Analogous Solutions Research Articles

Contribution in Information Signal Processing for Solving State Space Nonlinear Estimation Problems

In this paper, comprehensive methods to apply several formulations of nonlinear estimators to integrated navigation problems are considered and developed. The problem of linear and nonlinear filters such as Kalman Filter (KF) and Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is stated. Analog solution which is based on fisher information matrix propagation for linear and nonlinear filtering is also developed. Additionally, the idea of iterations is included through the update step both for Kalman filters and Information filters in order to improve accuracy. Through this development, two new formulations of High order Kalman filters and High order Information filters are presented. Finally, in order to compare these different nonlinear filters, special applications are analyzed by using the proposed techniques to estimate two well-known mathematical state space models, which are based on nonlinear time series used to apply these estimation algorithms. A criterion used for comparison is the root mean square error RMSE and several simulations under specific conditions are illustrated.

High Temperature Characterization and Reliability Data of Key Semiconductor Technologies for Power and Control Devices

An increasing number of extreme temperature operating applications require temperatures that can range from −65°C to 300°C, driving semiconductor suppliers to innovate new analog, digital, and mixed-signal solutions based on technologies including SiC, GaN, Si, SOI and CMOS. In addition, the paper will briefly highlight Microsemi's real-world results including characterization and reliability data on discrete power products including diodes and bridge rectifiers, and integrated circuits for demanding applications including down-hole drilling, commercial aviation, power sub-systems and power distribution in military vehicles.

Fast iterative algorithms for solving the minimization of curvature-related functionals in surface fairing

A number of successful variational models for processing planar images have recently been generalized to three-dimensional (3D) surface processing. With this new dimensionality, the amount of numerical computations to solve the minimization of such new 3D formulations naturally grows up dramatically. Though the need of computationally fast and efficient numerical algorithms able to process high resolution surfaces is high, much less work has been done in this area. Recently, a two-step algorithm for the fast solution of the total curvature model was introduced in Tasdizen, Whitaker, Burchard and Osher [Geometric surface processing via normal maps, ACM Trans. Graph. 22(4) (2003), pp. 1012–1033]. In this paper, we generalize and modify this algorithm to the solution of analogues of the mean curvature model of Droske and Martin Rumpf [A level set formulation for Willmore flow, Interfaces Free Bound. 6(3) (2004), pp. 361–378] and the Gaussian curvature model of Elsey and Esedoḡlu [Analogue of the total variation denoising model in the context of geometry processing, Multiscale Model. Simul. 7(4) (2009), pp. 1549–1573]. Numerical experiments are shown to illustrate the good performance of the algorithms and test results.

Comparative Analysis of CMOS ADC Topologies with Different Performance Parameters

Analog to Digital Converters (ADCs) which are having importance in interface between analog and digital world are key design blocks and are currently adopted in many application fields to improve digital systems, which achieve superior performances with respect to analog solutions. This paper presents the comparative analysis of ADCs based on different performance parameters i.e. speed, technology used, power consumption, signal to noise ratio, bandwidth and dynamic & static characteristics. Various examples of ADC applications can be found in data acquisition systems, measurement systems and digital communication systems also imaging, instrumentation systems. The main aim of this paper is to provide comparison between different performance parameters for all ADCs & analyzing the better results & performance in future.

The Quantification of Hemodynamic Parameters Downstream of a Gianturco Zenith Stent Wire Using Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Analog Fluids in a Pulsatile Flow Environment

Although deployed in the vasculature to expand vessel diameter and improve blood flow, protruding stent struts can create complex flow environments associated with flow separation and oscillating shear gradients. Given the association between magnitude and direction of wall shear stress (WSS) and endothelial phenotype expression, accurate representation of stent-induced flow patterns is critical if we are to predict sites susceptible to intimal hyperplasia. Despite the number of stents approved for clinical use, quantification on the alteration of hemodynamic flow parameters associated with the Gianturco Z-stent is limited in the literature. In using experimental and computational models to quantify strut-induced flow, the majority of past work has assumed blood or representative analogs to behave as Newtonian fluids. However, recent studies have challenged the validity of this assumption. We present here the experimental quantification of flow through a Gianturco Z-stent wire in representative Newtonian and non-Newtonian blood analog environments using particle image velocimetry (PIV). Fluid analogs were circulated through a closed flow loop at physiologically appropriate flow rates whereupon PIV snapshots were acquired downstream of the wire housed in an acrylic tube with a diameter characteristic of the carotid artery. Hemodynamic parameters including WSS, oscillatory shear index (OSI), and Reynolds shear stresses (RSS) were measured. Our findings show that the introduction of the stent wire altered downstream hemodynamic parameters through a reduction in WSS and increases in OSI and RSS from nonstented flow. The Newtonian analog solution of glycerol and water underestimated WSS while increasing the spatial coverage of flow reversal and oscillatory shear compared to a non-Newtonian fluid of glycerol, water, and xanthan gum. Peak RSS were increased with the Newtonian fluid, although peak values were similar upon a doubling of flow rate. The introduction of the stent wire promoted the development of flow patterns that are susceptible to intimal hyperplasia using both Newtonian and non-Newtonian analogs, although the magnitude of sites affected downstream was appreciably related to the rheological behavior of the analog. While the assumption of linear viscous behavior is often appropriate in quantifying flow in the largest arteries of the vasculature, the results presented here suggest this assumption overestimates sites susceptible to hyperplasia and restenosis in flow characterized by low and oscillatory shear.

'Blackmail' in Commercial Transactions?

Blackmail, the crime consisting in a threat to perform a legally permissible action which can potentially harm the victim unless the victim gives the blackmailer some sort of consideration, has attracted lots of attention from law professors and philosophers. Other threats to engage in legally permissible acts, such as commercial threats, do not stir as much controversy up. In fact, commercial threats are believed to merely be instances of “hard bargaining.” This paper will question this classification and will attempt to show that there is at least one category of commercial threats, particularly those which can arise within a long-term lopsided commercial relationship, i.e. distressed lending, that are in no meaningful way different from the ones that have warranted support for blackmail criminalization. As a result, this paper suggests that analogical solutions should be prescribed in both cases as a way to maintain coherence within the legal system.

Supersymmetric quantum criticality supported by baryonic charges

In the context of the $AdS_4\times Q^{111}$ solution of D=11 supergravity we construct supersymmetric zero temperature black brane solutions that interpolate between $AdS_4$ in the UV and $AdS_2\times \mathbb{R}^2$ in the IR. The dual N=2 SCFT has a $U(1)^2$ baryonic symmetry and the solutions carry electric charge with respect to one of the U(1) factors and magnetic charge with respect to the other. The solutions describe stable zero temperature ground states of the deformed SCFT which have finite entropy density. We also construct analogous supersymmetric solutions that flow to $AdS_2\times S^2$ and to $AdS_2\times H^2/\Gamma$ in the IR which, in addition, carry magnetic R-symmetry charge similar to other known wrapped brane solutions.

A note on supersymmetric type II solutions of Lifshitz type

Abstract We discuss a class of supersymmetric type II non-relativistic solutions with exact or asymptotic scale invariance. As already emerged from previous investigations, we find a clear correspondence between anisotropic d-dimensional vacua and relativistic solutions in d+1 dimensions. We will show that supersymmetric four-dimensional Poincaré invariant backgrounds in type IIB can descend to analogous solutions with anisotropic scaling in t and (x, y). This result can be applied to scale invariant theories, domain walls interpolating between four-dimensional Lifshitz vacua and more general solutions with only asymptotic, approximate scaling behaviour and hyperscaling violation.

All-digital DSP-based phase-locked loop for induction heating applications

SUMMARY Phase-locked loop schemes are widely used in induction heating applications for controlling the converters. Most authors use total or partial analog solutions to implement the control schemes, which are less sturdy and flexible to changes than digital schemes. In this paper, an all-digital DSP-based PLL is presented. It has fewer variations due to the tolerances of the analog components and provides great flexibility in a wide range of conditions just by reprogramming. Moreover, it allows changing dynamically some of the parameters during the process and opens up the possibility of more complex control algorithms. The all-digital PLL has been simulated and experimentally tested, demonstrating the feasibility and reliability of this type of control in a real industrial equipment. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

In Vitro Pumping Performance Evaluation of the Ension Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Assist System for Venoarterial and Venovenous ECMO

The purpose of this study is to determine the pumping performance of Revision 7 of the Ension pediatric cardiopulmonary assist system (pCAS) when used with cannulae for venoarterial (VA) or venovenous (VV) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). It was hypothesized that the pCAS could deliver flow rates within recommended ranges needed to provide adequate cardiopulmonary support for neonates and infants. Rev 7 pCAS pumping performance was evaluated with the pCAS incorporated into an ECMO circuit connected to an instrumented pediatric mock circulation with cannulae combinations commonly used clinically for VA ECMO or dual lumen cannulae for VV ECMO. The pCAS motor speed was operated from 0 to 4500 rpm while the pCAS pumped blood analog solutions representing a clinically relevant range of viscosity. Maximum flow rates were inversely related to viscosity and were directly proportional to cannulae size. At 4500 rpm, maximum pCAS flow for the VA ECMO configuration was 2.14 L/min for the lowest viscosity and largest cannula combination and 0.72 L/min for the highest viscosity and the smallest cannulae combination. At a flow of 0.5 L/min, the pressure drop across the pCAS ranged from 121 to 323 mmHg depending on viscosity and cannulae combination. For the VV ECMO configuration at 4500 rpm, the maximum pCAS flow was 1.21 L/min for the lowest viscosity and largest cannula and 0.58 L/min for the highest viscosity and smallest cannula. For a flow of 0.5 L/min, the pressure drop across the pCAS ranged from 82 to 407 mmHg depending on the viscosity and cannula. Possible transition to turbulent flow (Re > 2100 at cannula inlet) was found at the higher flow rates achieved with the lower viscosity test fluid for all cannulae tested. In conclusion, across the range of pump speeds and fluid viscosities evaluated, the pCAS can generate the flow rates recommended to provide adequate cardiopulmonary support for neonates and infants with commonly used clinical cannulae combinations, thus confirming the hypotheses.

Dynamics of Water Confined in Clay Minerals

Ultrafast infrared spectroscopy of the O–D stretching mode of dilute HOD in H2O probes the local environment and the hydrogen bond network of confined water. The dynamics of water molecules confined in the interlayer space of montmorillonites (Mt) and in interaction with two types of cations (Li+ and Ca2+) but also with the negatively charged siloxane surface are studied. The results evidence that the OD vibrational dynamics is significantly slowed down in confined media: it goes from 1.7 ps in neat water to 2.6 ps in the case of Li+ cations with two water pseudolayers (2.2–2.3 ps in the case of Ca2+ cations) and to 4.7 ps in the case of Li+ cations with one water pseudolayer. No significant difference between the two cations is noticed. In this 2D confined geometry (the interlayer space being about 0.6 nm for two water pseudolayers), the relaxation time constants obtained are comparable to the ones measured in analogous concentrated salt solutions. Nevertheless, and in strong opposition to the observatio...

Effect of borehole array geometry and thermal interferences on geothermal heat pump system

Properly sized borehole heat exchanger in geothermal heat pump system (widely known also as ground source heat pump system) needs to minimize long-term ground and working fluid temperature changes. These changes occur due to imbalances of heat extracted from the ground during winter and heat rejected into the ground during summer months, as well as thermal interferences of adjacent boreholes in borehole array. Simple calculations and spreadsheet-based analogical solutions of required borehole length for heat transfer run into difficulties when dealing with such large, complex ground source heat pump heating and cooling systems which use compact borehole array. A number of analytical computer programs are available to simulate how ground loop fluid temperature varies in such complex systems, using so-called ‘g-function’ – a mathematical function dependent on the geometry and shape of the borehole array. The type of calculation involves a type of ‘step-function’, where 24h ‘step’ of peak loading is superimposed on a top of a long-term base load. In analytical simulation models, the base load is typically specified as the heating and cooling load per month of a typical year, and is simulated as the combination of sequential monthly steps. This paper will show, by simulating long-term operation of complex geothermal heat pump system with multiple boreholes in various geometric arrays, how spacing of adjacent boreholes and thermal interferences influence required borehole length for heat transfer.

Possible time-dependent effect of ions and hydrophilic surfaces on the electrical conductivity of aqueous solutions.

The purpose of this work was to determine the influence of mechanical and electrical treatment on the electrical conductivity of aqueous solutions. Solutions were treated mechanically by iteration of two steps: 1:100 dilution and vigorous shaking. These two processes were repeated until extremely dilute solutions were obtained. For electrical treatment the solutions were exposed to strong electrical impulses. Effects of mechanical (as well as electrical) treatment could not be demonstrated using electrical conductivity measurements. However, significantly higher conductivity than those of the freshly prepared chemically analogous solutions was found in all aged solutions except for those samples stored frozen. The results surprisingly resemble a previously observed weak gel-like behavior in water stored in closed flasks. We suggest that ions and contact with hydrophilic glass surfaces could be the determinative conditions for the occurrence of this phenomenon.

Photomagnetic K0.25Ni1–xCox[Fe(CN)6]·nH2O and K0.25Co[Fe(CN)6]0.75y[Cr(CN)6]0.75(1–y)·nH2O Prussian Blue Analogue Solid Solutions

Magnetically bistable solid solutions of Prussian blue analogues with chemical formulas of K(α)Ni(1-x)Co(x)[Fe(CN)(6)](β)·nH(2)O (Ni(1-x)Co(x)Fe) and K(α)Co(γ)[Fe(CN)(6)](y)[Cr(CN)(6)](1-y)·nH(2)O (CoFe(y)Cr(1-y)) have been synthesized and studied using mass spectrometry, Mössbauer spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, temperature-dependent infrared spectroscopy, and dc magnetometry. These compounds provide insight into interfaces between the photomagnetic Co-Fe Prussian blue analogue and the high-T(C) Ni-Cr Prussian blue analogue that exist in high-T(C) photomagnetic heterostructures. This investigation shows that the bistability of Co-Fe is strongly modified by metal substitution, with Ni(1-x)Co(x)Fe stabilizing high-spin cobalt-iron pairs and CoFe(y)Cr(1-y) stabilizing low-spin cobalt-iron pairs, while both types of substitution cause a dramatic decrease in the bistability of the material.

On black holes in massive gravity

In massive gravity, the black hole solutions found so far on Minkowski space happen to convert horizons into a certain type of singularities. Here, we explore whether these singularities can be avoided if space-time is not asymptotically Minkowskian. We find an exact analytic black hole (BH) solution, which evades the above problem by a transition at large scales to self-induced de Sitter space-time, with the curvature scale set by the graviton mass. This solution is similar to the ones discovered by Koyama, Niz, and Tasinato, and by Nieuwenhuizen, but differs in detail. The solution demonstrates that in massive general relativity, in the Schwarzschild coordinate system, a BH metric has to be accompanied by the St\"uckelberg fields with nontrivial backgrounds to prevent the horizons to convert into the singularities. We also find an analogous solution for a Reissner-Nordstr\"om BH on de Sitter space. A limitation of our approach is that we find the solutions only for specific values of the two free parameters of the theory, for which both the vector and scalar fluctuations lose their kinetic terms; however, we hope our solutions represent a broader class with better-behaved perturbations.

Abstract 178: In-vitro Fluid Dynamic Investigation of a Novel Hyper Elastic-Thin Film Nitinol Stent and the Pipeline Embolization Device for Cerebral Aneurysm Treatment

Introduction: Fusiform and wide-neck intracranial aneurysms (ICAs) can be challenging to treat with conventional endovascular or surgical means. Recently developed low porosity stents, such as the pipeline embolization device (PED), are designed to treat these ICAs by diverting flow away from the aneurysmal sac. However, low porosity stents rely on a dense metal mesh to divert flow, which reduces flexibility and increases the risk of perforator blockage. In this study, we compare fluid dynamic performance between the PED and a novel high porosity stent fabricated from Hyper Elastic-Thin Film Nitinol (HE-TFN). Methods: An idealized model of a sidewall ICA with a collateral branch, located immediately upstream of the aneurysm, was constructed from transparent silicone. A blood analog solution was circulated through the model at steady and pulsatile flow rates spanning a range of physiologic conditions. The PED and two HE-TFN stents, with pore densities of 8 and 21 pores/mm 2 for 500 and 300 υm pore meshes respectively, were deployed into the model. Each stent was placed across the aneurysm and collateral. Volumetric flow velocity data were acquired before and after stent placement using particle image velocimetry. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations were also conducted. Results: For both steady and pulsatile conditions, the 300 HE-TFN stent led to the largest drops in RMS Velocity Magnitude in the aneurysmal sac and in cross-neck flow. Under pulsatile conditions, the average drops in aneurysmal RMS Velocity Magnitude over the cardiac cycle, for the range of parent-vessel flow rates investigated, were 42.8-73.7% for the PED, 46.4-58.1% for the 500 HE-TFN, and 68.9-82.7% for the 300 HE-TFN. The largest drops were observed at lower parent-vessel flow rates and at peak systole. Examination of collateral flows showed that the PED led to the largest drops in collateral RMS Velocity Magnitude. Under pulsatile conditions, the average drops in collateral RMS Velocity Magnitude over the cardiac cycle were 38.3-46.1% for the PED, 14.0-25.9% for the 500 HE-TFN, and 34.5-40.8% for the 300 HE-TFN. For steady flow, both the aneurysmal and collateral performance metrics followed similar trends. Conclusion: The 300 HE-TFN stent led to larger reductions in cross-neck flow than the PED. This may be due to the higher pore density of the HE-TFN, which may be of greater importance for aneurysm occlusion than absolute porosity. Additionally, the ultra low profile, thin struts of the HE-TFN reduce perforator blockage as demonstrated by increased post-treatment collateral flows as compared to the PED. Overall, the 300 HE-TFN device performed best among the flow diversion devices examined by this study. CFD results characterizing the flow dynamics of each device will also be presented.

Electronic Structure Underlying Colour Differences Between Diarylmethane Dyes and their Azomethine Analogues

We show that multireference perturbation theory based on a four-electron, three-orbital state-averaged complete active space self-consistent field model can reproduce the shift in colour between diarylmethane dyes and their corresponding azomethine analogues. We relate the azomethine shift to changes in the electronic structure, through an examination of the relative changes in the state-averaged one-electron Hamiltonian (Fock) and surprisal matrices that characterise the analogous self-consistent field solutions.

Localized States in an Extended Swift–Hohenberg Equation

Recent work on the behavior of localized states in pattern-forming partial differential equations has focused on the traditional model Swift–Hohenberg equation which, as a result of its simplicity, has additional structure; it is variational in time and conservative in space. In this paper we investigate an extended Swift–Hohenberg equation in which nonvariational and nonconservative effects play a key role. Our work concentrates on aspects of this much more complicated problem. First we carry out the normal form analysis of the initial pattern-forming instability that leads to small-amplitude localized states. Next we examine the bifurcation structure of the large-amplitude localized states. Finally, we investigate the temporal stability of one-peak localized states. Throughout, we compare the localized states in the extended Swift–Hohenberg equation with the analogous solutions to the usual Swift–Hohenberg equation.

À propos des armatures en bois dans les églises romanes de l’Italie du Nord. Saint-Ambroise et Saint-Celse de Milan, Saint-Michel de Pavie

Concerning the wooden armatures in Romanesque churches in northern Italy. San Ambrogio and San Celso in Milan, San Michele in Pavia, by Tancredi Bella The archives of the engineer Fernand de Dartein (1838-1912) are an important source for many Romanesque churches in northern Italy. They include a wide variety of graphic material (sketches, drawings, letters, plates) made in situ for the engravings of the colossal monograph, Etude sur l’architecture lombarde (1865-1882). Observing the monuments during their restoration in the second half of the nineteenth century, Dartein noted interesting details of construction and paid great attention to the use of wood in Romanesque construction. The most interesting discoveries concern the basilica of San Ambrogio in Milan, where one finds a kind of chaining, made of wooden armatures sunken into the lateral walls between the great arcades and the tribunes of the nave. Beams were also sunken into the walls of the cupola surmounting the choir, as well as in the walls of the atrium. If one can trust the drawing of the Italian restorer Gaetano Landriani, wooden tie rods were perhaps placed between the pillars in the nave of San Celso in Milan. The function of a beam sunken into the south exterior wall of the basilica of San Michele in Pavia remains to be clarified. These Lombard examples can be compared to analogous solutions adopted at the same time in other regions of northern Italy and in some Burgundian buildings.

The Effect on Hemolysis of the Raceway Profile of Roller Pumps Used in Cardiopulmonary Bypass

This study aims at the influence on hemolysis of the differences between the maximum and minimum amplitudes of pressure in the outlet of three roller pump models adjusted by dynamic calibration method. Tests were performed with silicone tubes (½ × (3)/(16) inches) in fluid analogous to blood and fresh bovine blood from slaughterhouse. Tests with analogous solution to blood were performed varying the dynamic calibration pressure between 78 and 500 mm Hg. Tests with fresh bovine blood were performed with the three pumps simultaneously, and pressure differences and free hemoglobin in the plasma were measured during 360 minutes. Tests with both analogous solution to blood and fresh bovine blood showed differences of mean pressures of pump 2 related to pumps 1 and 3 (p < 0.01). The different models of roller pumps analyzed presented differences in pressure amplitudes (p < 0.01) and hemolysis (p < 0.01) adjusted for the same dynamic calibration pressure. Raceway profile of pump 2 resulted in smaller pressure amplitude, implying lower hemolysis rate compared with pumps 1 and 3.