Analog Communication Research Articles

Quantum Multipartite correlation in Optical channel

The communication in the quantum networks is based on optical channels to take the advantage of analog, optical and digital communication system. Single data which carries information over the channel can be termed as solid state atoms or photons. The reliable channel is the one which carries the same state from the sending node to destination there can be superposition of states. practically ideal channel does not exist, the optical Gaussian channel which is considered as a degradable quantum channel. The optical interfaces and standard signal format would allow interconnecting fiber optic transmission equipment through multiple networks which carries information generated by multiple users of the network. Taking the infrastructure of existing telecommunication use the quantum information so that it is secure by its nature.

Communication-Efficient and Federated Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning

In this paper, we consider a distributed reinforcement learning setting where agents are communicating with a central entity in a shared environment to maximize a global reward. A main challenge in this setting is that the randomness of the wireless channel perturbs each agent&#x2019;s model update while multiple agents&#x2019; updates may cause interference when communicating under limited bandwidth. To address this issue, we propose a novel distributed reinforcement learning algorithm based on the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) and &#x201C;<i>over air aggregation</i>&#x201D; using analog transmission scheme, referred to as A-RLADMM. Our algorithm incorporates the wireless channel into the formulation of the ADMM method, which enables agents to transmit each element of their updated models over the same channel using analog communication. Numerical experiments on a multi-agent collaborative navigation task show that our proposed algorithm significantly outperforms the digital communication baseline of A-RLADMM (D-RLADMM), the lazily aggregated policy gradient (RL-LAPG), as well as the analog and the digital communication versions of the vanilla FL, (A-FRL) and (D-FRL) respectively.

Calculation of Information-Theoretic Properties of a Communication Channel with Real Signals and Non-Gaussian Noise

The paper proposes numerical methods to calculate the data transfer rate over a communication channel with real signals in the presence of a mixture of Gaussian and non-Gaussian correlated noise. This paper considers the transmission of discrete and continuous messages. The estimate of the data transmission rate given by the proposed methods is much more accurate than the estimation given by the Shannon limit. The proposed methods can be used for the information-theoretical analysis of the wide range of systems: systems of digital and analogous communication, radiolocation and radio navigation.

Flexible computational photodetectors for self-powered activity sensing

Conventional vision-based systems, such as cameras, have demonstrated their enormous versatility in sensing human activities and developing interactive environments. However, these systems have long been criticized for incurring privacy, power, and latency issues due to their underlying structure of pixel-wise analog signal acquisition, computation, and communication. In this research, we overcome these limitations by introducing in-sensor analog computation through the distribution of interconnected photodetectors in space, having a weighted responsivity, to create what we call a computational photodetector. Computational photodetectors can be used to extract mid-level vision features as a single continuous analog signal measured via a two-pin connection. We develop computational photodetectors using thin and flexible low-noise organic photodiode arrays coupled with a self-powered wireless system to demonstrate a set of designs that capture position, orientation, direction, speed, and identification information, in a range of applications from explicit interactions on everyday surfaces to implicit activity detection.

Conceptual Design of Quality Management Digitalization for FMCG Industry

Industry 4.0 era encourage FMCG manufacture industries in Indonesia to continuously innovating through digital technology adoption in their process, including quality management. Quality management digitalization in manufacture industry in Indonesia is now at the level of leaving paperwork documentation and analog communication in quality control; and have started to adopt computerized database and analysis. The absent of national software provider and academic study focusing on quality management digitalization concept has become an obstacle for Indonesia to evolve in Industry 4.0 era. This paper intended to provide conceptual design of integrated quality management digitalization to support FMCG industries in effective decision making and compliance to quality control plan; and to stimulate national software provide to develop digitalized quality management program

Interference of Periodic and Spread-Spectrum-Modulated Waveforms with Analog and Digital Communications

In this article, the effectiveness and the limitations of spread-spectrum (SS) modulation techniques employed in switching-mode power converters and in digital systems to mitigate interference with communication equipment are analyzed and discussed under the EMC standard perspective and under an information theoretical perspective, with reference to different real-world scenarios. Substantial difference between potential EMI issues in traditional analog radio/TV broadcasting, digital data lines, and digital links featuring advanced channel coding techniques, e.g. in emerging power line communication (PLC) systems, are highlighted. Practical recommendations on the adoption of SS modulations along with a general reflection on the evolution of EMC requirements are finally given.

Implementation of FM Receiver/Transmitter and Smart Keyless Car Using GNU Radio Companion with HackRf One

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Software Defined Radio (SDR) is a technology that supports full-features of instructions to deal with and simulate the digital and analog communications. The SDR systems encompass the platform of networked series of the Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) providing a complete stand-alone radio system to acquire and process large portions of the RF spectrum. Therefore, HackRF One device can be used as either receiver or transmitter. This device has sample rate reaches up to 20 MS/sec, and operating frequency works at the range from 1MHz to 6 GHz. It is a suitable candidate for providing the SDR features. The SDR has the capability for writing custom routines in a variety of programming languages, for example Python or C++. This paper aims at implementing the receiver using HackRf one with GNU radio companion to demodulate and hear to single and/or multiple FM channels systems. Subsequently, this structure is used at the transmitter side to send files or recorded voice. This paper also explores the concept of securing the Smart Keyless Cars, which use radio frequencies to lock and unlock doors, it is done by firstly receiving or picking up the tuned frequency, saving it, and then transmitting it via Hackrf one to open or close the target door.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

WORKSHOP AUDIO RECORDING SYSTEM PADA SEKAWAN TRAINING CENTER

Data, Voice / Voice and Video are basic needs for information for people in the digital era. This is based on the trend of triple play technology, which is a technology trend that accommodates three services that are presented in a customer service. The development of meeting the basic needs of the digital community cannot be separated from the development of the infrastructure that can be passed. This should be the basis for understanding the digital community that, in meeting the basic need for information, there is always a new technique being born. And the birth of this new technology can change a paradigm and even be disruptive.&#x0D; Voice as a need for digital society cannot be separated from the use of communication technology. Communication that is shared by users who interact with each other, that is, interact and communicate with each other.&#x0D; Sekawan Trining Center is an institution that is very interested in the use of techniques in supporting organizational operations wherever they are located. Although the technique is developing rapidly, this is also accompanied by an increase in the costs that must be incurred in its implementation. For this reason, the utilization of existing techniques can be maximized to reduce costs that may arise.&#x0D; There are also technology platforms that use analog communication media to enable systems that can be used to connect with technologies that can be used to access digital data. The solution that can be applied to overcome this is an Audio Recording System.

Performance of different Formation control methods between Multiple Spacecraft with local part communications

With the development of network and distributed computing, many applications of multi vehicle system have become possible, and motion transformation can be realized. In multi vehicle coordination, the interaction between information exchange topology and control plays an important role. Different formation control methods have different performance. Thus, in order to figure out which method is suitable for multiple spacecraft, the author simulated the signal unstable environment in space to test the robustness and consensus speed of the following three methods. The author use Bearing-only Formation Control, A leader–follower Formation Control and Affine Formation Control to test their performance with local part communications. The author use matlab and simulink to analog communication process of multiple spacecraft. Finally, the author find Affine Formation Control’s performance is the best. It has the best robustness and the fast consensus speed but more energy and signal paths to communicate.

Contribution of analog signaling to neurotransmitter interactions and behavior: Role of transporter-mediated nonquantal dopamine release.

Neuronal networks cause changes in behaviorally important information processing through the vesicular release of neurotransmitters governed by the rate and timing of action potentials (APs). Herein, we provide evidence that dopamine (DA), nonquantally released from the cytoplasm, may exert similar effects in vivo. In mouse slice preparations, (+/−)‐3,4‐methylenedioxy‐methamphetamine (MDMA, or ecstasy) and β‐phenylethylamine (β‐PEA)‐induced DA release in the striatum and nucleus accumbens (NAc), two regions of the brain involved in reward‐driven and social behavior and inhibited the axonal stimulation‐induced release of tritiated acetylcholine ([3H]ACh) in the striatum. The DA transporter (DAT) inhibitor (GBR‐12909) prevented MDMA and β‐PEA from causing DA release. GBR‐12909 could also restore some of the stimulated acetylcholine release reduced by MDMA or β‐PEA in the striatum confirming the fundamental role of DAT. In addition, hypothermia could prevent the β‐PEA‐induced release in the striatum and in the NAc. Sulpiride, a D2 receptor antagonist, also prevented the inhibitory effects of MDMA or β‐PEA on stimulated ACh release, suggesting they act indirectly via binding of DA. Reflecting the neurochemical interactions in brain slices at higher system level, MDMA altered the social behavior of rats by preferentially enhancing passive social behavior. Similar to the in vitro effects, GBR‐12909 treatment reversed specific elements of the MDMA‐induced changes in behavior, such as passive social behavior, while left others including social play unchanged. The changes in behavior by the high level of extracellular DA–– a significant amount originating from cytoplasmic release––suggest that in addition to digital computation through synapses, the brain also uses analog communication, such as DA signaling, to mediate some elements of complex behaviors, but in a much longer time scale.

DESAIN KONSEPTUAL DIGITALISASI MANAJEMEN MUTU PADA INDUSTRI FMCG

Industry 4.0 era encourage FMCG manufacture industries in Indonesia to continuously innovating through digital technology adoption in their process, including quality management. Quality management digitalization in manufacture industry in Indonesia is now at the level of leaving paperwork documentation and analog communication in quality control; and have started to adopt computerized database and analysis. The absent of national software provider and academic study focusing on quality management digitalization concept has become an obstacle for Indonesia to evolve in Industry 4.0 era. This paper intended to provide conceptual design of integrated quality management digitalization to support FMCG industries in effective decision making and compliance to quality control plan; and to stimulate national software provider to develop digitalized quality management program. The research use descriptive qualitative method through literature review of articles indexed in Garuda and Mendeley from 2017 to 2020 to make sure if there any previous research studied quality management digitalization for FMCG industry, and thus the review will be used as a strong reason to develop concept of quality management digitalization. The result showing no research found that exclusively studied about quality management digitalization for FMCG, and thus concept of quality management digitalization for FMCG is proposed as a baseline foundation for program developer to develop an integrated software in quality management digitalization for FMCG.

REVITALISASI KOMUNIKASI ANALOG DI KOMUNITAS KELUARGA MUDA INDONESIA

Handwritting into book is the most ancient form of analog communication and a means of remote communication that was first present in human life. However, just like any other communication product, writing on books (journaling) slowly begins to be eroded by technology dermination. The culture of analog writing shifts to typing. The decline in interest analog writing is seen from the results of research and regulations in some countries that no longer require the younger generation to have certain skills of writing. In fact, analog writing activities are scientifically proven to be mentally healthy. The situation in Indonesia is slightly different from the presence of the government that requires handwritten classes for elementary children, and the growing writing market in young family communities. Journaling in the millenial mother community is a process to get a more conscious lifestyle. This research aims to understand the revitalization process of an analog communication to remain favored by people who have become accustomed to consuming communication information technology. Through the Case Study it was found that journaling as analog communication is able to maintain its existence because of the revitalization of ideas through interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary collaboration in the scope of communication science.

Managing Multiple Medications and Their Packaging for Older People in Home Care Nursing: An Interview Study.

Home care nurses assist older people in their daily living and well-being, including medication management. Medication management can be challenging for older people with functional constraints and several chronic conditions. This paper presents how home care nurses manage medications and their packaging for older people at their homes. This study followed an explorative qualitative research design, in which semi-structured interviews were conducted with home care nurses in Sweden (n = 14). The study revealed that home care nurses need to coordinate a multitude of interrelated tasks, with documentation being paramount. Regarding medication management, automated systems were preferred, as they reduce medication errors and facilitate dispensing of medications for each patient when compared with analogue systems still in use (i.e., dosing boxes), commonly used by older people. Importantly, the lack of a common journal system for updates on prescribed medication among health care providers and analogue communication still in place creates space for outdated prescription of medications for patients. There are opportunities for further investigation on how technology can help home care nurses in coordinating medication management tasks with other health care providers, and on receiving updates about medication intake by older patients when the nurse is not at their homes.

5G and NOA

NAMUR Open Architecture (NOA) follows the concept of creating an Industry 4.0 world that stands beside the classical automation pyramid. In this concept, devices which previously only had a communication path within the OT world receive a controlled second communication path into the IT world, where NOA realizes monitoring and optimization applications. The challenge lies in retrofitting communication in brownfield plants, where a large fraction of field devices and many control devices currently only have analog and/or OT communication. In this paper we introduce 5G and the standards contain and show that these are a very promising path to retrofit communication from the OT to the IT world of NOA. This allows to retrofit NOA, but also forms the basis for future Industry 4.0 szenarios, in which the automation pyramid may be dropped.&#x0D;

A novel 4 dimensional hyperchaotic system with its control, Synchronization and Implementation

This paper presents a new hyperchaotic system which shows some interesting features, the system is 4-dimensional with 4 nonlinearities. An extensive numerical analysis has showed that the system has some interesting features and strange behaviors. The numerical analysis includes studying the effect of system parameters and initial conditions. Some of the important properties of the system with parameter set, in which the system is hyperchaotic, such as Lyapunov exponents and Lyapunov dimension, dissipation and symmetry are found and discussed. In the next part of our work, a tracking controller for the proposed system is designed and then a synchronization control system for two identical systems is designed. The design procedure uses combination of a simple synergetic control with adaptive updating laws to identify the unknown parameters derived basing on Lyapunov theorem. Hardware implementation based on microcontroller unit (MCU) board is proposed and tested and used to experimentally validate the designed control and synchronization systems. As an application, the designed synchronization system is used as a secure analogue communication system. Using MATLAB, Simulation study for the control and synchronization systems is presented. The simulation and experimental study have been showed excellent results.

Single-photon detection for MIMO underwater wireless optical communication enabled by arrayed LEDs and SiPMs.

Underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) is a promising technology that can be a candidate to improve the communication capacity and speed in aquatic media. The aim of this study is to examine the performance of a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) array-based multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) UWOC system. A SiPM is a modern solid-state photodetector with extremely high sensitivity up to the single-photon level or a photon-counting ability, which helps in detecting extremely weak light signals after long-distance underwater channel attenuation. We clarify the basic characteristics and photon-counting detection mode of a SiPM. In particular, the photocount of a SiPM is approximated by a Gaussian distribution, and theoretical analysis shows that only 13.3 photons need to be detected during "1" symbol period to achieve a bit error rate of 10-3 in an ambient light environment. Moreover, a SiPM also has a better analog mode detection ability than an avalanche photodiode (APD) and realizes 2 Mbps analog communication owing to its unique array structure and high photon detection efficiency. Furthermore, MIMO, i.e., spatial diversity, is applied as an effective method to relax the link alignment, improve the system performance, and alleviate the effect of optical turbulence. In our experiment, with a photon-counting 6×3 MIMO scheme, an energy per bit of 7.38×10-9 J/bit is achieved at a scintillation index of 4.66×10-3 in a 10 m water tank with 1 Mbps on-off-keying (OOK) modulation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on a MIMO-UWOC system based on the photon-counting mode of a SiPM array. This UWOC system combines the advantages of SiPMs and the MIMO scheme and has the potential to realize long-distance UWOC under optical turbulence.

Unbridled! Thoughts on times of self-begetting and violence

Mind is multi-levelled displaying an eons-long prehistory, while as Freud well knew civilization is new and frail: in biological evolution Thanatos long antecedes Eros. Complex intraspecies interchanges in higher animals proceeding by analogic communication give a firm place to Freudian Dingvorstellungen. Self-recognition and reflective thought come exceedingly late, in apes, requiring affectionate baby-mother mirroring. Deriving from inquiry on ego-dystonic neuroses, psychoanalysis must in the Age of Media deal with ego-syntonic pathologies sporting a demise of self-observation and self-reflection: borderline, autistic and autistoid disturbances. The 'epidemy of autism' offers fertile ground for very early psychoanalytic intervention, here briefly illustrated clinically. But on the other side, adolescent and post-adolescent disturbances cover a range going from autistoid retraction to more and more defiant if not violent protagonistic self-begettings, often propelled by overriding feelings of victimhood: filio-parental violence is the offshoot. Postmodernist ideologies accompany and fuel such trends.

Design of high gain and high bandwidth operational transconductance amplifier (OTA)

ABSTRACT A novel operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) having high gain and high bandwidth for high-speed analog communication techniques and precision filtering is designed in this paper. The designed OTA uses β-multiplier-based current biasing scheme with folded cascode amplifier scheme in order to improve the small signal models and the DC gain of circuit. The OTA design was carried out using TSMC 65 nm CMOS technology using Cadence Virtuoso tool with 1 V supply voltage and 10 pf capacitive load. The output DC gain was found to be approximately 75.3 dB. In addition, the unity gain frequency for the designed OTA was found to be around 200 MHz. Superior common mode rejection ratio, power supply rejection ratio and slew rates along with compact chip area and low power are other salient features of the designed OTA. The designed OTA can be employed in order to design high performance analog circuits like data converters, phase-locked loops, etc.

A new 4-D hyperchaotic hidden attractor system: Its dynamics, coexisting attractors, synchronization and microcontroller implementation

In this paper, a simple 4-dimensional hyperchaotic system is introduced. The proposed system has no equilibria points, so it admits hidden attractor which is an interesting feature of chaotic systems. Another interesting feature of the proposed system is the coexisting of attractors where it shows periodic and chaotic coexisting attractors. After introducing the system, the system is analyzed dynamically using numerical and theoretical techniques. In this analysis, Lyapunov exponents and bifurcation diagrams have been used to investigate chaotic and hyperchaotic nature, the ranges of system parameters for different behaviors and the route for chaos and coexisting attractors regions. In the next part of our work, a synchronization control system for two identical systems is designed. The design procedure uses a combination of simple synergetic control with adaptive updating laws to identify the unknown parameters derived basing on Lyapunov theorem. Microcontroller (MCU) based hardware implementation system is proposed and tested by using MATLAB as a display side. As an application, the designed synchronization system is used as a secure analog communication system. The designed MCU system with MATLAB Simulation is used to validate the designed synchronization and secure communication systems and excellent results have been obtained.

A Comprehensive Analysis of M-ary PSK and M-ary QAM Schemes

In the last few decades, data communication has recorded massive improvements. These improvements were brought about by advancement in digital circuitry, its availability and persistent reduction in cost. Before the advancement of digital communication technology, analogue communication was the dominant means of transmitting data. As the internet expands across the globe, the need to transfer data over long distances increases. However, the major problem with analogue communication is that the quality of signals is lost with distance. Also, it has minimal security and does not support data integration. Digital communications provided an alternative to analogue communication. Today, digital modulations have become part and parcel of the present and future communication technologies. Despite the advantages of these schemes, the traditional channel impairments, such as noise, can affect their performance. Moreover, data transmission is mostly done over wireless channels, which are very unpredictable and are characterised by multipath fading effects. This paper presents a short research article that presents a study of digital modulation schemes (M-ary QAM and M-ary PSK) using MATLAB/Simulink under Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN). The result shows that, among the three modulation schemes compared, QAM has the best BER performance with minimal energy consumption.