Spatial Domain Analysis Research Articles

도로명주소기본도를 이용한 부동산개발안내도 구축 방안 연구

부동산개발은 국토의 효율적 운영을 촉진하며 국민 경제에 미치는 영향이 지대하므로 관련 정보의 축적을 통해 종합적인 정책을 수립하는 것이 필요하다. 속성정보만으로 구축된 부동산 관련 정보는 분석과정에서 오류가 발생할 가능성이 있으므로 특정 필지 및 그 위의 건물을 기본으로 주변의 정보와 함께 공간분석이 가능한 부동산개발안내도를 구축해야 하며 이는 땅의 소유관계를 알 수 있는 지적정보와 땅 위에 존재하는 다양한 건축물과 사회기반 시설에 대한 공간정보에 부동산 관련 행정정보를 속성으로 부여함으로써 가능하다. 특히, 건물의 형태적 변화와 속성적 변화 정보의 최신성을 유지할 수 있어야 한다. 이에 본 연구에서는 도로명주소기본도를 기초로 부동산개발안내도를 구축하는 방안과 각 시스템 간의 연계를 통해 최신성을 유지할 수 있는 방안을 제시하였다.

A New Experimental Design Reveals the Impacts of Land Use and Irrigation Characteristics on Bromide Leaching

The impact of different land use systems and rainfall characteristics on water and solute transport has not been the subject of many studies. One challenge in solute leaching experiments is the high natural spatial variability of flow‐controlling soil properties. To overcome this limitation and reveal the impacts and relative influences of land use (either grassland or cropland), irrigation amount and intensity, and application time delay on water infiltration and solute leaching, a field‐scale leaching experiment was conducted where treatments were arranged in a repetitive pattern along a transect. This design approach permitted spatial variation scale analysis and frequency domain analysis of variance components. The experiment was evaluated in terms of changes in the soil matric potential and in the infiltration depth of the applied tracer (KBr). The results gave evidence that water infiltration was mainly controlled by the amount of water and to a smaller extend by the land use with a larger increase in soil water content on the cropland. Contrarily, solute leaching was mainly controlled by the land use with a larger infiltration depth on the cropland. The relative influences of irrigation amount and intensity were smaller. Irrigation intensity and application time delay were negatively correlated with leaching depth, indicating a decreasing risk for deep leaching with increasing time between solute application and rainfall. The presented experimental design may be highly useful to overcome limitations resulting from the high spatial variability of physical soil properties when studying field‐scale hydrological and transport phenomena.

Spatial and angular domain analysis of the near-field radiation of electrically large apertures with non-uniform field

According to the equivalence principle, the design of the compact range (CR) reflector can be transformed into the design of its aperture. Therefore the analysis of the CR performance variations caused by the mechanical and electrical defects can be transformed into the analysis of the aperture near-field in the spatial and angular domains. Based on a square aperture and a well-designed serrated-edge aperture, the near-field characteristics have been analysed when typical amplitude and phase non-uniformities have been induced in the aperture. The aperture field convolution method and plane wave spectrum method have been adopted. Simulation results have been presented and compared in detail. The width and height of the apertures are 150 wavelengths in free space. The amplitude and phase non-uniformities discussed include: amplitude taper, serrated edge, periodic amplitude, periodic phase, linear amplitude, linear phase, local amplitude mutation and local phase mutation. The conclusions provide references for CR design, testing, measurements and antenna tolerance analysis.

A spatially constrained fuzzy hyper-prototype clustering algorithm

We present in this paper a fuzzy clustering algorithm which can handle spatially constraint problems often encountered in pattern recognition. The proposed method is based on the notions of hyperplanes, the fuzzy c-means, and spatial constraints. By adding a spatial regularizer into the fuzzy hyperplane-based objective function, the proposed method can take into account additionally important information of inherently spatial data. Experimental results have demonstrated that the proposed algorithm achieves superior results to some other popular fuzzy clustering models, and has potential for cluster analysis in spatial domain.

Line Width Roughness mitigation in chemically amplified resist by post-litho processes

In order to reach and control the ITRS 3σ Line Width Roughness target for the 22 nm technological node, post-litho smoothing processes have been studied. To obtain a full knowledge of the roughness response to these techniques, a detailed methodological analysis in both spatial and frequency domain was performed to find the optimum settings. Furthermore, an on-line metrological study on CD-SEM parameters was executed to establish the repeatability of roughness evaluations: 0.2–0.3 nm 3σ roughness was in the end found. To validate our methodology, a complete off-line analysis of in-track Hard Bake smoothing process was performed. Up to 11% roughness mitigation in the high frequency range was found.

An environment for complex behaviour detection in bio-potential experiments

We propose BioS (Bio-potential Study) as a new virtual data analysis and management environment. It was devised to cope with the physiological signals, in order to manage different data using advanced methods of analysis and to find a simple way to decode and interpret data. BioS has been structured as a flexible, modular, and portable environment. It includes several modules as data importing and loading, data visualization (1D, 2D, 3D), pre-processing (frequency and saturation filtering, statistical analysis), spatiotemporal processing such as power spectrum, independent component analysis (ICA) in spatial and time domain, and nonlinear analysis for the extraction of the maximum Lyapunov exponent and d-infinity using optimized algorithms. The environment provides a user-friendly Graphic User Interface that allows inexperienced users to perform complex analyses and to speed up experimental data processing.

Motion blur identification in noisy images using mathematical models and statistical measures

Motion blur is one of the most common blurs that degrades images. Restoration of such images is highly dependent on estimation of motion blur parameters. Since 1976, many researchers have developed algorithms to estimate linear motion blur parameters. These algorithms are different in their performance, time complexity, precision and robustness in noisy environments. In this paper, we have presented a novel algorithm to estimate linear motion blur parameters such as direction and length. We used Radon transform to find direction and bispectrum modeling to find the length of motion. Our algorithm is based on the combination of spatial and frequency domain analysis. The great benefit of our algorithm is its robustness and precision in noisy images. We used statistical measures to prove goodness of our model. Our method was tested on 80 standard images that were degraded with different directions and motion lengths, with additive Gaussian noise. The error tolerance average of the estimated parameters was 0.9° in direction and 0.95 pixel in length and the standard deviations were 0.69 and 0.85, respectively.

Highly Developed Fiber Fault Isolation Technique for Branched Optical Fibers of PONs Using High Spatial Resolution OTDR and Frequency Domain Analysis

Highly Developed Fiber Fault Isolation Technique for Branched Optical Fibers of PONs Using High Spatial Resolution OTDR and Frequency Domain Analysis

Full-wave 3D analysis of boxed microwave planar circuits based on high- Tc superconducting films

Analysis of planar superconducting structures has been done using a CAD tool, developed to take into account the physical properties of the high-temperature superconductor film and the anisotropy of the substrate. The CAD tool is based on a full-wave spatial-domain analysis of the boxed planar structure embedded in a layered anisotropic media by method of moment (MoM). The results obtained have been compared with measured data.

Investigating DEM Error Patterns by Directional Variograms and Fourier Analysis

In many spatial analyses and GIS applications, a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is often used to derive a variety of new variables and parameters. Previous research shows that the accuracy of derived variables is affected, not merely by the magnitude of DEM errors and the algorithms applied to derive these variables, but also by the spatial structure of DEM errors. However, the lack of knowledge and understanding of the spatial structure of DEM errors often handicaps the analysis of error propagation.This paper investigates the spatial autocorrelation and anisotropic pattern of DEM error by using directional variograms in the spatial domain and Fourier analysis in the frequency domain. Based on an empirical study, it is concluded that the spatial autocorrelation pattern of DEM errors is anisotropic and scale‐dependent, and that the maximum direction and range of the autocorrelation depends upon the orientation and wavelength of the terrain features. For a smooth terrain, the magnitude of DEM errors is correlated to surface slope. For a rugged terrain, the elevation values in DEMs tend to be underestimated in ridges, and overestimated in valleys, but the correlation between the DEM error and surface slope is quite low.

Effect of depletion layer on the propagation characteristics of MIS transmission lines

The effect of the depletion region that forms in a metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) transmission line is considered. MIS lines are normally modeled without regard to this effect. Studies conducted here show that ignoring the depletion region leads to erroneous results in estimating the propagation characteristics. For example, ignoring the effect of the depletion region leads to errors in computing the propagation constant. For the quasi-TEM mode of operation, the imaginary part of the propagation constant (attenuation constant) is off by up to 15%, and the phase constant is off by up to 3%. Moreover, for the slow-wave mode of operation, ignoring the depletion region leads to totally erroneous results, with errors of 50%-90%. Results presented here were obtained using a spatial-domain analysis utilizing the Green's function for a generalized multilayered lossy substrate.

Practical approach to separating the pattern generator-induced mask CD errors from the blank/process-induced mask CD errors using conventional market measurements

With the continuing reduction of minimum feature sizes for semiconductor wafers, the manufacturing tolerances for photomask CD errors were reduced proportionately. As a result, it has become increasingly important to separate the major sources of mask CD errors so that they can be quantified and appropriately addressed. In this article we describe a reliable, convenient and inexpensive technique for separating the blank, and process CD errors from the pattern generator CD errors using conventional market measurements on cross arrays and two-dimensional spatial frequency Fourier analyses. By taking advantage of the fact that the blank/process-induced CD error spatial distributions are known to be fixed relative to the mask blank, while the pattern generator CD error distributions are known to be fixed relative to the pattern generator, a spatial frequency domain analysis of multiple sets of CD measurements on the masks, each set printed by displacing the mask relative to the previous set, is shown to allow a simple and unambiguous separation of the two types of CD errors. These measurements also directly verify the expected result that the blank/process CD error contributors tend to have mainly low-spatial-frequency components, while the pattern generator tends to mainly have higher-spatial-frequency components. Furthermore, by utilizing this result, it is shown that a simple low-pass filter applied to a single set of market measurements provides a surprisingly accurate estimate of the relative sizes of these two error contributors. Results are presented from masks printed on two commercial mask-making systems, one optical and one e-beam.

Voronoi tessellation-based spatial domain analysis of digital halftoning methods

An approach to spatial domain analysis of digital halftoning techniques using the Voronoi tessellation of halftone dot patterns is described. The first and second moments of the average distance among dots in an halftone pattern are used to analyze different halftoning techniques. The experimental results verified that (i) error diffusion algorithms distribute dots that are further apart compared to order dither, and (ii) different filters in error diffusion algorithms have performance characteristics that depend on gray level ranges.

Classification of paint on metallic surfaces using spatial domain analysis of laser images

In this paper a classification method is described for painted surfaces using laser image clarity meter (LIC) † † U.S. Patent numbers: 5,122,672, and 4,929,846, Inventor: T.M. Mansour, Assignee: Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, Mich., U.S.A. . In this method extracted features from reflected images of size (512 × 512 × 8 bits) from painted surfaces are used for classification purpose. The distance measured between the features of the test samples and the reference sample, which is smooth black glass, determines the deviation of the test sample from the reference. In comparing the result of 500 of the painted panels classified by the proposed method with the result of visual inspection, we have shown that this method is quite effective.

Integral representation of spatial Green's function and spectral domain analysis of leaky covered strip-like lines

This paper studies the possible integral representations of the Spatial Dyadic Green's Function of a laterally open but covered multilayered planar waveguide with translation symmetry. Among all of integral representations, we especially focus on that unique representation which comprises only outgoing waves (energy transferred from the source to infinity in case lateral radiation was present). We propose this specific integral representation as the most appropriate in the Spectral Domain Analysis of strip-like structures when these are assumed to be guiding/leaky systems with translation symmetry. This integral representation directly provides the integration contour to be used in the definition of the inverse Fourier transform. Some aspects concerning the use of the nonconventional Fourier transform are discussed in connection with the application of the Method of Moments. It is also highlighted that the dispersion relation of the strip-like configuration is expressed in terms of the zeros of a multivalued complex function. This fact becomes relevant when searching for zeros out of the spectral sheet (i.e., zeros associated with leaky modes). Finally, some numerical results are presented. These computed values show good agreement when compared with some previously published data. The influence of different definitions of the inverse integration contour on the propagation characteristics of a pair of coplanar coupled strips is also investigated. Computed data show the leakage characteristics of a pair of noncoplanar strips.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Phase demodulation in the space domain without a fringe carrier

It is demonstrated that interference phase can be obtained from a fringe pattern using the spatial domain method known as spatial synchronous detection (direct interferometry) but without the usual fringe carrier (e.g. tilt) introduced into the interferometer. This is particularly useful in the study of transient events, where it is not always straightforward to introduce these carrier fringes. Spatial domain analysis is considerably faster than frequency domain (Fourier) methods, and could enable phase to be calculated in real time on relatively cheap personal computers. The main disadvantage of the new technique is that the sign of the recovered phase is lost, and must be inferred from object constraints.

Quantitative evaluation of several partial fourier reconstruction algorithms used in mri

Partial Fourier reconstruction algorithms exploit the redundancy in magnetic resonance data sets so that half of the data is calculated during image reconstruction rather than acquired. The conjugate synthesis, Margosian, homodyne detection, Cuppen and POCS algorithms are evaluated using spatial frequency domain analysis to show their characteristics and where limitations may occur. The phase correction used in partial Fourier reconstruction is equivalent to a convolution in the frequency domain and the importance of accurately implementing this convolution is demonstrated. New reconstruction approaches, based on passing the partial data through a phase correcting, finite impulse response (FIR), digital filter are suggested. These FIR and MoFIR algorithms have a speed near that of the Margosian and homodyne detection reconstructions, but with a lower error; close to that of the Cuppen/POCS iterative approaches. Quantitative analysis of the partial Fourier algorithms, tested with three phase estimation techniques, are provided by comparing artificial and clinical data reconstructed using full and partial Fourier techniques.

Spatial domain analysis of late ventricular potentials. Intraoperative and thoracic correlations.

For investigation of late potentials seen on the signal-averaged electrocardiogram, intracardiac and thoracic distributions of terminal activity were analyzed in 16 patients undergoing cryosurgery for ventricular tachycardia after remote myocardial infarction. The body surface potentials measured with 63 time-averaged unipolar leads were compared with epicardial and endocardial potential maps in six patients without and 10 patients with bundle-branch block. Intracardiac post-QRS activity, defined as extending beyond the thoracic QRS offset, was found in five of six patients without bundle-branch block (83%) and in five of 10 patients with bundle-branch block (50%), corresponding to 4 +/- 5% of the total number of electrograms in each patient. Fragmentation, double deflections, and single deflections were observed in 27%, 34%, and 39%, respectively, of these post-QRS electrograms. Post-QRS activation patterns that were stable from beat to beat showed slow propagation around or within areas of conduction block. Post-QRS activity was most often observed on both epicardial and endocardial surfaces (five of 10 patients). In the six patients without post-QRS activity, an area of late activity displaying low-amplitude deflections that were masked by the terminal activation of the normal myocardium was identified. Isopotential maps of the high-pass-filtered (55-Hz) thoracic and intracardiac signals demonstrated a close spatial correlation between the location, amplitude, and orientation of the potential extrema observed over the thoracic, epicardial, or endocardial surfaces during post-QRS activity. The thoracic patterns were generally dipolar with close extrema for anteroseptal or apical sites of post-QRS activity and more distant extrema for other sites.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)