUTHORITY

The article highlights the issues of criminal liability for assaulting the representatives of state authorities and the analysis of the such crimes on the basis of foreign experience. Also, the article presents information on that state, political and public figures are also protected by the criminal law in addition to the representatives of the state authority. In this context, the author developed recommendations and proposals.

Juvenile Crime and Dissent in Nazi Vienna, 1938-1945 by Evan Burr Bukey

Reviewed by: Juvenile Crime and Dissent in Nazi Vienna, 1938-1945 by Evan Burr Bukey Amy Carney Juvenile Crime and Dissent in Nazi Vienna, 1938-1945. By Evan Burr Bukey. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2020. x + 197 pp. Paper $35.95, cloth $117, e-book $28.76. Evan Burr Bukey jumps right into the purpose of his latest book with a leading question on the first pages of the introduction: to what extent was the Austrian judiciary Nazified following the Anschluss, or annexation, of Austria by Germany in March 1938? And how did this Nazification (or lack thereof) affect juvenile justice before, during, and even right after the Second World War? Bukey does not have a robust set of documents to answer these questions, but he does acknowledge this paucity from the outset: "Readers should know, however, that the database is imperfect as a great many records were pruned or unwittingly shredded in 1999. In absolute numbers, 437 judicial records have survived" (5). At multiple points throughout the book, Bukey reminds readers that a comprehensive analysis of juvenile crime in the Danubian metropolis is simply not possible due to this lack of records. All he can provide is glimpses into how and why Austrian judges meted out punishments to the juveniles brought into their courts. And yet by buttressing these 437 court records with documents from several other archives, most notably the Documentation Archives of the Austrian Resistance, these glimpses merit scholars' attention. The book is divided into six chapters, most of which focus on wartime crime and punishment. Chapter 1 provides an overview of the evolution of juvenile justice during the Habsburg monarchy, especially during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It also outlines the development of the legal system in the newly founded First Republic and the initial changes to this system following the Anschluss. As seen in Chapter 2, judges continued to mete out [End Page 464] punishments based on Austrian law, yet there were changes with the introduction of wartime regulations as well as a stronger emphasis on taking biological and hereditary information into account when evaluating each young person. The pervasiveness of racial ideology continued throughout the war as young adults were tried by Special Courts (Chapter 3). Chapter 4 delves into the theme of political crimes. While communists were the primary culprits, other youths were motivated by patriotism—that is, an Austria free of Nazism, communism, and Judaism. The fifth chapter examines the impact of the Juvenile Court Act, which went into effect in 1944, while Chapter 6 surveys the postwar trials of youth who had committed a crime during the last months of the war or the early months of the Second Republic. Collectively, these chapters provide a basic answer to the question posed above—" to what extent was the Austrian judiciary Nazified?" The answer is "somewhat." As Bukey shows, there was some alignment between the Austrian and German legal systems, especially with the introduction of existing legislation—such as the Nuremberg Laws—into Austria after the Anschluss and the addition of wartime legislation. However, legal uniformity between Austria and Germany was never achieved in part because "the Austrian criminal code remained in place until the collapse of the Third Reich" (10). The continuing existence of that code did not provide Austrian justices with an alternative path to render judgments, but it was one significant reason justice remained slightly different in Austria. Overall, Bukey has done well with a limited number of sources. While he is unable to draw firm conclusions, he has made some good generalizations about juvenile crime in Vienna from the late 1930s through the mid-1940s. He demonstrates how there was continuity in the Austrian legal system prior to the Anschluss, through Nazi rule, and into early postwar period—except when there was not. He shows how Nazi ideology had an impact on how judges adjudicated the cases brought before them—except when it did not. He also notes that crime was comparatively lower in Vienna than in cities in Germany as well as in Vichy, France. Bukey includes enough numbers in every chapter to communicate each point of his argument clearly, but readers will not get bogged down by...

Identifying the Spatio-Temporal Characteristics of Crime in Liangshan Prefecture, China.

Crime prevention and governance play critical roles in public security management. Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan Province has a high crime rate, and spatio-temporal analysis of crime in this region could assist with public security management. Therefore, Liangshan Prefecture was selected as the research object in this study. The spatial crime data were obtained from China Judgments Online, and property crime, violent crime, and special crime (i.e., pornography, gambling, drugs, and guns) were analyzed. The findings were as follows. In terms of time characteristics (month, day, and hour), property crime tended to occur in autumn and winter, in the early month, on Wednesdays and Fridays, and at early morning. Violent crime tended to occur in winter and spring, on Mondays and Thursdays, and at night. Special crime occurred in spring and autumn, on Tuesdays, and in the daytime. In terms of spatial features, the central region of Liangshan Prefecture was the focal area for crime. There were obvious low-aggregation areas in the western region for special crime. The eastern region exhibited a high incidence of various crimes. Regarding the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics from 2013 to 2019, there were some obvious hotspots of violent and property crime in downtown and surrounding townships of Xichang City, which is the capital of Liangshan Prefecture. During the study period, the incidence of special crime has an obvious downward trend which shows that there are more new cold spots.

Corruption Crimes and Peculiarities of their Investigation Procedure under Martial Law

The military aggression of the Russian Federation radically changed the life of every Ukrainian, the main priorities of politicians, and the court trial procedures. But even though the whole country rallied against a common enemy, corruption crimes have not disappeared and continue to be committed. With the introduction of martial law, the criminal procedural legislation and the procedure for investigating corruption crimes have changed. Therefore, it is important to analyze the innovations of corruption legislation, single out the most common crimes, and investigate the peculiarities of the procedure for investigating corruption crimes under martial law. The purpose of the work is the analysis of corruption crimes and the peculiarities of the investigation procedure of corruption crimes under martial law. The research methodology consists of the following methods: dialectical, systemic, historical-legal, comparative-legal, and formal-logical (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, proof and refutation, comparison, generalization). During the study of corruption crimes and their investigation in the conditions of military aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, innovations in anti-corruption legislation and changes in criminal procedural legislation were analyzed. In particular, the peculiarities of carrying out individual investigative actions during the pre-trial investigation were researched. As a result, it was concluded that these actions are necessary and timely to protect the rights of individuals and the effectiveness of criminal procedural legislation.

SHOPLIFTING CRIME HOTSPOTS ARE INFLUENCED BY POPULATION DENSITY AND PROXIMITY OF SHOPS TO POLICE STATION LOCATIONS IN JEDDAH CITY, SAUDI ARABIA

<p>Saudi Arabia's criminal policies are hampered by a paucity of research findings, which generally guide decision-makers on the best course of action. Despite the availability of GIS datasets and modelling tools, crime analysis is an issue that receives little attention. This study used GIS data to map out hotspots in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, in order to analyze shoplifting crime. The study also looked into whether population density and the proximity of stores to police stations have an impact on shoplifting crimes. These methods involve the use of proximity analyses and the Kernel Density Estimator (KDE). The results suggest that police stations are not evenly distributed throughout the city. Furthermore, in relation to the density and size of the people in Jeddah, especially in comparison to Western cities, the number of police stations is small. The KDE analysis shows the crime hotspots surrounding the city centre, which are higher in crime than the areas to the north and south. The results of this study can be used to improve decision-making in crime prevention and control in Saudi Arabia and elsewhere since they provide an understanding of the spatial patterns of crime with a special focus on shoplifting crime.</p><p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0458/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

How Little Supervision Can We Have?

Use of probation and parole has declined since its peak in 2007 but still intrudes into the lives of 3.9 million Americans at a scale deemed mass supervision. Originally intended as an alternative to incarceration and a means of rehabilitation for those who have committed crimes, supervision often functions as a trip wire for further criminal legal system contact. This review questions the utility of supervision, as research shows that, in toto, it currently provides neither diversion from incarceration nor rehabilitation. Analysis of national supervision, crime, and carceral data since 1980 reveals that supervision has little effect on future crime and is not a replacement for incarceration. Case studies from California and New York City indicate that concerted efforts to reduce the scope of mass supervision can effectively be achieved through sentencing reform, case diversion, and supervisory/legal system department policy change, among other factors, without increasing crime. Therefore, we suggest extensive downsizing of supervision or experimentation with its abolition and offer actionable steps to enact each possibility.

Analysis of Online Loan Crime in Cyber Law in Indonesia (Case Study of Decision Number 2078/PID.SUS/2021/PN LBP)

Technological advances in the economic sector, one of which is the existence of financial technology in the form of digital peer to peer lending platforms or what is commonly referred to as online loans. The convenience offered by online loans is very tempting to the public so that many people use online loan services. These online loans are also regulated in an institution called the Financial Services Authority or OJK. Online loans that are registered or have operational permits from the OJK are Legal Online Loans, while Online Loans that are not registered or do not have an operational permit from the OJK are called Illegal Online Loans. In collecting debts, illegal online loans have committed crimes. The author focuses on illegal collection actions related to online loans from illegal financial technology as stated in Decree Number 2078/Pid.Sus/2021/PN Lbp. When collecting an online loan from the victim, the defendant sent electronic information containing threats of violence or intimidation addressed personally. Of course this action is very troubling society. The problem raised by the author in this paper is how the act of collection by Illegal Online Loans can be called a Cyber ​​Crime and how to handle and provide legal protection for victims of Cyber ​​Crime in the Study of Cyber ​​Law in Indonesia. The writing method used is normative research with a statutory approach.

The Formation of Criminal and Police Proceedings in the Russian Law of the XVIII - Early XIX Century

The author researches the formation of the sectorial differentiation of legal norms regulating the investigation and analysis of criminal acts of different gravity in the Russian law of late XVIII - first half of XIX centuries. It is shown that Russian legislation of XIX century used two methods of formulating procedural norms that regulated the investigation, analysis, prevention and suppression of offences. It is suggested that the first method should be called a centralized one, as the norms of procedural character are contained in one part of the Law Code of the Russian Empire. An example of this is the systematization of the criminal procedure norms in Book II «On Criminal Court Proceedings», Vol. XV of this Code. Thus, the question of the existence of the criminal process as a sector of Russian law can be answered positively. The second method, which the author calls decentralized, means that procedural prescriptions are aligned with material norms and scattered throughout different parts of the Law Code of the Russian Empire. An example of this are the norms constituting a part of the police law - the police process. The legislation of the early XIX century categorized offences as either crimes or offences of little significance. Offences of little significance did not lead to criminal punishments, and their investigation did not require a full criminal procedure. Procedural actions in cases of little significance, as well as the activities of the police to prevent and suppress criminal actions, were regulated by a large number of legal prescriptions in the Russian law, which could be put together under a common name «the police process». In order to denote the degree of separateness of these norms in the Russian legislation, the author introduces the concept «the direction of legal regulation». It means a stable aggregate of accumulated and somewhat separate measures united by a common subject and key methods of influencing the society. The direction of legal regulation is the predecessor of the sector of law. The conducted research allowed the author to establish that by the XIX century the Russian legislator systematized the procedural norms on the investigation and analysis of crimes and offences of little importance as an independent branch - the criminal process, and the direction of legal regulation - the police process.

Efficient distributed optimization for large-scale high-dimensional sparse penalized Huber regression

This paper provides a new perspective for robust estimation and inference methods based on Huber regression. An efficient distributed learning with sparsity is proposed, in which the observations are randomly divided among different machines. We modify the proximal alternating direction method of multiplies (ADMM) algorithm to calculate the sparse penalized Huber regression. The convergence property of the algorithm is established. Computationally, our proposed approach requires only a central machine to solve a SCAD or adaptive lasso penalized M-estimation problem, and other node machines to calculate gradients based on local datasets. In terms of communication, the estimation error of our method decreases to that of the centralized method in several rounds of communication. Simulation studies are conducted to evaluate the finite-sample performance of our proposed method. The empirical study shows that our method has good practicability in the practice of a Communities and Crime analysis.

Criminalitatea violentă. Semnificaţii şi implicaţii sociale. Editura Pro Universitaria, București, 2021. Simona Mihaiu

Simona Mihaiu's book makes a unique scientific contribution to the knowledge, explanation and prevention of violent crime, a phenomenon with serious and destructive consequences on the life and physical integrity of individuals and of the society which we are part of. It is the result of the author's constant preoccupations with the topic of violent crime, supported by a long period of documentation and fundamental scientific research, which began 10 years ago, during her doctoral internship at the Faculty of Sociology and Social Work of the University of Bucharest. Simona Mihaiu's approach is an integrative one, with a theoretical and an empirical validation stake, starting from the analysis of violent crime (forms, causes, incidence) and arriving at social and criminal policies designed to help prevent and combat the problem addressed. The book is intended both for specialists and the general reader interested in understanding the particularities and social implications of violent behavior. At the same time, due to its clear and concise presentation style, it is a real support for undergraduate, master and doctoral students at faculties with a socio-humanistic profile. Once read, the book will help the reader understand that it is the right and duty of each of us to protect ourselves and to help counteract actions as harmful as violent and criminal ones.

Efficient Crime Analysis Based on Hybrid Approach by Combining Dynamic Time Wrapping Algorithm with K-Means Clustering Approach.

Abstract: Crime is a preeminent issue where the main concern has been worried by individual, the local area and government. Wrongdoing forecast utilizes past information and in the wake of investigating information, anticipate the future wrongdoing with area and time. In present days sequential criminal cases quickly happen so it is a provoking assignment to anticipate future wrongdoing precisely with better execution. Clustering different time series into similar groups is a challenging clustering task because each data point is an ordered sequence. The most common approach to time series clustering is to flatten the time series into a table, with a column for each time index (or aggregation of the series) and directly apply standard clustering algorithms like k-means. But this doesn’t always work well on Time Series Data. The paper focuses on combining the features of K-Means Clustering algorithm with Dynamic Time Wrapping Algorithm for efficient Crime prediction and analysis

부산지역의 중독자살변사 현황과 현장조사에서 발생하는 문제점 개선에 대하여

As a result of analysis for 1091 cases classified as suicide by addiction from the unnatural death cases registered on Scientific Crime Analysis System (SCAS) of Busan Metropolitan Police from January 2014 to December 2020, almost of them have shown similar aspects to the data from Statistics Korea. But it was not only investigated that the rate of cases where causes for suicides cannot be known is high as 63.6% in average, but also shown that in proofs of fields and examination, there are high rates of being not written (excluding gas addiction). Meanwhile, unlike gas addiction that various proofs of fields and examination are found showing a low rate of blood collection (4.5%), poison addiction and drug addiction have shown a somewhat high rate of blood collection but in general, a low rate of it (27.7%). To solve such problems, it is needed to establish a field identification system which can share materials for field identification or can complement them by integrating. Furthermore, it is thought that not to occur differences in the SCAS records by people writing them, the standardized writing method is needed, and that from a viewpoint of collecting proofs, seeking ways to boost drawing blood and, simultaneously, discussing about subjects for blood collection are needed.

Graph based ensemble classification for crime report prediction

Criminology and crime analysis are growing areas of research dealing with huge amount of past crime reports. Classification analysis identifies the crime patterns among the reports and predicts the crime category of new reports. As different classifiers classify a data set with different accuracy, so ensemble classification is the appropriate choice for many applications. The present work demonstrates a graph based ensemble classification approach to predict crime reports more accurately than the individual classifiers. Initially, the crime reports are graphically modelled to find a set of maximal independent subset of features and subsequently, decision tree based classifiers are designed using these subsets. Next, a graph is constructed with generated decision trees as nodes and the same method is applied to find out a set of maximal independent subsets of decision trees, each of which is considered as an initial ensemble classifier. Finally, these classifiers are ensemble using the traditional Boolean algebra properties to generate the final ensemble classifier. The developed model may be helpful for crime analysis by the law enforcement agencies for controlling the criminal activities in the country. Extensive experiments are conducted for evaluating the performance of the proposed method on several crime data sets. The superior performance demonstrates the effectiveness of the developed ensemble classification model and indicates its wide potential applications in crime domain.

Property crime specialization in Detroit, Michigan

Objectives: This paper examines whether different parts of a city “specialize” in different types of property crime. Data: The current paper combines police data from 2011 through 2015 to examine property crime specialization among Detroit's 879 block groups. Crime types include residential burglaries, non-residential burglaries, thefts from buildings, thefts from vehicles, and thefts of vehicles. Results: Only 22 block groups are hot spots for all five property crime types. Some 167 block groups are hot spots for only one of the five crime types. Conclusions: A hot spot for one type of property crime is not necessarily a hot spot for another. We discuss whether a “law of specialization” applies more generally to the urban analysis of crime.

Problems of interaction of special subjects of corruption prevention during the implementation of measures to combat corruption in Ukraine

One of the most acute problems of the study is unhealthy competition among special anti-corruption actors. It has always been the case that the lack of coordination, communication and interaction between special actors in the prevention of corruption leads to inefficient, unsystematic, disorganized, untimely, and sometimes illegal activities in the fight against corruption. Despite the challenges and threats facing our state today, the current state and trends of corruption and corruption crime analyzed in the article remain disappointing and threatening for the Ukrainian state. An unprecedented number of anti-corruption bodies (both existing and newly created) did not affect the positive changes in the dynamics, structure and nature of corruption crime due to inadequate communication and interaction between them. The issue of communication among special actors in the prevention of corruption is particularly acute today, as this issue does not address a number of key issues, including the creation of an effective, efficient system for preventing and combating corruption. The article focuses on the lack of thorough analysis of corruption crime and public access to its statistics, in particular on the distortion, exaggeration, untimely performance of special anti-corruption bodies to prevent and combat corruption. Attention is drawn to the problem of not studying the causes and conditions of a specific corruption offense, and, accordingly, the failure to conduct a comprehensive analysis of criminogenic determinants of all corruption crimes, which makes it impossible to timely prevent it. Accordingly, the principles of organization of the system of prevention and counteraction to corruption crime are analyzed. The problems of legislative support for the activities of anti-corruption bodies, including special ones, are outlined. A number of directions and measures have been proposed to establish coordination, communication and interaction of special anti-corruption entities, which will help increase the effectiveness of combating corruption crime. Attention is focused on the need to establish an advisory body under the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, one of the main activities of which should be to prevent and combat corruption, including coordination, communication and interaction of all anti-corruption actors.

Spatiotemporal-textual point processes for crime linkage detection

Crimes emerge out of complex interactions of human behaviors and situations. Linkages between crime incidents are highly complex. Detecting crime linkage, given a set of incidents, is a highly challenging task since we only have limited information, including text descriptions, incident times, and locations. In practice, there are very few labels. We propose a new statistical modeling framework for spatiotemporal-textual data and demonstrate its usage on crime linkage detection. We capture linkages of crime incidents via multivariate marked spatiotemporal Hawkes processes and treat embedding vectors of the free-text as marks of the incident, inspired by the notion of modus operandi (M.O.) in crime analysis. Numerical results, using real data, demonstrate the good performance of our method as well as reveals interesting patterns in the crime data: the joint modeling of space, time, and text information enhances crime linkage detection, compared with the state-of-the-art, and the learned spatial dependence from data can be useful for police operations.

A Hybrid Ensemble Stacking Model for Gender Voice Recognition Approach

Gender recognition by voice is a vital research subject in speech processing and acoustics, as human voices have many remarkable characteristics. Voice recognition is beneficial in a variety of applications, including mobile health care systems, interactive systems, crime analysis, and recognition systems. Several algorithms for voice recognition have been developed, but there is still potential for development in terms of the system’s accuracy and efficiency. Recent research has focused on combining ensemble learning with a variety of machine learning models in order to create more accurate classifiers. In this paper, a stacked ensemble for gender voice recognition model is presented, using four classifiers, namely, k-nearest neighbor (KNN), support vector machine (SVM), stochastic gradient descent (SGD), and logistic regression (LR) as base classifiers and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) as meta classifier. The dataset used includes 3168 instances and 21 features, where 20 features are the predictors, and one feature is the target. Several prediction evaluation metrics, including precision, accuracy, recall, F1 score, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), were computed to verify the execution of the proposed model. The results obtained illustrated that the stacked model achieved better results compared to other conventional machine learning models. The stacked model achieved high accuracy with 99.64%.

Three Cases of Double Hanging in Korea from 2008 to 2018

Hanging is the most common form of suicide, but the use of a single ligature in a suicide pact is very rare. The authors identified three cases of double hanging through the National Police Agency's Scientific Crime Analysis System over 11 years in Korea, from 2008 to 2018. Of the six deaths, all but one were suicides; one was a victim of murder (suicide after murder). A couple was found hanging by a single ligature over a beam, wherein a man hanged himself using the weight of the woman he had strangled to death. A mother and her daughter used a chest of drawers as a fulcrum off which they hanged themselves, with one on each side of the drawers, using a single rope. Two lovers were found sitting at each end of the rope, using a single ligature, with a tree branch as an abutment. Each of these cases is discussed and reported along with a brief literature review. In a double hanging case, investigators should be cautious in determining the manner of death by distinguishing between a suicide pact from a homicide-suicide.

EVALUATION OF CRIME DOCUMENT USING RETRIEVAL TECHNIQUES

This paper presents the Deep Evaluation of a system that help in analysis and make available relevant of crime information extracted from the “Application of INFORMATION RETRIEVAL AND SCIENCE Like TEXT CATEGORIZATION and STRUCTURED Data(Extensible markup language). Clustering technique are used to Retrieve the Crime case Documents and analysis the identifying the crime proofs. The feature of a systematic review is the data collection, the assembling of meticulous, unbiased and indicators is performed using Neural Network where it’s a model to predict specifying types of crime using time information to predict a crime’s location. These neural models are able to predict the types of crimes being committed. Classification and Clustering algorithms are heavily used to retrieval the Document based search engines techniques. We can use automatically applying labels to database such as evidence, footwear prints or Images. Multinomial model: These model is overly simplistic, as it does not model the number of times that terms crimes evidence occurs in a Document. When crime cases are very short, it is unlikely that many evidences will occur more than one time, and therefore the multiple- Bernoulli model will be an accurate crime case model. However, The crime evidence document contain documents that are both short and long, and therefore it is important to take term frequency and, subsequently, document length into proof of Evidence. The aim of this paper is to Significate faster Database, gained through a systematic search how to guide for future evidence like Footwear prints and crime scene marks.