Domain Analysis Research Articles

Channeled Polarimetry for Magnetic Field/Current Detection

Magneto-optical magnetic field/current sensors are based on the Faraday effect, which involves changing the polarized state of light. Polarimetric methods are therefore used for measuring polarization characteristics. Channeled polarimetry allows polarization information to be obtained from the analysis of the spectral domain. Although this allows the characterization of Faraday materials, the method has not yet been used for detection in magneto-optical sensors. This paper reports experimental results for magnetic field/current detection using the channeled polarimetry method. It is shown that in contrast to other methods, this method allows the detection of the phase shift caused by Faraday rotation alone, making the detection independent of temperature. Although an increase in measurement accuracy is required for practical applications by refining the data processing, the experimental results obtained show that this method offers a new approach to improving the performance of magneto-optical current sensors.

Transformer enabled multi-modal medical diagnosis for tuberculosis classification

Recently, multimodal data analysis in medical domain has started receiving a great attention. Researchers from both computer science, and medicine are trying to develop models to handle multimodal medical data. However, most of the published work have targeted the homogeneous multimodal data. The collection and preparation of heterogeneous multimodal data is a complex and time-consuming task. Further, development of models to handle such heterogeneous multimodal data is another challenge. This study presents a cross modal transformer-based fusion approach for multimodal clinical data analysis using medical images and clinical data. The proposed approach leverages the image embedding layer to convert image into visual tokens, and another clinical embedding layer to convert clinical data into text tokens. Further, a cross-modal transformer module is employed to learn a holistic representation of imaging and clinical modalities. The proposed approach was tested for a multi-modal lung disease tuberculosis data set. Further, the results are compared with recent approaches proposed in the field of multimodal medical data analysis. The comparison shows that the proposed approach outperformed the other approaches considered in the study. Another advantage of this approach is that it is faster to analyze heterogeneous multimodal medical data in comparison to existing methods used in the study, which is very important if we do not have powerful machines for computation.

A Post-Processing Method for Quantum Random Number Generator Based on Zero-Phase Component Analysis Whitening

Quantum Random Number Generators (QRNGs) have been theoretically proven to be able to generate completely unpredictable random sequences, and have important applications in many fields. However, the practical implementation of QRNG is always susceptible to the unwanted classical noise or device imperfections, which inevitably diminishes the quality of the generated random bits. It is necessary to perform the post-processing to extract the true quantum randomness contained in raw data generated by the entropy source of QRNG. In this work, a novel post-processing method for QRNG based on Zero-phase Component Analysis (ZCA) whitening is proposed and experimentally verified through both time and spectral domain analysis, which can effectively reduce auto-correlations and flatten the spectrum of the raw data, and enhance the random number generation rate of QRNG. Furthermore, the randomness extraction is performed after ZCA whitening, after which the final random bits can pass the NIST test.

Stabilization for Coupled Hyperbolic System With Memory Effects Via Minimal State Variable

ABSTRACTIn this work, we investigate the stabilization of a coupled PDE's system consisting of one Kirchhoff plate and one wave equation with memory effects. Three different cases are considered where the frictional infinite memory occurs in both equations or in one of the equations. First, we achieve the existence and uniqueness of the solution, utilizing the concept of minimal state variable. Moreover, it is shown that the coupled system is forced to polynomially decay. And by frequency domain analysis, the explicit decay rates are established, which only depend on the place of memory effect.

Small‐Signal Modelling of Bidirectional CLLC Converters for Onboard Charging Application in Electric Vehicles

ABSTRACTA two‐stage onboard battery charger with an CLLC resonant converter is a widely adopted configuration in the automotive industry. The ZVS and ZCS capability of the switching devices with high operating frequency of the CLLC converters encourages its application in various EV platforms to improve efficiency. In the literature, various authors proposed many methods to control the CLLC converters efficiently, but up to now, no simple and accurate small‐signal equivalent circuit modelling is available. As dynamic networks are load‐dependent, closed‐loop voltage and current controllers provide more stable operations in these converters. In this paper, a detailed mathematical modelling of the CLLC converters with time domain analysis has been presented. The proposed mathematical model accurately predicts the small‐signal behaviors seen in pulse‐frequency‐modulated (PFM) CLLC resonant converters whether the switching frequency is below, near to, or above the resonant frequency. Stable closed‐loop controllers for both current and voltage loops in battery charging applications are designed and detailed. A prototype hardware is been built and the experimental results with the load variations with the designed controllers are tested and the results are been discussed in the paper.

Numerical Investigation and Experimental Verification of Vibration Behavior for a Beam with Cantilever-Hertzian Contact Boundary Conditions

The simple spring structure, with detachable electrical contacts, is a very suitable solution for many applications, such as electromechanical relays and connectors. However, they are prone to exhibit instantaneous interruption faults under mechanical vibration environments. In this paper, the governing equations of the modal analysis of a beam with cantilever-Hertzian contact boundary conditions are presented. Then, the time domain analysis method and frequency domain analysis method for solving the forced vibration response are described explicitly. Next, the effect of the axial force on the modal frequency of a detailed model sourced from the practical relay is investigated by using commercial ANSYS Workbench 2021R1 software. Afterward, the harmonic response of the beam is numerically solved individually by using the transient analysis model and the harmonic analysis model in ANSYS Workbench 2021R1 software. Then, the influences of the damping coefficient and excited frequency on the contact force response are investigated. The experimental results of transient displacement and contact resistance of the beam structure agree well with the simulation outcomes. It is proven that there is a linear relationship between the stiffness coefficient and the mass coefficient, which are used for characterizing the damping of the structures in the time domain method and frequency domain methods.

ETHNOMATHEMATICAL EXPLORATION OF THE TRADITIONAL FABRIC OF KARAWO GORONTALO IN RELATION TO THE CONCEPT OF TRANSFORMATION GEOMETRY

This study aims to explore the ethnomathematics contained in the traditional fabric motifs of Karawo Gorontalo in relation to the concept of geometry transformation. This research is qualitative in ethnographic design. The subjects of this study were Karawo embroidery craftsmen with research locations in Karawo production houses, Ayula village, Tapa district, Bone Bolango regency, Gorontalo Province. Data collection techniques with observation, interviews, documentation studies, and literature studies are then analyzed using Spradley’s domain analysis method. The results showed that is an embroidery art that has been preserved since 1600 AD and continues to be preserved by Gorontalo women until now. Karawo also has a manufacturing process that includes slicing and plucking yarn, Mo-Karawo or embroidery, and the last stage is to make refinement. The Ethnomathematics of Karawo fabric embroidery patterns is the geometry of transformation, which is some motifs that can apply the concepts of translation, reflection, dilation, and rotation. This application shows a relationship and can explain the relationship between the concept of transformation geometry and Karawo and can also be illustrated in the Cartesian diagram.

Genome-wide identification of CAMTA gene family in teak (Tectona grandis) and functional characterization of TgCAMTA1 and TgCAMTA3 in cold tolerance

BackgroundCalmodulin-binding transcription activator (CAMTA) proteins play significant roles in signal transduction, growth and development, as well as abiotic stress responses, in plants. Understanding their involvement in the low-temperature stress response of teak is vital for revealing cold resistance mechanisms.ResultsThrough bioinformatics analysis, the CAMTA gene family in teak was examined, and six CAMTA genes were identified in teak. The encoded proteins were predicted to be located in the nucleus and exhibited hydrophilic properties, with molecular weights ranging from 103.4 to 123.3 kDa and isoelectric points ranging from 5.49 to 7.55. On the basis of protein sequence homology, the CAMTA family could be divided into three subgroups. Domain and 3D structure analyses demonstrated that all the TgCAMTA proteins contained the typical CAMTA domain with the CaMBD binding domain, which was exposed on the surface. Expression analysis of different tissues revealed the expression of TgCAMTA genes in teak roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and branches. Furthermore, the promoter region contained various cis-acting elements related to light, hormone, and abiotic stress responses. After low-temperature stress treatment, different expression patterns of TgCAMTAs were observed in teak roots, stems, and leaves, with TgCAMTA1 showing the highest expression level in leaves compared with stems. Transgenic lines carrying the TgCAMTA1/3 promoter::GUS construct cold stress induction of TgCAMTA1/3 genes revealed the presence of multiple low-temperature responsive cis-acting elements in the TgCAMTA1/3 promoter region. Subcellular localization analysis indicated that these genes were functional predominantly in the nucleus. Compared with wild-type Arabidopsis, TgCAMTA1/3-overexpressing Arabidopsis presented increased tolerance to freezing stress, with increased expression of AtCOR genes. Moreover, under low-temperature conditions, TgCAMTA3-overexpressing Arabidopsis presented significantly elevated expression levels of genes related to the CBF signaling pathway, including AtCBF1/2/3.ConclusionsOur findings add significantly to the existing knowledge regarding cold stress tolerance and help elucidate cold response mechanisms in teak.

ADMET evaluation in drug discovery: 21. Application and industrial validation of machine learning algorithms for Caco-2 permeability prediction

The Caco-2 cell model has been widely used to assess the intestinal permeability of drug candidates in vitro, owing to its morphological and functional similarity to human enterocytes. While Caco-2 cell assay is considered safe and cost-effective, it is also characterized by being time-consuming. Therefore, computational models that achieve high accuracies in predicting Caco-2 permeability are crucial for enhancing the efficiency of oral drug development. In this study, we conducted an in-depth analysis of the characteristics of an augmented Caco-2 permeability dataset, and evaluated a diverse range of machine learning algorithms in combination with different molecular representations. The results indicated that XGBoost generally provided better predictions than comparable models for the test sets. In addition, we investigated the transferability of machine learning models trained on publicly available data to internal pharmaceutical industry datasets. Our findings, based on the Shanghai Qilu’s in-house dataset, showed that the boosting models retained a degree of predictive efficacy when applied to industry data. Furthermore, Y-randomization test and applicability domain analysis were employed to assess the robustness and generalizability of these models. Matched Molecular Pair Analysis (MMPA) was utilized to extract chemical transformation rules. We believe that the model developed in this study could represent a reliable tool for assessing Caco-2 permeability during early-stage drug discovery and the chemical transformation rules derived here could provide insights for optimizing Caco-2 permeability.Scientific contributionA comprehensive validation of various machine learning algorithms combined with diverse molecular representations on a large dataset for predicting Caco-2 permeability was reported. The transferability of machine learning models trained on publicly available data to internal pharmaceutical industry datasets was also investigated. Matched molecular pair analysis was carried out to provide reasonable suggestions for researchers to improve the Caco-2 permeability of compounds.Graphical

Time Domain and Qualitative Analysis of a Compact Asymmetrically Fed Circular UWB Antenna for WBAN Scenarios

Time Domain and Qualitative Analysis of a Compact Asymmetrically Fed Circular UWB Antenna for WBAN Scenarios

Translating Lexical Collocations in Elemental Movie Subtitles

Despite the extensive research on collocation translation, studies examining the influence of translation techniques on translation quality—specifically accuracy, acceptability, and readability—are scarce. This study provides an in-depth analysis of the impact of translation techniques on three aspects of lexical collocation translation quality and offers pertinent insights into evaluating translator competence. Employing a qualitative approach, this research identifies translation patterns within a broader context. Content analysis and Focus Group Discussions (FGD) are utilized to gather and validate two primary types of data: linguistic data in the form of lexical collocations from the subtitles of the film Elemental: Forces of Nature, and translation data including translation techniques and their quality. The collected data is analyzed using Spradley's (1980) analytical model as adapted by Santosa (2017), which encompasses domain, taxonomic, componential, and cultural theme analysis. Findings indicate that the dominance of techniques such as established equivalence, transposition, and modulation significantly contributes to high translation quality, assessed in terms of accuracy (2.8), acceptability (2.89), and readability (2.89). These findings highlight the significance of translator proficiency in managing lexical collocations and present substantial implications for EFL instruction in tackling the difficulties of collocation translation. The TQA instrument in this study assists educators in recognizing and correcting prevalent errors in collocation translation, thereby enhancing students' proficiency in translating intricate texts and fostering critical thinking skills related to source texts and their translations.

Genome-wide characterization and expression pattern analysis of Xanthoceras sorbifolium FAD at different growth stages

ABSTRACT Xanthoceras sorbifolium is a crucial oil tree species in northern China. Additionally, fatty acid constituents in its fruits possess remarkable medicinal value. Hence, probing the regulatory role of FAD family members in fatty acid components accumulation in X. sorbifolium fruits is crucial. Drawing on X. sorbifolium genome data, 22 XsFAD members distributed across 10 chromosomes were identified. The physicochemical properties and subcellular localization predictions thereof were analyzed. Phylogenetic and conserved domain analyses demonstrated that same subfamily members are highly conserved in both gene structure and conserved domains. Cis-acting element analysis indicated that XsFAD members are highly susceptible to light. Furthermore, transcriptome data and qRT-PCR findings corroborated that XsFAD members play an active regulatory role in X. sorbifolium fruit ripening and fatty acid metabolism. The bioinformatic analysis and preliminary verification of regulatory functions of XsFAD members establish conditions for in-depth research on the functions of key XsFAD in the future. The study findings will be conducive to determine the accumulation of fatty acids substances in X. sorbifolium and screening of germplasm resources with superior traits.

A Comparative Study of Translation Ideologies in Onomatopoeia Across Cultures in Story Weaver

This research compares the translation ideologies applied to onomatopoeia in level two children’s literature on the StoryWeaver website. Translators at Story Weaver often face a dilemma between preserving the original sound (onomatopoeia) or adapting it to the perception of children in the target culture. It aims to provide insights into effective translation techniques for onomatopoeia and to contribute to translation theory by examining the ideologies on cross-cultural understanding in children's literature. The study focuses on translation products, using linguistic and translation data, including techniques, methods, and ideologies. Data sources comprised documents and informants. The documents included nine children’s literature translated by The Story Weaver Community, The Asian Foundation, and the Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa while informants were raters. Data collection involved document analysis and Focus Group Discussions (FGD). Data analysis employed domain analysis, taxonomy, component analysis, and cultural themes to identify, categorize, and understand how translation techniques and ideologies affect cultural understanding. The findings indicate that translators from The StoryWeaver Community and The Asian Foundation generally favor target language-oriented techniques (adaptation, established equivalent) with adaptation methods and domestication ideologies. In contrast, translators from Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa (Agency for Language Development and Cultivation.) often employ source language-oriented techniques (Pure borrowing, naturalized borrowing., literal), use literal translation methods and foreignization ideologies. The study hopes to serve as a reference for translating onomatopoeia, offering valuable insights into how different translation techniques affect the translation ideologies outcomes.

Self-compassion in children and adolescents: a systematic review of empirical studies through a developmental lens

AbstractSelf-compassion is increasingly recognized as an adaptive resource for coping with personal distress by reducing the sense of threat and creating feelings of safeness, yet little is known about its developmental origins. We review a broad body of literature examining self-compassion in childhood and adolescence hoping to stimulate developmental research and point to practical implications. Apart from classifying studies in terms of study characteristics (e.g., populations, measures), we categorized all studies according to their research domain(s): psychosocial environment, mental and physical health, achievement or performance, and mindfulness-related constructs. One hundred and forty-one articles – looking at self-compassion as predictor or outcome variable – were identified. We found a sharp increase of publications within the past 10 years. Descriptive analyses of research domains show a strong interest in understanding the relation between self-compassion and mental health, although little is known about the directionality of this relationship and how positive vs. negative (self-criticism) aspects of self-compassion contribute to vulnerability or resilience in young people. Furthermore, inter- and intra-individual factors that may potentially affect the development of self-compassion have been identified. Of interest, studies have retrospectively identified factors within the family (e.g., parenting, attachment) that contribute to individual differences in self-compassion. Longitudinal studies, however, are still scarce. Self-compassion has also been investigated as a potential mechanism of how early trauma impacts later (mal)adjustment. Choosing a broad focus, allowed us to shed light on domains that either have been given attention to or have been neglected in the study of self-compassion in children and adolescents.

Mechanism of electroacupuncture at "Zusanli" (ST36) in improving cardiac function in mice with chronic heart failure

To observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) at "Zusanli" (ST36) on improving cardiac function in mice with chronic heart failure (CHF), so as to explore the mechanism of its regulation on the autonomic nervous system. Eighteen C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into sham-surgery, model, and EA groups, with 6 mice in each group. The model of myocardial ischemia followed by CHF was induced by ligation of the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery. Two weeks after modeling surgery, EA intervention (0.5 mA, 2 Hz/15 Hz) was performed bilaterally at ST36 in the EA group, 20 min each time, once every other day for 4 weeks. The left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular fractional shortening (LVFS), left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVESD), left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV), left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), and left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) were evaluated using echocardiographic imaging. The exercise tolerance was observed in an exhaustive test. Electrocardiograms were recorded using an electrophysiological recording system to analyze heart rate (HR) changes before and after EA, and frequency domain analysis was used to analyze the heart rate variability (HRV), including low-frequency (LF) component, high-frequency (HF) component, and their ratio (LF/HF). Immunofluorescence was used to observe the number of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)+/c-fos+ co-labeled neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV). In terms of cardiac function, compared with the sham-surgery group, the LVEF and LVFS were decreased (P<0.001) and the LVESD, LVEDD, LVESV, and LVEDV were increased (P<0.001, P<0.01) two weeks after modeling of mice in the model group. After 2 weeks of EA intervention, the LVESD and LVESV in the EA group were significantly smaller than those in the model group (P<0.05). After 4 weeks of intervention, the LVEF and LVFS in the EA group were significantly higher than those in the model group (P<0.05), and the LVESD and LVESV were significantly reduced (P<0.05, P<0.01). Compared with the model group, EA significantly improved the exercise tolerance of CHF mice (P<0.05). Compared with the sham-surgery group, the LF/HF in the model group and EA group were significantly increased (P<0.05) 2 weeks after modeling, indicating autonomic imbalance. After 4 weeks of intervention, the LF/HF in the EA group showed lower trend than that in the model group but the difference was not statistically significant. Additionally, after immediate EA, HR decreased (P<0.05, P<0.01), HF increased (P<0.01), and both LF and LF/HF decreased significantly (P<0.05) of mice in the EA group, indicating that EA corrected the autonomic imbalance in CHF mice. The number of ChAT+/c-fos+ co-labeled neurons in the DMV of the EA group was significantly higher (P<0.001) than that in the model group. EA at ST36 significantly improved cardiac function and exercise tolerance in CHF mice. The underlying mechanism may be related to the activation of vagus efferent nerve and the regulation of autonomic nerve balance.

METHODS OF RESEARCH OF RESONANT CONVERTERS

Analytical study of DC-DC resonant converters for the purpose of their analysis and correct design is a topical task. Currently, the fundamental harmonic method and the time domain analysis method are used to solve this problem. The use of the fundamental harmonic method for analyzing the steady-state characteristics of an LCC converter is simple only when using an LC smoothing filter at its output. For the widely used LCC converter with a capacitive filter at the output, the fundamental harmonic method yields a significant error. Therefore, the characteristics of an LCC converter are currently studied mainly by time analysis and simulation methods. The purpose of the study is to substantiate external characteristics of the LCC type converter using fundamental harmonic and time domain analysis methods and to compare the obtained results with the results of simulation modeling. Materials and methods. Mathematical modeling of the converter was carried out using methods of circuit theory and automatic control. Studying the converter with the help of time domain analysis, vector-matrix methods for solving differential equations, methods of separating motion and fitting were used. Simulation modeling of the converter was carried out in the MATLAB/Simulink dynamic modeling environment. Research results. External (load) characteristics of converters along with dependences of voltage gain on switching frequency allow to justify the choice of converter type and recommendations for their design. The derivation of external characteristics of the converter and dependences of short-circuit current and no-load voltage on switching frequency is given by the fundamental harmonic method. The time domain analysis is carried out for the most complex three-interval on a half-cycle switching mode of converter. The vector-matrix method is used to solve differential equations describing processes on three intervals of converter linearity. Analytical relationships are obtained that allow to calculate transient processes by the fitting method and to determine the characteristics of the steady-state mode. The latter is significantly complicated with an increase in the number of converter linearity intervals on a half-cycle of switching. This is explained by the fact that before calculating the characteristics of the steady-state mode, it is necessary to solve the nonlinear equation of this mode, which is greatly complicated already at three intervals of linearity on a half-cycle. Conclusions. The fundamental harmonic method for the LCC converter has limited application, since it gives approximate results, which are refined by more accurate methods. The time domain analysis method is the most suitable and accurate method of study. But its application becomes more complicated with the increase in the number of converter linearity intervals when analyzing its steady-state operating mode.

Comparative analysis of the JRL gene family in the whole-genome of five gramineous plants.

The Jacalin-related lectins (JRLs) gene family play a crucial role in regulating plant development and responding to environmental stress. However, a systematic bioinformatics analysis of the JRL gene family in Gramineae plants has been lacking. In this study, we identified 101 JRL proteins from five Gramineae species and classified them into eight distinct clades. Most of the AtJRL proteins clustered in the same group and were differentiated from the Gramineae JRL proteins. The analysis of protein motifs, gene structures and protein domain revealed that the JRL genes play diverse functions in Gramineae plants. Duplication events indicated that tandem duplication significantly contributed to the expansion of the JRL family, with most JRL members underwent purifying selection. Tissue expression profile analysis showed that most OsJRL genes were highly expressed in the roots, while ZmJRL genes exhibited high expression in inflorescences. Furthermore, the expression level of OsJRL and ZmJRL genes were influenced by drought, cold, heat and salt stresses, respectively, implying that these genes play important roles in response to various abiotic stresses. RT-qPCR results demonstrated that OsJRL4 was up-regulated under PEG6000 and NaCl stresses, while OsJRL12 and OsJRL26 were down-regulated under PEG6000. These findings provide comprehensive insights into the JRL gene family in Gramineae plants and will facilitate further functional characterization of JRLs.

The protein structurome of Orthornavirae and its dark matter.

Advanced methods for protein structure prediction, such as AlphaFold2, greatly expand our capability to identify protein domains and infer their likely functions and evolutionary relationships. This is particularly pertinent for proteins encoded by viruses that are known to evolve rapidly and as a result often cannot be adequately characterized by analysis of the protein sequences. We performed an exhaustive structure prediction and comparative analysis for uncharacterized proteins and domains ("dark matter") encoded by viruses with RNA genomes. The results show the dark matter of RNA virus proteome consists mostly of disordered and all-α-helical domains that cannot be readily assigned a specific function and that likely mediate various interactions between viral proteins and between viral and host proteins. The great majority of globular proteins and domains of RNA viruses are already known although we identified several unexpected domains represented in individual viral families.

Socioeconomic Variation in Motivations for Ritual Practice

This paper investigates socioeconomic variation in motivations for ritual practices among Mauritian Hindus. Using cultural domain analysis, we explore individuals’ reported reasons for engaging in a variety of religious rituals. Our findings demonstrate significant intra-cultural diversity driven by social stratification. Specifically, we observe that those of lower social standing appear primarily motivated by existential concerns related to material security and safety, while higher-status individuals view these practices as platforms for personal and social enrichment, as they are more preoccupied with self-actualization, spiritual connection, and social affirmation, reflecting a more abstract engagement with religious practices. Our findings reveal the adaptability of ritual practices to meet a wide range of human needs across varying life circumstances, as rituals can be differentially negotiated by individuals within the same cultural context depending on the specific socioecological niches they occupy. Moreover, they highlight the role of culture as a dynamic and distributed system with important implications for anthropological theory and practice.

Characterization of a maltononaose-producing amylopullulanase from Bacillus aryabhattai W310.

The recombinated amylopullulanase of PulW310B, pullulanase from Bacillus aryabhattai W310, was characterized. Sequence analysis of PulW310B showed that PulW310B has type I pullulanase structures including its typical region and the conserved regions of glycoside hydrolase family 13. Moreover, PulW310B was predicted to has typical domains of pullulanase and SSF51445 belonging to tansglycosidase. While the substrate specificity of PulW310B presented that it is not a type I pullulanase. PulW310B could hydrolyze pullulan into maltotriose, maltohexaose, and maltononaose as main products with the proportions of 73.6 %, 16.7 %, and 6.7 %, which indicated that PulW310B has a certain potential on maltooligosaccharides production due to its 4-α-transglycosylation activity that was consistent with its domain analysis. Based on substrate specificity and hydrolytic properties, PulW310B is an amylopullulanase. This is the first report of maltononaose producing activity of amylopullulanase, which will be very useful in food industry. Moreover, PulW310B is a moderate pullulanase with optimal temperature of 40 °C and pH of 7.0. 50 % of the maximum activity was retained at room temperature (25 °C), which indicated that it is an environmentally friendly enzyme in maltooligosaccharides production.