Performance Analysis Of Controller Research Articles

Switching Control of Closed-Loop Supply Chain Systems with Markov Jump Parameters

The switching system model of a closed-loop supply chain with Markov jump parameters is established. The system is modeled as a switching system with Markov jump parameters, taking into account the uncertainties of the process and the inventory decay factors. The Markov switching idea is applied to the controller design and performance analysis of the system to effectively suppress the bullwhip effect while ensuring the stability of the closed-loop supply chain system. Simulation examples are presented to illustrate the validity of the results obtained.

A labeled dataset for building HVAC systems operating in faulted and fault-free states

Open data is fueling innovation across many fields. In the domain of building science, datasets that can be used to inform the development of operational applications - for example new control algorithms and performance analysis methods - are extremely difficult to come by. This article summarizes the development and content of the largest known public dataset of building system operations in faulted and fault free states. It covers the most common HVAC systems and configurations in commercial buildings, across a range of climates, fault types, and fault severities. The time series points that are contained in the dataset include measurements that are commonly encountered in existing buildings as well as some that are less typical. Simulation tools, experimental test facilities, and in-situ field operation were used to generate the data. To inform more data-hungry algorithms, most of the simulated data cover a year of operation for each fault-severity combination. The data set is a significant expansion of that first published by the lead authors in 2020.

Nonlinear Modeling and Improved Suppression of Zero-Sequence Circulating Current for Parallel Three-Level Inverters

The parallel operation of three-level inverters can increase the current capacity and power rating of the system. However, the problem of zero-sequence circulating current (ZSCC) inevitably emerges due to the common-mode voltage difference (CMVD) between the parallel three-level inverters (PTLIs). Especially, the inverter nonlinear characteristics (INCs) will worsen the ZSCC problem and weaken the suppression effect of ZSCC. In this paper, a nonlinear equivalent model of ZSCC is established considering the INCs. Then, the simplified graphical analysis method is proposed to implement the frequency analysis of ZSCC. Furthermore, an improved ZSCC suppression strategy for the PTLIs is proposed. The INCs and original CMVD are regarded as the total disturbance and a nonlinear disturbance observer (NDOB) is designed to estimate it. Based on the NDOB, a feedback-feedforward control method is adopted to suppress ZSCC. According to the amplitude-frequency characteristics of the closed-loop control system, the controller parameters design and performance analysis are performed. The control structure is simple, the parameter design is convenient, and the suppression effect of ZSCC is evidently improved. Finally, the simulation and experimental results verify the validity of proposed strategy.

Design and performance analysis of hybrid MPPT controllers for fuel cell fed DC-DC converter systems

Fuel cell-based power generation is the most utilized renewable energy source in the automotive industry because of its features clean energy, and less environmental pollution. The fuel cell output power is mainly depending on the operating temperature of the fuel cell. The fuel cell gives nonlinear voltage versus current characteristics. As a result, the extraction of maximum power from the fuel stack is very difficult. In order to extract the peak power from the fuel cell, a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) controller is used at various working temperature conditions of the fuel cell. The main contribution of this study is the introduction and comparative performance analysis of different hybrid MPPT controllers for selecting the optimum duty cycle for the fuel cell-fed boost converter system. The studied MPPT controllers are Adaptive Adjustable Step-based Perturb and Observe (AAS-P&O) controllers, Variable Step Value-Radial Basis Function Controller (VSV-RBFC), Adaptive Step Hill Climb (ASHC) based fuzzy technique, Variable P&O with Particle Swarm Optimization (VP&O-PSO), and Variable Step Grey Wolf Algorithm (VSGWA) based fuzzy logic controller. These hybrid MPPT controllers’ comparative performance analysis has been done in terms of tracking speed of MPP, oscillations across MPP, design complexity of controller, ability to handle fast changes of temperature values, and accuracy of MPP tracking. From the simulative performance results, it is identified that the VSGWA-based fuzzy controller gives superior performance when compared to the other controllers.

Simulation and Performance Analysis of Discrete Load Controller for Micro-Hydropower Plant

Electronic load controller (ELC) has been an in-dispensary part of governor free Micro hydro plant for frequency control for a long period of time. Conventional ELC consists of thyristor-controlled dump load system; in which firing angle regulates the amount of power to be fed into dump load. Such ELC units suffer many drawbacks, including injection to current harmonics, drawing high reactive current from the source. This study tries to address these issues by introducing a Discrete Load Controller (DLC). DLC controls the load by controlling the number of resistors to keep it ON or OFF without chopping source voltage. The system layout and control scheme are developed in Matlab® Simulink environment and different disturbance are introduced for dynamic response. The result shows that the DLC functions well, by generating less harmonics and consumption of reactive power; which otherwise are to be supplied by the generator itself. Further the DLC is also capable of regulating frequency at designated value in spite of all loading condition. Also, the result obtained from simulation is validated experimentally.

Embedded MPC Strategies for ESP-Lifted Oil Wells: Hardware-in-the-Loop Performance Analysis of Nonlinear and Robust Techniques

This paper proposes embedded model predictive control strategies for oil-production processes equipped with electric submersible pump (ESP) installations. The novelty of this paper is the robustness and computational performance analysis of the Robust Infinite-Horizon Model Predictive Controller (RIHMPC) and Nonlinear Model Predictive Controller (NMPC) strategies, which have not yet been documented by the oil and gas exploration and production literature. The proposed method to embed the control laws is flexible with different hardware and is based on automatic code generation, which facilitates the project workflow. Hardware-in-the-loop simulation cases were used to compare the performance of both control strategies embedded in the Teensy 4.1 microcontroller, using key indices for real applications. The results showed that the RIHMPC strategy is a very promising alternative for real-time operation in ESP-lifted oil wells, with overall performance similar to the NMPC controller, even in noisy and plant–model mismatch scenarios, and using only linear models in its formulation.

Dynamic thermal model and control performance analysis over frequency domain of temperature control unit

The temperature control unit (TCU) is widely used in lithography tools or other precision equipment to achieve a high level of temperature stability. Still, there is no systematic analysis of the thermal model in the present study about how to build a precise TCU. In this paper, we provide a new perspective for analyzing the outlet temperature performance of TCU. We analyzed the thermal model of TCU’s sub-devices and thermal model of environmental disturbance over the frequency domain, then obtained the influence of different processes on the TCU output temperature at different frequencies. The above thermal models are brought into two commonly used process control frameworks to comprehensively consider the temperature control effect under the combination of control and hardware. The relationship expressions from the temperature spectrum performance to the fluctuation index are derived to obtain the quantitative TCU temperature performance. We built a TCU experimental platform with the water medium and verified the accuracy of TCU thermal models, thermal disturbance models, and the accuracy of temperature fluctuation index derivation, all within a 5% error. The TCU temperature accuracy reaches ± 1mk under one sigma statistics as a thermal engineering application case.

Optimizing PI Controller for SEPIC Converter with Optimization Algorithm

This paper refers to work evaluating the performance of PI controllers integrated with optimization techniques designed for Single Ended Primary Inductance Converters (SEPIC). With the SEPIC converter, a constant voltage output can be retained while switching a range of dc voltages. Performance of PI controller has been combined with Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) Algorithm, Particle swarm optimization (PSO) Algorithm, Whale optimization algorithm (WOA). In this research, a performance analysis of the SEPIC dc-dc converter controller constructed with the aforementioned optimization strategies is carried out. Statistics proves WOA provides best stability exhibited with fast response when compared to other optimization techniques.

A Parallel Scheme of Friction Dampers and Viscous Dampers for Girder-End Longitudinal Displacement Control of a Long-Span Suspension Bridge under Operational and Seismic Conditions

Benefitting from economic development and technological progress, long-span suspension bridges, with their superior span capacity and good economy, have been built in large numbers in recent decades. However, the excessive cumulative longitudinal displacement at the girder ends in the process of bridge operation leads to the degradation of, and fatigue damage to, the connecting components. This study aims to solve the problem with an effective parallel damping scheme of friction dampers and viscous dampers. Firstly, the phenomenon that quasi-static longitudinal displacement accounts for the majority of cumulative displacement is confirmed by the decomposition of measured displacement data at the girder end, which is caused by the asymmetric geometric deformation of the main cable induced by the moving vertical loads of a long-span suspension bridge. An efficient control performance analysis method is proposed based on the formation mechanism of the quasi-static longitudinal displacement. Secondly, the friction damper with a continuous damping model is employed to achieve an effective control performance with respect to the quasi-static longitudinal displacement. Thirdly, in order to realize the target of operational and seismic dual control, a parallel scheme of friction dampers and viscous dampers is proposed, aiming to reduce the cumulative value in the operational state, and maximum value in the seismic state, for longitudinal displacement at the girder ends of a long-span suspension bridge.

Comparative Analysis of Solar Charge Controller Performance Between MPPT and PWM on Solar Panels

Solar power plants require other supporting equipment besides solar panels, including SCC (Solar ChargerController) for solar panel charger media to batteries. While the battery itself as a store of electrical energy generatedby solar panels. Therefore, other supporting equipment is very important in the application of solar power generationsystems.In the charger system or battery charging on solar panels, an SCC solar charger controller is needed as the chargermedia. In the solar charger controller there are two types between MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracker) and PWM(Pulse Width Modulation). This study aims to analyze the performance comparison between SCC which is good forsolar panels in battery charging. Apart from the comparison tool, the simulation tool used in this study is which oneis superior between MPPT and PWM. The way of comparison is to compare the current and voltage results obtainedfrom the SCC input and output between MPPT and PWM to find out which one is superior.The results of the comparison with simulation produce current input from MPPT between 10, 15, 20, 25 A while PWMinput current is between 10, 15, 20, 15A. The results of the MPPT current output are between 12, 18, 21, 25A, whilethe PWM output current is between 8, 18, 21, 25A. For the MPPT input voltage results are between 29, 25, 36, 41V,while the PWM is between 26, 29, 36, 41V, while the output MPPT voltage is between 14, 14, 15, 15V, while the PWMis in the range of 14, 14, 15, 15V.

Performance analysis of controllers in BLDC motor

Due to their better electrical properties and mechanical features, the usage of BLDC motors is increasing and they have replaced conventional DC and asynchronous motors in many applications. This project provides a sensor-based permanent magnet brushless DC motor for commercial and electric vehicles. To improve the reliability of BLDC motor speed regulation, a PID controller is employed. The three-phase voltage inverter delivers a constant DC voltage and is synced with the BLDC motor. Closed-loop speed control is done utilizing the Ziegler-Nichols technique. Particle Swarm optimization and PID controller improved using Firefly algorithm The recommended system is simulated using MATLAB simulation and the performance of the BLDC motor is tested by comparing attributes such as Rise time. Settling time and Peak overshoot.

Performance analysis of proportional integral derivative controller for frequency regulation of an interconnected power system integrated with renewable energy sources

This paper focuses on conducting a performance analysis of classical proportional integral derivative (PID) controller for frequency regulation in multi-area interconnected power system. The power system considered in the analysis includes wind and solar power sources integrated with thermal and hydal system. In area 1 along with thermal unit, WPG is appended and in second control area, a hydal unit is appended with SPG. The simulation of the present work is performed using MATLAB/Simulink. The dynamic responses obtained using the simulation using PID controller and without any controller have been compared. It is clearly demonstrated from the results that implementation of a PID controller effectively reduces the fluctuations in the system and hence, aids in order to maintain constant frequency.

Performance Analysis of Artificial Intelligence Controller for PV and Battery Connected UPQC

Nowadays, integration of the non-conventional energy sources like wind, tidal, solar etc into the grid is suggested in order to minimize the losses in the distribution network and to meet the demand. The arrival of the power electronics equipments to control the nonlinear loads has made an impact on the power quality. The unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) is a FACTS device with the back to back converters, coupled together with a DC-Link capacitor. This paper suggests an intelligent hybrid controller for the solar Photo-voltaic system and Battery storage system integrated UPQC. The proposed controller adapts both the qualities of artificial neural network and Integral sliding-mode controller. The synchronization of phases is created by self tuning filter (STF) in association with unit vector generation method (STF-UVGM) for the superior performance of UPQC during the unbalanced/ distorted supply voltages conditions. Therefore, the necessity of Phase-locked-loop, Low pass filters and High pass filters are eliminated. However, STF is used for separating the Harmonic and Fundamental components. In addition, STF-UVGM was used for generation of synchronization phases of series and shunt filters. The prime objectives of the suggested artificial neural network integral sliding mode hybrid controller (ANNISMHC) are fast action to retain the DC-Link voltage to the constant value during load/ irradiation variations, diminish the harmonics in the current waveforms, power-factor enhancement, maximum mitigation of sag, swell and disturbances in supply voltage, and compensation for the unbalanced supply voltages. The working of suggested ANNISMHC was investigated on five test cases for several combinations of loads, and balanced/unbalanced supply voltages. However, to demonstrate supremacy of the suggested ANNISMHC comparative study with the different controllers those are available in literature and also with the standard controllers like PIC, SMC, and FLC. The ANNISMHC shows an extra-ordinary performance in diminishing THD thereby improving PF and reducing voltage distortions.

Saving the environment by automation of crude oil distillation in a rectification column

The article shows the results of the development of an automated control system for the distillation of oil in a distillation column, which makes it possible to save the environment. In the theoretical part, the process of distillation of crude oil in a distillation column is described and its technological scheme is given for atmospheric distillation with a single evaporation of oil. In the calculation part, the heat and material balance of mass transfer in the rectification column has been analyzed. In the practical part, the problems of installing process control instruments, improving the emergency shutdown system reliability, expanding the automatic and automated monitoring and control functions, and improving the process control and facility performance analysis quality have been solved. The authors used the Trace Mode 6 software package to develop the SCADA of the distillation column control system. In conclusion, it was noted that the development and implementation of an automated control system for the oil distillation process provides an increase in plant productivity, as well as the quality and reliability of the process, which in turn has a positive effect on environmental conservation.

Optimization and Performance Analysis of Fractional Order PID Controller for DC Motor Speed Control

Multi-Agent System (MAS) technology is one of the cores and promising areas in the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) as well as in the stream of Computer Science. The technology is comprised of multiple decision-making agents that exist in an environment to achieve common or conflicting goals. Multi-Agent System technology has a rapid growth and evolution due to its marvelous features such as flexibility and intelligence that are very useful when solving complex distributed problems. This paper focuses on the history and evolution of MAS technology, present applications, and future trends by addressing more detailed explanations about the foundations or key principles of Multi-Agent System technology such as agents, agent taxonomy, agent communication approaches, MAS development frameworks as well as the history of agent technology. The goal of this paper is to provide broad and comprehensive knowledge about Multi-Agents System technology.

Performance Analysis of Controller for Non-Linear System using Model Based and Data Driven Techniques

The main challenge for every sector is regulating the flow and level of the liquid during the process. In various manufacturing sectors, the conical tank is frequently employed. The conical tank's design causes non-linearity, therefore controlling the liquid level in a conical tank process is the most difficult issue. As a result, the process output may occasionally be impacted. The level control of the conical process has been the subject of a great deal of research. A conical bottomed tank is utilized for complete fluid drainage in various process industries, where its nonlinearity may only be at the bottom. The tank can be made entirely conical to increase drainage effectiveness even further. However, because of the tank's constant change, the process is highly nonlinear, making it challenging to manage the liquid level. Most commonly, a conical-shaped tank system is used in colloidal mills, leaching extractions in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries, food processing industries, petroleum industries, molasses, liquid feed and liquid fertilizer storage, chemical holding and mix tanks, and reactor tanks for the processing of biodiesel. Conical tanks are employed in storage and holding tanks to prevent settlement and sludge. On the basis of traditional modelling (transfer function modelling), system identification and data-based methodology, modelling and controller design are carried out on a single conical tank. Based on time domain specifications, the performance of the designed controllers is examined. Data-based controller design has been shown to be superior to the other two strategies. A controller is designed and then modelled using the MATLAB platform.

Performance Analysis of a Robust Controller with Neural Network Algorithm for Compliance Tendon–Sheath Actuation Lower Limb Exoskeleton

Robotic rehabilitation of the lower limb exoskeleton following neurological injury has proven to be an effective rehabilitation technique. Developing assistive control strategies that achieve rehabilitative movements can increase the potential for the recovery of the motor coordination of the participants. In this paper, the innovative contributions are to investigate a robust sliding mode controller (SMC) with radials basis function neural network algorithm (RBFNN) compensator for a novel compliance tendon–sheath actuation lower limb exoskeleton (CLLE) to provide intrinsic thigh and shank rehabilitation training. The controller employing the RBFNN compensator is proposed to reduce the impact of friction from the compliance tendon–sheath actuation system (CTSA). In the design of the compensator, a single parameter is investigated to replace the weight information of the neural network. Our proposed controller is shown to yield fast, stable, and accurate control performance regardless of uncertainties interaction. Two additional algorithms, including a robust adaptive sliding mode controller (RASMC) and a sliding mode proportional-integral controller (SMPIC), are introduced in this paper for comparison. The simulations were presented with MATLAB/SIMULINK to validate the superiority of the performance of the proposed controller.

Design and performance analysis of a charge controller for solar system using MATLAB/SIMULINK

The energy utilization of a Photovoltaic (PV) module is determined by the maximum power the module harnesses from the sun. A static PV module can only harness maximum power from the sun at a particular time in a day as the sun revolves. This simply means that if the PV module can be designed to move in such a direction to harness maximum power from the sun, then its energy utilization efficiency will be highly improved over the period the Sun is available. This design can be achieved by employing Perturb and Observe (P and O) algorithm for maximum power point tracking (MPPT). In this study, Propotional and Integral (PI) controller along with P and O is proposed to solve the problem of low efficiency and irregular output oscillations. The simulation is carried out in the MATLAB/SIMULINK environment and the result shows that by incorporating the PI controller into the system, the efficiency of 99.96% at the maximum power point was attained.

Event‐driven intermittent control for vehicle platooning over vehicular ad‐hoc networks

AbstractThis article is concerned with the problem of vehicle platooning control over vehicular ad‐hoc networks (VANETs). Compared with the existing platooning control strategies, an event‐driven intermittent control method is developed to reduce control costs and extend the operating life of controllers while ensuring the desired platooning performance. By establishing suitable boundary functions and Lyapunov function, the control input is determined according to the relationship among the trajectories of these functions. Thereafter, sufficient conditions for platooning control performance analysis are derived by a set of linear matrix inequalities. Wherein, the vehicle platooning based on intermittent control is obtained to maintain the desired inter‐vehicle distance and a uniform speed in the platoon. Furthermore, a simple optimization algorithm is constructed to calculate the smallest upper bound on tracking errors. Finally, several simulations based on different topologies are provided to verify the validity of the proposed method.

Design and the transient thermal control performance analysis of a novel PCM-based active-passive cooling heat sink

In this present work, a novel active–passive cooling heat sink thermal management system based on the composite of phase change materials and metal foam is designed. It is aimed to improve the thermal performance of the active antenna unit device for the fifth-generation mobile communication technology base station. The numerical investigation of the thermal performance of the novel active cooling heat sink thermal management system is conducted, while the effect of transient heat flux is taken into consideration. The influences of the phase change temperatures, the porosity of the metal foam, and the pore density of the metal foam on the heat sink’s thermal performance are studied. Results indicate that the novel active-cooling heat sink thermal management system presents better thermal performance than traditional active cooling heat sinks without phase change materials and metal foam. Compared with the traditional active cooling heat sinks, the maximum temperature of the designed heat sink could be decreased by 10 K, and its temperature control efficiency could be enhanced by up to 19 %. The optimum porosity of the metal foam is approximately 0.95, and the maximum temperature control efficiency could reach as much as 19.8 %.