Analog Communication Research Articles

Schmitt Trigger Circuits using Various Active Devices

A vast number of diverse analog circuit blocks have been arosed in the past few decades. A various active devices are Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp), Current Conveyor (CC), Operational Transconductance Amplifier (OTA), Differential Difference Current Conveyor (DDCC), Differential Difference Current Conveyor Transconductnace Amplifier (DDCCTA), Z-Copy Current Differencing Transconductance Amplifier (ZC-CDTA), Voltage Difference Transconductance Amplifier (VDTA) and so on. A review on Schmitt trigger circuits by using different active devices are presented in this paper since Schmitt trigger circuits are widely used in numerous applications such as in waveform generators, wave-shaping circuits, comparators, Bio-medical applications, analog processing systems, communication and instrumentation systems.

Schmitt Trigger Circuits using Various Active Devices

A vast number of diverse analog circuit blocks have been arosed in the past few decades. A various active devices are Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp), Current Conveyor (CC), Operational Transconductance Amplifier (OTA), Differential Difference Current Conveyor (DDCC), Differential Difference Current Conveyor Transconductnace Amplifier (DDCCTA), Z-Copy Current Differencing Transconductance Amplifier (ZC-CDTA), Voltage Difference Transconductance Amplifier (VDTA) and so on. A review on Schmitt trigger circuits by using different active devices are presented in this paper since Schmitt trigger circuits are widely used in numerous applications such as in waveform generators, wave-shaping circuits, comparators, Bio-medical applications, analog processing systems, communication and instrumentation systems.

JAWARA Application: Does Digital Guide Feel Like Analog Communication Based Guide?

This study examined the differences between analog communication models played by human tour guides versus digital communications aided by digital guides called JAWARA applications in the guidance of the botanical garden. This study examined whether digital guide feels like a guide that communicating analogously, and observed the changes in the way they are guiding and whether it also impacts the cultural change from analog to digital. The theoretical framework used is interpersonal communication theory versus complexity theory based on communication models in digital media. Furthermore, this study is conducted from the cultural context and digital culture by descriptive qualitative research method. The primary data source is the interview with JAWARA admin and application developer. Results showed that the guidance communication model in the botanical garden underwent significant changes with the presence of JAWARA digital guide applications. These changes occur due to the analog and digital guidance communication models have different characteristics. However, the presence of digital guides has not been able to replace the analog guide completely because digital guides have not felt like analog (human) guides. However, the presence of digital guide applications brings changes to the cultural context, which was previously analogous as a whole, will gradually be displaced by the presence of digital culture and then mixed.

Digital real-time co-simulation platform of refined wind energy conversion system

This paper proposes a cost-effective digital real-time co-simulation platform that covers all the main dynamics of Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS). The proposed platform is based on Real-Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) and OpenFAST developed by National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), which considers the coupling of aerodynamic, mechanical, and electromagnetic models in WECS. The detailed electromagnetic model is implemented in RTDS. Meanwhile, the detailed aerodynamic and mechanical models are implemented in OpenFAST. To guarantee the strict real-time characteristic of the proposed platform, OpenFAST is modified and implemented in the real-time operating system based on Xenomai. The digital communication interface between RTDS and OpenFAST is implemented by Real-Time Networking (RTnet), which is more cost-competitive compared with the conventional analogue communication interface. Finally, the accuracy of the platform is verified by real-time simulations.

A 25Mbps, 12.4pJ/b DQPSK Backscatter Data Uplink for the NeuroDisc Brain-Computer Interface.

Wireless brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are used to study neural activity in freely moving non-human primates (NHPs). However, the high energy consumption of conventional active radios is proving to be an obstacle as research drives for wireless BCIs that can provide continuous high-rate data uplinks for longer durations (i.e. multiple days). We present a differential quadrature phase shift keying (DQPSK) backscatter uplink for the NeuroDisc BCI as an alternative to active radios. The uplink achieves a 25Mbps throughput while operating in the 915MHz industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band. The DQPSK backscatter modulator was measured to have an error-vector magnitude (EVM) of 9.7% and a measured power consumption of 309 μW during continuous, full-rate transmissions, yielding an analog communication efficiency of 12.4pJ/bit. The NeuroDisc is capable of recording 16 channels of neural data with 16-bit resolution at up to 20kSps per channel with a measured input-referred noise of 2.35 μV. In previous work, we demonstrated the DQPSK backscatter uplink, but bandwidth constraints in the signal chain limited the uplink rate to 6.25Mbps and the neural sampling rate to 5kSps. This work provides new innovations to increase the bandwidth of the system, including an ultra-high frequency (UHF) antenna design with a -10dB return loss bandwidth of 12.5MHz and a full-duplex receiver with an average self-jammer cancellation of 89dB. We present end-to-end characterization of the NeuroDisc and validate the backscatter uplink using pre-recorded neural data as well as in vivo recordings from a pigtail macaque.

USRP 2901-based SISO-GFDM transceiver design experiment in virtual and remote laboratory

This article commenced the real-time education and research podium for characterize wireless networks, analog and digital communications courses with National Instruments Universal Software Radio Peripheral Device (NI USRP 2901) device. The 5G Cellular communications will claim remarkable flexibility from the physical layer. Many research ideas are proposed and compared with the theoretical part but there is a lack of enactment of a system under real-time channel conditions and front-end impairments. In this article, a single-input single-output generalized frequency division multiplexing transceiver is performed with NI USRP 2901, which utilizes radio frequency platform it has the ability to work as the transceiver in the frequency range of 70 MHz to 6 GHz and it also provides multiple input and multiple output support, which is helpful for the implementation of industry-based wireless operation prototypes. The generalized frequency division multiplexing system model is programmed in the LabVIEW software block diagram panel along with USRP configuration utility. In view of field-programmable gate arrays, both programming host handling and continuous preparing can be actualized. This usage enables the clients to assess distinctive generalized frequency division multiplexing performance characteristics, such as total harmonic distortion, signal in noise and distortion (dB), and specific harmonic, transmitted bit stream and received bit stream with error count, bit error rate value, and its graph are plotted. The simulation results show that the generated generalized frequency division multiplexing signal has a total harmonic distortion value of 0.793054 and signal in noise and distortion value of 0.204343. The specific harmonic value is 0.0228768 and the bit error rate value is 0.003125. The generalized frequency division multiplexing signal slightly outperforms the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing signal in terms of real-time transmission signal characteristics such as total harmonic distortion, signal in noise and distortion, bit error rate, power spectrum value, Wigner–Ville distribution value in the two-dimensional array and corresponding graphs are plotted. The proposed system outperforms existing system by a margin of 3% in real-time channel using the USRP 2901 device.

AUTOMATIC DEVICE FOR REAL–TIME SWITCHING TO RESERVE RADIO CHANNEL

Guaranteed delivery of information via communication channels remains an urgent task for a number of industries. However, automatic transition to the reserve for analog communication channels requires non‑standard solutions. In the proposed device, the decision on switching to the reserve is made on the basis of spectral analysis of signals transmitted via the main and backup communication channels. A wired communication channel is considered as the main channel, and a wireless broadband access channel is used as a backup channel. The signal transmitted over the wireless broadband access is taken as a reference because it is of high quality and which we can influence when building a network. The spectrum of analog signals is calculated on the basis of the fast Fourier transform, the implementation of which is carried out in the analog signal block based on the STM‑32 microcontroller. The device provides a transition to the reserve in real time.

Quality Verification of Audio and Image Modulation by the Simulation of PCM, DM and DPCM Systems

Modulation is a process through which a message has to pass in order to be effectively transmitted. However, there are some limitations to Pulse Code Modulation and Delta Modulation that can cause data redundancy, quantization error, slope overload distortion and granular noise which result in a bad communication process. Throughout the past few years, Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), Delta Modulation (DM) and Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM), in digital communication systems, have proven to have unparalleled advantages over analog communication systems; this is in terms of error minimization and distances of transmission enhancements. Delta Modulation, a simplified version of Pulse Coded Modulation also pauses major problems in noise and quantization error. Consequently, and to combat the arising problems, communication engineers have developed newly adaptive compression and modulations techniques for better digital transmission. One of these innovative systems is the Differential Pulse Coded Modulation (DPCM) that can solve the aforementioned problems. Thus the focal point of this article is to explore the simulation of these systems using Simulink (The Math Works, Inc., USA). Eventually, the systems are tested on both image and audio inputs to prove the superiority of DPCM over DM and PCM systems in reducing noise and increasing the signal to quantization noise ratio, thus insuring a smooth and successful transfer of data.

A Scaling Law From Discrete to Continuous Solutions of Channel Capacity Problems in the Low-Noise Limit

An analog communication channel typically achieves its full capacity when the distribution of inputs is discrete, composed of just K symbols, such as voltage levels or wavelengths. As the effective noise level goes to zero, for example by sending the same message multiple times, it is known that optimal codes become continuous. Here we derive a scaling law for the optimal number of symbols in this limit, finding a novel rational scaling exponent. The number of symbols in the optimal code grows as log Ksim I^{4/3}, where the channel capacity I increases with decreasing noise. The same scaling applies to other problems equivalent to maximizing channel capacity over a continuous distribution.

On the Legal Categorisation of New Plant Breeding Technologies: Insights from Communication Science and Ways Forward

In July 2018 the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) ruled that organisms obtained from most New Plant Breeding Technologies (NPBT) fulfil the requirements of the GMO definition of Directive 2001/18. Practically, organisms created with NPBT have since been legally treated as GMOs. While we do not seek to contest the judgment in itself, in the present contribution we draw attention to the effects of such a categorisation from the perspective of communication science. Extrapolating from communication research conducted in adjacent technology domains, we will argue that by putting organisms obtained from NPBT semantically in the same basket as GMOs may carry a serious risk – transferring analogous communication problems that GMOs encountered in the past, to organisms obtained from NPBT, while they may not address similar risks. Possible consequences such as these can hardly be considered at the stage of legal interpretation (such as with the CJEU). Rather, as discussion now unfolds whether and how to change the legal definition, insights from communication science and risk perception research on the effect of such a definition should be taken into account.

DIGITALITY, VIRTUAL REALITY AND THE ‘EMPATHY MACHINE’

The man who works recognizes his own product in the World that has actually been transformed by his work: He recognizes himself in it, he sees in it his own human reality, in it he discovers and reveals to others the objective reality of his humanity, of the originally abstract and purely subjective idea he has of himself. Alexandre Kojève (1980, 27) The essay critiques an aspect of the so-called post-mobile wave of technological change that claims, through the vector of virtual reality (VR), to have created an ‘empathy machine’ that will form the basis of a new journalism. Through VR devices deployed by news organisations such as the New York Times, and multilateral institutions such as the United Nations, users will be so powerfully immersed in, for example, a street demonstration, or a refugee camp, that the empathy they feel may constitute a new strengthening of the fourth estate’s civic role in informing and enlightening the public, to the extent that it can go beyond subjective empathy to develop a shared basis for political participation in civil society. The essay considers these claims from the overarching context of what is called digitality. It argues that human agents are analogue agents from an analogue world. Digitality, by contrast, is an essentially alienating sphere wherein digital media cannot replicate analogue communication processes without generating gaps, voids, and ‘missing information’. It further argues, extending insights from Guy Debord, that what VR does produce is a powerful ‘integrated spectacle’ that is a pale substitute for the form of interactive experience needed for the generation of empathy. Taken together, the essay concludes that empathy, a contestable term in its common understanding to begin with, cannot be generated from a digital source. Moreover, should VR become the next dominant post-mobile technological wave as the tech giants predict, then people, users and consumers of VR products in the fourth estate news context, will be further distanced from the analogue reality of the actual world.

Clear as a bell

PurposeThis study reviews the construct of analogy as an individual communication mode, examining its relationship with cross-understanding in knowledge-diverse teams. The authors theorize that analogy use enhances team information processing beyond mere communication frequency through bridging knowledge differences across team members. The authors propose that analogies will have a direct relationship to knowledge application, and an indirect effect via cross-understanding. However, communication frequency will have only an indirect effect on knowledge application through cross-understanding.Design/methodology/approachThe authors sampled a 49-member team with 14 subteams, yielding 146 usable dyadic relationships. Two mediation models were estimated while using linear mixed-effect models in SPSS.FindingsThe results confirm the importance of analogies and cross-understanding in teams, generally supporting the hypotheses. Mere communication frequency was not related to knowledge application, indicating that “how you say it” may be more important than how often a team member speaks.Research limitations/implicationsThis research explored these constructs through a three-week project in a sample of graduate students working with a real-world client. Future research could explore the validity of this model in other organizational settings and test the analogy construct on the team level.Practical implicationsThe effectiveness of team member communication should be measured not only as frequency but also in terms of analogies to transmit meaning.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to an understanding of teams as information processors by building empirical support for the utility of analogical communication in design teams, establishing the relationship of analogies to cross-understanding and knowledge application.

Digital forensic investigation of two-way radio communication equipment and services

Historically, radio-equipment has solely been used as a two-way analogue communication device. Today, the use of radio communication equipment is increasing by numerous organisations and businesses. The functionality of these traditionally short-range devices have expanded to include private call, address book, call-logs, text messages, lone worker, telemetry, data communication, and GPS. Many of these devices also integrate with smartphones, which delivers Push-To-Talk services that make it possible to setup connections between users using a two-way radio and a smartphone. In fact, these devices can be used to connect users only using smartphones. To date, there is little research on the digital traces in modern radio communication equipment. In fact, increasing the knowledge base about these radio communication devices and services can be valuable to law enforcement in a police investigation. In this paper, we investigate what kind of radio communication equipment and services law enforcement digital investigators can encounter at a crime scene or in an investigation. Subsequent to seizure of this radio communication equipment we explore the traces, which may have a forensic interest and how these traces can be acquired. Finally, we test our approach on sample radio communication equipment and services.

Development of Analog and Digital Communication Systems Experimental Set for Time Division Multiplex Topic

Development of Analog and Digital Communication Systems Experimental Set for Time Division Multiplex Topic

Real-Time Estimation of Battery State of Charge With Metabolic Grey Model and LabVIEW Platform

Accurate state-of-charge (SoC) estimation is crucial to guarantee the safety and reliability of lithium-ion batteries. This paper aimed to develop an advanced battery estimation method for electric vehicles based on the grey model without the need of a high-fidelity battery model demanding high computation power. The metabolic grey model (MGM) introduced metabolism mechanism to adjust the model parameters according to the evolving operating status and conditions and estimate the state of charge. To further validate the feasibility of the proposed method, the analog acquisition, communication system, and SoC estimation algorithms were programmed to embed within a LabVIEW platform. The performance of the proposed SoC estimation with MGM algorithm was finally investigated with a battery-in-loop platform under different dynamic loading profiles. The experimental results indicated that the MGM can estimate SoC that involved small samples and poor information in real time, with the maximum errors of no over 4% under various loading conditions.

Designing MATLAB GUI for various Analog and Digital Communication Systems

Designing MATLAB GUI for various Analog and Digital Communication Systems

Incorporating Experiential Learning in Engineering Courses

In recent years, as a method of delivering course material has become more recognized in university education. This article is a report on a project conducted in the School of Engineering Science at Simon Fraser University that incorporates experiential learning in a lower division course. The course is a firstyear, common core course in logic circuits. At the time that this project was implemented, the course did not have any lab components attached to it; therefore, incorporating experiential learning into the course was even more challenging. In this article, an example of an assignment given to students that incorporates experiential learning is presented, and the results of students' feedback on this method of learning compared to the conventional method are summarized. A similar approach can be applied to other subjects in engineering, even without requiring a laboratory component in the course. This article also provides example applications for analog and digital communication courses.

Intelligent network assets supervision and control in Enedis

Recent years gave rise to major issues having an impact on the supervision and control domains for utilities, namely: (a) Automated metering, (b) Communication technologies based on IP, (c) Abandon of analogue communication networks by operators and manufacturers, (d) Digital control and supervision technologies in primary and secondary substations, (e) massive connection of distributed energy resources on medium and low voltage networks, (f) Smart grids and market flexibilities with a wider need of exchanges among actors, (g) Increase in the quantity of supervised equipment on the network with smart grids, (h) Need for strengthening cyber security for control systems. To efficiently address all these issues, Enedis launched a renovation project of supervision and control domains whose objectives tackle (i) design of equipment, including standardisation needs, (ii) implementation methodologies, (iii) assets management and maintenance, (iv) global configuration, (v) global supervision. Project organisation, priority issues, methodology (use case driven) and road map with major milestones are described in the study.

Parameter Estimation via Unlabeled Sensing Using Distributed Sensors

In this letter, the problem of estimating an unknown deterministic parameter is studied, where each sensor acquires a noisy version of the signal and the data at fusion center are unlabeled. Two scenarios are studied: one in which each sensor uses analog communication to transmit its observations with different channel coefficients, and the other in which each sensor uses a different threshold to quantize the noisy signal with a transition matrix describing the channel. Sufficient conditions are provided, under which maximum likelihood (ML) estimators can be found in polynomial time, and numerical simulations are conducted to evaluate performances of ML estimators.

Virtual Respiratory Rate Sensors: An Example of A Smartphone-Based Integrated and Multiparametric mHealth Gateway

In the last few years, several wearables appeared in the market, for fitness and healthcare applications. Such smart devices have been proposed as a possible solution for lowering the costs of healthcare, leading to the mHealth revolution. In the typical scenario, each wearable, embedding sensors, processing units and communication modules, adopts a smartphone for data collection, data displaying, and remote communication. In this paper, authors modify this paradigm simplifying the wearables (e.g., relying only on simple analog front ends and communication interfaces) and exploiting the (relatively large) computational capability of the smartphone, not only for implementing gateway features but also for processing raw biosignals as well. Several experiments verify the feasibility of the proposed approach and demonstrate that “local” biosensor virtualization is possible, expanding possibilities of mHealth. In particular, tests have been carried out to evaluate the performance of hearth rate computation and respiratory rate virtual sensor, starting from a single-lead electrocardiogram signal.