Digital Output Research Articles

Digital Commerce and MSMEs Output in Sub-Saharan Africa

In this paper, we assessed the impact of digital commerce on micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in sub-Saharan Africa using evidence from Nigeria. In a descriptive research design, we adopted both descriptive and inferential statistics to answer the three research questions and test the corresponding hypotheses. Primary data gleaned from a sample of 400 respondents selected across the six geopolitical zones of Nigeria using multiple sampling techniques was used for the study. Results from logit model regression show that digital commerce has made significant impacts on performance, growth and expansion, as well as cost-effectiveness and profitability of MSMEs in Nigeria. While the study noted that, though litany of challenges still confronts digital commerce in sub-Saharan Africa, we still concluded that any increase in awareness and adoption of digital commercial activities by one unit has an odd ratio of about 10.1, hence, MSMEs output will be 10 times likely improve by the unit increase. To this, we recommended that both government and other relevant stakeholders must partner to ensure that enabling digital environments are created for sustainable digital commerce. This partnership must function well in removing all bottlenecks especially as it concerns infrastructural development, regulations and improved financial inclusion.

Design of a Waste Classification System Using a Low Experimental Cost Capacitive Sensor and Machine Learning Algorithms

The management and classification of solid waste is one of the most important challenges worldwide. The objective is to design a basic waste classification system at the source using a low-cost experimental capacitive sensor and machine learning algorithms. For this, two types of sensor models were established (Traditional Model (MT) and Non-Traditional Model (MNT)), which were built with recyclable material and tested with different types of materials, in order to evaluate their behavior and sensitivity level. The results obtained demonstrated that the two sensors responded with acceptable sensitivity levels for each of the materials used as a test; however, the MNT was the one that generated the values with the greatest variability, an aspect that is deemed highly significant, because, thanks to this type of response to various types of materials, it facilitates the classification processes through the use of machine learning algorithms. Finally, the two prototypes of sensors manufactured can be considered of significant relevance for the development of more complex solutions, related to the classification and possible characterization of materials, when compared to the capacitive sensors found on the market, which only then allow us to identify if there is a presence or not of some object through adjustment by potentiometer, generating as a result a digital output. This aspect largely limits the use of commercial capacitive sensors to applications exclusively related to presence or level detection.

Remote control of home electronic equipment using dual tone multi-frequency signals

The majority of electrical appliances rely on a switch as a fundamental mechanism for activation, deactivation or adjustment of appliances operation based on their requirement. It ensures safe and efficient flow of electricity or power to these devices. With the rapid advancement of technology, automation and wireless control systems have gained significant popularity. The current conventional automation regards remote control of appliances is based on Infra-Red transmission technology. The challenges associated with Infra-red technology includes short distance of transmission or operating range, inability to penetrate solid barriers, limited line of sight, inability to communicate to the user the current status of the appliance, and complete lack of security as any other person can use the remote to operate the device. By leveraging the capabilities of modern smartphones, this equipment aims to provide a user-friendly solution for remote management of electrical appliances, further enhancing the efficiency and comfort of modern homes. The work primarily presents the design and functionality of a device that wirelessly regulates home electrical equipment through the integration of GSM and an 8051 microcontroller. The system functions by having an authenticated signal transmitted from the user's mobile phone via the Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) network to a designated phone connected to the control equipment. This signal, or code, contains specific information about the operation to be executed, such as which electrical sockets need to be turned on or off. Upon receiving the Dual Tone Multi Frequency (DTMF) signal from the user's mobile phone, the receiver phone relays it to the integrated DTMF decoder. The decoder interprets the signal and converts it into a digital output signal, which is then forwarded to the 8051 microcontrollers. Based on the received digital signal, the microcontroller activates the appropriate relays connected to each electrical socket through the ULN2003 Darlington transistor array. This activation effectively controls the power supply to the targeted sockets, enabling the user to manage their electrical appliances remotely with precision and convenience. Comprehensive testing was performed on each circuit diagram module, and notable results were achieved for the overall system. The system's unique features allow end-users to conveniently control and isolate tasks using a mobile phone. By pressing specific buttons, users can easily manage various operations remotely, enhancing the system's functionality and flexibility in a range of applications.

Hardware and software system for simulation, control, and communication between industrial automation programs and PLC control used in educational institutions

This work presents the design and implementation of a system for studying industrial automation in the classroom, enabling students to conduct automation practices using Siemens, Festo, and RealGames software. It complements their learning with physical digital devices connected to a computer to activate and deactivate both analog and digital inputs and outputs, as well as sensors and actuators connected through communication networks and bus-type protocols. This system allows for save cost in the classroom. With minimal investment, each student can have their own “PLC”; using an ESP32 microprocessor-based device. They can couple power components onto baseboards for the device and run the developed server, enabling the device to communicate and activate the specified outputs in the control system, with minimal programming required. The clientserver communication libraries were developed using Python, and the ESP32 programming was done using microPython. The maximum number of applications that can be interconnected is up to 127 devices. The maximum response speed or latency is 500ms, and the approximate cost per complete simulation unit is one thousand Mexican pesos. Compared to the cost of a traditional laboratory of this type, it is less than 10% of the cost of a laboratory equipped with PLCs from recognized brands.

Design and Build of Air Conditioners with Peltier Modules and PID Controls

Air conditioners are among the technologies that have been increasingly common, as time has gone on, from personal comfort to room comfort. A multi-story building is one location that requires air conditioning. This is because the structure's air pressure will rise until a certain level, making the temperature too low, so air conditioning is necessary to maintain a comfortable temperature. Similarly, in tropical areas where the temperature exceeds what is reasonably comfortable. However, the current air conditioner technology has the potential to harm the environment. Since Freon, which is used in it, can pass through the ozone layer. Eventually, global warming will happen and the world will get hotter. The SHT21 sensor is the kind of sensor that will be utilized in this final project since it has strong and steady chemical resistance over time and uses the I2C interface. This type of sensor is also capable of being utilized as a calibrated ambient temperature sensor, with a digital output form already comprised. This sensor will enable us to create a PID system with feedback that monitors the temperature produced by the Peltier module along with reacting to controlled PID by delivering PWM into the driver, then subsequently transmits the signal to the Peltier module for monitoring. When the duty cycle is 100 percent or the PWM value is set to 255, the Peltier module generates a 12-volt voltage at its best. When duty cycle 0 percent or PWM value 0 is selected, the module stops functioning. It is anticipated that this system will advance toward a Freon-free air conditioning system.

Molecular Probe for Specific Recognition of TKX-50: 'Luminescence-ON' Response and its Integration to a Smart Device for Surveillance.

In response to the growing concerns about the unauthorized use of advanced secondary explosives such as TKX-50 against non-combatant targets, there is an urgent need for effective detection methods or techniques to ensure efficient security screening, homeland security, and public safety. Herein, a new polymeric receptor (IV) derived from functionalized tetraphenylethylene moiety (TPE) and 1,3,5-tris(4-aminophenyl)benzene (TAPB) moietiesfor the efficient detection of TKX-50 through a 'switch ON' luminescence response upon specific binding to the explosive, is reported. The observed 'luminescence ON' response is rationalized based on a charge transfer complex formation between TKX-50 and the polymeric receptor IV (Ka = 1.7 × 104 m-1). This is validated by the steady and excited-state luminescence studies, along with detailed computational studies. The authors' presumptions are further validated with adequate control studies using an appropriate monomeric derivative (III) of TPE. Moreover, this 'luminescence ON' response can be integrated into a smart and user-friendly Internet of Things (IoT)-based prototype device. This device can effectively convert optical responses into digital output to develop an optical device for real-time detection of TKX-50 in solution. This lightweight, portable device is ideally suited for remote surveillance and monitoring of TKX-50; such examples are rare in contemporary literature.

Revisiting the follicle-stimulation hormone receptor expression and function in human myometrium and adipose tissue

BackgroundExtragonadal follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) expression at low levels has been shown in several normal and tumor tissues, including myometrium and adipose tissue. FSH-FSHR signaling in the myometrium has been suggested to regulate uterine contractile activity and the timing of labor. In contrast, FSH-FSHR has been linked to the activation of brown/beige fat thermogenesis in adipose tissue. The issue of extragonadal FSHR expression and its functionality remains contentious within the scientific community, as contradictory findings necessitate further independent and critical analyses. Hereby, we re-investigated the FSHR expression and its functionality in normal non-pregnant (M-NP) and pregnant (N-P) human myometrium, as well as in human visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous (SCAT) adipose tissue (AT).MethodsFSHR expression at mRNA (real-time qPCR, RNAscope in situ hybridization) and protein (immunohistochemical staining) levels in adipose tissue, myometrium, and adipocytes were evaluated. Myometrium and adipocytes were treated with recombinant (rh)FSH to study its effects on functional pathways. Myometrium contractile activity was measured using a force transducer with digital output and the DASYLab software unit. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production by myometrium explants and adipocytes was measured using a cAMP ELISA Kit. The activation of the AKT pathway in myometrium and adipocytes was analyzed by Western blot analysis.ResultsContrary to previous observations, we found no expression of FSHR at either mRNA or protein levels in M-NP, N-P, VAT, and SCAT. Treatment with recombinant human FSH (rhFSH) showed no effect on cAMP production or phosphorylation of AKT in M-NP, N-P, as well as in VAT and SCAT. rhFSH treatment did not influence contractile activity in M-NP, N-P.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that the FSHR signaling pathway does not regulate myometrial contractility during pregnancy. Additionally, the absence of FSHR expression in both VAT and SCAT implied that FSHR does not play a role in the functional signaling pathways in adipose tissues. In conclusion, our findings contradict earlier data on the involvement of FSH-FSHR signaling in regulating myometrial contractility near term, as well as in adipose tissue function.

Study and application of bridge circuit based on ratio method

Abstract A new high-precision bridge circuit based on the ratio method is proposed to solve the requirements of high-precision resistance measurement for resistive sensors. The bridge circuit based on the ratio method of the ADC’s digital output is the ratio of the ADC’s analog input voltage and reference voltage, using unbalanced bridge output which is amplified as the analog input of ADC, also using differential voltage of another bridge arm of the same side as the reference voltage of ADC, after analog-digital conversion the ADC’s digital output as the system output. Achieving the resistance signal and the output of the bridge circuit has a strictly linear relationship, overcoming the supply voltage fluctuations has a great impact on the resistance measurement results, and eliminating the system’s zero drift and temperature drift is reached, so the bridge circuit has a better high-precision performance of resistance measurement.

Achieving new excellence in an augmented reality dental education system

Background/purposeSimEx-Plus (EPED. Inc) was already a mature augmented reality (AR) dental training simulator that allowed students to have a high quality dental education practice. Now the EPCAD software has been further developed into a comprehensive computer-aided design software. It helps relevant professionals learn how to create digital fixed prosthesis in a virtual environment. This study used the newly developed EPCAD software that was integrated within the SimEx-Plus to design dental restorations then digital output milling restorations. We hope that the SimEx-Plus AR dental training simulator can achieve the multi-purpose function in one machine. Materials and methodsA right maxillary central incisor was prepared in the standard dental model. The restorations were designed by EPCAD software integrated with the SimEx-Plus and milled by a 4-axis dental milling machine (N4+, vhf camfacture AG). The internal gap of the restoration was evaluated. ResultsThe internal gaps of the crowns set on the right maxillary central incisor were among 68.27–89.80 μm. The different setting for digital output did not influence the internal gap (P 0.05, One-Way ANOVA). However, the internal gap on the palatal side was larger than that on the labial, mesial, distal, and incisal surfaces (P < 0.05, One-Way ANOVA). ConclusionThe new software EPCAD that was integrated within the SimEx-Plus AR dental training simulator could design restorations, and the designed restorations had good internal gap for clinical use. The professionals can learn tooth preparation and digital restoration fabrication by the SimEx-Plus AR dental training system.

A New 7, 15 and 31-level Modular Reduced Switch Multilevel Inverter With Gating Signal Generation Using Digital Output Pins

A New 7, 15 and 31-level Modular Reduced Switch Multilevel Inverter With Gating Signal Generation Using Digital Output Pins

Digital Quantitative Detection for Heterogeneous Protein and mRNA Expression Patterns in Circulating Tumor Cells.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) circulating tumor cells (CTCs) exhibit significant phenotypic heterogeneity and diverse gene expression profiles due to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). However, current detection methods lack the capacity for simultaneous quantification of multidimensional biomarkers, impeding a comprehensive understanding of tumor biology and dynamic changes. Here, the CTC Digital Simultaneous Cross-dimensional Output and Unified Tracking (d-SCOUT) technology is introduced, which enables simultaneous quantification and detailed interpretation of HCC transcriptional and phenotypic biomarkers. Based on self-developed multi-real-time digital PCR (MRT-dPCR) and algorithms, d-SCOUT allows for the unified quantification of Asialoglycoprotein Receptor (ASGPR), Glypican-3 (GPC-3), and Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (EpCAM) proteins, as well as Programmed Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1), GPC-3, and EpCAM mRNA in HCC CTCs, with good sensitivity (LOD of 3.2 CTCs per mL of blood) and reproducibility (mean %CV = 1.80-6.05%). In a study of 99 clinical samples, molecular signatures derived from HCC CTCs demonstrated strong diagnostic potential (AUC = 0.950, sensitivity = 90.6%, specificity = 87.5%). Importantly, by integrating machine learning, d-SCOUT allows clustering of CTC characteristics at the mRNA and protein levels, mapping normalized heterogeneous 2D molecular profiles to assess HCC metastatic risk. Dynamic digital tracking of eight HCC patients undergoing different treatments visually illustrated the therapeutic effects, validating this technology's capability to quantify the treatment efficacy. CTC d-SCOUT enhances understanding of tumor biology and HCC management.

Surface acoustic wave platform integrated with ultraviolet activated rGO-SnS2 nanocomposites to achieve ppb-level dimethyl methylphosphonate detection at room-temperature

Dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) is commonly used as an alternative for demonstrating to detect sarin, which is one of the most toxic but odorless chemical nerve agents. Among various types of DMMP sensors, those utilizing surface acoustic wave (SAW) technology provide notable advantages such as wireless/passive monitoring, digital output, and a compact, portable design. However, key challenges for SAW-based DMMP sensors operated at room temperature lies in simultaneous enhancement of sensitivities and reduction of detection limits. In this study, we developed a binary material strategy by combining reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and tin disulfide (SnS2) with (100)-facets orientation as sensing layers of SAW device for DMMP detection utilized at room temperature. Ultraviolet (UV) light was applied to activate the sensitive film and reduce the sensor's response time. The developed SAW DMMP sensor demonstrated a superior sensitivity (−1298.82 Hz/ppm), a low detection limit of 50 ppb, and a hysteresis below 1.5%, along with fast response/recovery time (39.2 s/28.4 s), excellent selectivity, long-term stability and repeatability. The formation of shrub-like rGO-SnS2 heterojunctions with abundant surface defects and large specific surface areas, high-energy (100) crystalline surfaces of SnS2, and photogenerated carriers generated by UV irradiation were pinpointed as the crucial sensing mechanisms. These factors collectively enhanced adsorption and reaction dynamics of DMMP molecules.

Monitoring Gene Sequences of Staphylococcus aureus Using a Love-Mode Surface Acoustic Wave Biosensor Coated with Cellulose Acetate/Polyethylenimine Nanofibers and Au Nanoparticles.

Love-mode surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors show great promise for biodetection applications owing to their low cost, digital output, and wireless passive capability, but their performance is often restricted by the availability of suitable sensitive membrane layers. Herein, a composite layer of electrospun fibers made from cellulose acetate and polyethylenimine, coated with gold nanoparticles, is proposed as a porous and sensitive membrane coated onto a love-mode SAW biosensor for monitoring gene sequences of Staphylococcus aureus. The results showed that the developed sensor exhibited an impressive sensitivity of 122.56 Hz/(nmol/L) for detecting gene sequences of S. aureus, surpassing the sensitivity of conventional SAW sensors employing a bare Au film as the sensitive layer by 5-fold. The analysis revealed a remarkably linear detection (R2 of 0.97827) of S. aureus gene sequences within the range of 0 to 100 nmol/L. The limit of detection was impressively low at 0.9116 nmol/L. The good stability and specificity of the biosensor in liquid environments were demonstrated for clinical diagnostics.

An Energy‐Efficient Fully On‐Chip CMOS Temperature Sensor for Portable Applications With an RFoM of 2.79 pJ.K2

ABSTRACTThis article describes an energy‐efficient, low‐power CMOS temperature sensor suitable for portable applications. The sensor's front‐end circuitry is designed with a reference voltage (V), complementary to absolute temperature (CTAT) voltage (V), and ramp voltage generators. The ramp voltage (V) is produced by utilizing a current reference circuit. The ramp voltage is compared with independent and temperature‐dependent voltages to perform the voltage‐to‐frequency conversion. Conversion from frequency to digital output is achieved through an asynchronous counter with an on‐chip oscillator. The proposed design is realized in a 0.18‐m CMOS technology and attains a power usage of 604.4 nW at 27°C with an operating voltage of 0.5 V. Furthermore, it obtains an inaccuracy of +0.71/−0.73°C over −40°C to 125°C temperature range with an active area of 0.025 mm2. Moreover, the designed sensor circuit offers a resolution of 0.17°C with an energy conversion of 96.7 pJ.

Design of a Portable Electronic Nose for Identification of Minced Chicken Meat Adulterated With Soybean Protein Isolate

ABSTRACTThe study aimed to develop a portable electronic nose system for detecting adulteration with soybean protein isolate (SPI) in chicken meat. The system mainly consisted of three parts: the gas sensor array, the DSP28335 control board, and the upper computer. The DSP28335 control board, developed using C language, included analog to digital converter (ADC) module, digital output (DO) module, pulse width modulation (PWM) module, controller area network (CAN) module, power module, drive circuit, and so forth. The upper computer, developed using LabVIEW, facilitated user interaction with the user by primarily handling CAN configuration and monitoring, displaying and storing sensor data, temperature and flow data, and sending and monitoring electronic nose commands. The feasibility of the proposed electronic nose for characterizing adulterated chicken meat was tested on six classes of chicken meat that had been adulterated with varied quantities of SPI. The mass fractions of SPI were 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%, respectively. On the basis of odor data from the electronic nose, K‐nearest neighbor (KNN), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and support vector machine (SVM) were applied to qualitatively distinguish minced chicken meat with different adulteration ratios. The results showed that the SVM model had the best recognition effect. When the best parameters (c, g) were c = 16 and g = 1, the accuracy of SVM model was 97.22% and 93.75% in the training and testing sets, respectively. These results demonstrated that the portable electronic nose designed in this paper effectively identifies minced chicken meat under various adulteration conditions, enabling rapid and nondestructive detection of chicken meat adulteration.

Laboratory systems for detonation research

Decarbonizing global energy systems is among the most pertinent challenges in the climate crisis. Tightly tied to the economic prosperity of a nation and responsible for more than 75% of global emissions, decarbonization of the energy sector will require well-developed solutions. The emergence of detonation engines can reduce emissions in aviation and gas-fired power generation, with theoretical efficiencies 40% lower than conventional engines. These efficiencies have yet to be realized in practice, due to our lack of understanding of detonation propagation and its instabilities. This project aimed to develop the laboratory systems required to study detonations. To this end, a long rectangular channel was manufactured and outfitted with a gas handling system to inject a mixture, an ignition system, pressure transducers to capture the propagation characteristics, and an optical system enabling Schlieren photography. The gas handling system uses sonic nozzles, thus flow rate is a linear function of upstream line pressure. Each line contains a pressure transducer, microcontroller to process signals, LCD for pressure readout, and a regulator for adjustment of the line pressure. The ignition system uses an ignition box that steps up a 12 V supply to 400 V, an ignition coil raising the voltage to 15-40 kV, and a spark plug to ignite the mixture. Ignition, pressure transducer signal acquisition, and Schlieren photography are all synchronized using a NI-6356 DAQ with LabVIEW. The DAQs analog input ports receive readings from the pressure transducers along the channel, the timing of which and known distance between transducers allows for velocity calculations. The schlieren system utilizes the digital output channels to synchronize camera shutter with an LED driver, and parabolic mirrors, positioned to optimize schlieren imaging. The LED driver requires greater current than produced by the DAQ thus a current amplifier circuit is used to bridge the DAQ and driver.

A 3D photon-to-digital converter readout for low-power and large-area applications

A new trend in large area noble liquid experiments is to measure the scintillation light with photodetectors and their electronics inside the active volume. Compared to the typical approach of using silicon photomultipliers (SiPM) with an analog readout chain leading to an analog-to-digital converter, this paper presents a new 3D photon-to-digital converter (PDC) readout that takes advantage of the binary nature of the single-photon avalanche diodes (SPAD). The readout contains 4096 pixels over 25 mm2, each including a 3D bonding pad and a quenching circuit. The readout features three different outputs: a fast flag to get the timestamp of each event from an external time-to-digital converter, a digital sum to retrieve the number of pixels triggered during an event, and an analog monitor to generate an analog SiPM-like output. The analog monitor is also used to validate the two former digital outputs. The readout also includes 61 2D CMOS SPADs for validation purpose prior to the final 3D integration with SPADs custom made according to our design by Teledyne DALSA (Bromont, Canada). As a first system integration toward large-area detector applications, a mini-tile of 2 × 2 readouts has been developed to test all the functionalities. The measured single-photon timing resolution ranges from 72 to 93 ps FWHM across the mini-tile SPAD channels population (i.e. 4 × 61 channels). The flag timing resolution is below 95 ps RMS, which includes the contribution of the optimized flag H-tree but also an additional trigger tree that replaces the 3D SPAD array at this stage of development. Once bonded with the 3D SPADs, the trigger tree won't be required to measure the flag timing resolution. With the removed contribution of the trigger tree, the estimated flag timing resolution should be below 45 ps RMS. The extent of the benefits of the digital sum output depend on the application, and this paper focuses on two cases. First, a low-power coincidence scheme such as required by the nEXO liquid xenon experiment, leading to a power consumption as low as 140 μW per PDC. With a finer sampling of the scintillation light such as required for pulse shape discrimination in liquid argon, the power consumption remains below 100 μW per PDC. Overall, this readout is designed as a replacement for a typical analog SiPM chain, without compromise on the performances.

Photovoltaic-Energy-Powered Temperature-Sensing Chip With Digital Output and Built-in Energy Harvesting Circuit

Photovoltaic-Energy-Powered Temperature-Sensing Chip With Digital Output and Built-in Energy Harvesting Circuit

Sensor-based isometric contraction examination tool after ankle sprain injury and ankle instability

Background. Previous studies have examined the application and benefits of sensors, both in sports and health. Unfortunately, the design of sensor-based isometric contraction examination tools after ankle sprain injuries and ankle instability is still rarely carried out. Purpose. The aim of this research is to design a sensor-based isometric contraction examination tool after ankle sprain injury and ankle instability. Material and Methods. The design used is research and development involving experts, namely instrumentation physics, sports physiology, and physiotherapy to assess the suitability of the tool before field trials. The tool developed is the “Isometric Contractions Test”, which is designed in the form of a box with dimensions of 10 cm (height) x 10 cm (width) x 25 cm (length). Various electronic components are also used, such as Arduino Pro Mini, Flexi Sensors, switch buttons, and OLED LCD as digital reading output. A total of 10 participants aged 18-23 years participated voluntarily for the field trial. Participants were men and women who had experienced sub-acute or chronic ankle sprains and ankle instability. The data obtained were analyzed using the correlation method. Result. The results of this study report that this sensor-based isometric contraction examination tool is valid, reliable, effective, and practical in detecting and treating post-injury healing of ankle sprains and ankle instability. Conclusions. This tool can be used to assist physiotherapists in carrying out observations and evaluations to treat healing quickly and precisely, both in athletes and non-athletes.

Schizophrenia diagnosis using the GRU-layer's alpha-EEG rhythm's dependability

Verifying schizophrenia (SZ) can be assisted by deep learning techniques and patterns in brain activity observed in alpha-EEG recordings. The suggested research provides evidence of the reliability of alpha-EEG rhythm in a Gated-Recurrent-Unit-based deep-learning model for investigating SZ. This study suggests Rudiment Densely-Coupled Convolutional Gated Recurrent Unit (RDCGRU) for the various EEG-rhythm-based (gamma, beta, alpha, theta, and delta) diagnoses of SZ. The model includes multiple 1-D-Convolution (Con-1-D) folds with steps greater than 1, which enables the model to programmatically and effectively learn how to reduce the incoming signal. The Con-1-D layers and numerous Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) layers comprise the Exponential-Linear-Unit activation function. This powerful activation function facilitates in-deep-network training and improves classification performance. The Densely-Coupled Convolutional Gated Recurrent Unit (DCGRU) layers enable RDCGRU to address the training accuracy loss brought on by vanishing or exploding gradients, and this might make it possible to develop intense, deep versions of RDCGRU for more complex problems. The sigmoid activation function is implemented in the digital (binary) classifier's output nodes. The RDCGRU deep learning model attained the most excellent accuracy, 88.88 %, with alpha-EEG rhythm. The research achievements: The RDCGRU deep learning model's GRU cells responded superiorly to the alpha-EEG rhythm in EEG-based verification of SZ.