Analogous Scheme Research Articles

Deterministic Joint Remote Preparation of a Four-Qubit Cluster-Type State via GHZ States

A scheme for the deterministic joint remote preparation of a four- qubit cluster-type state using only two Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states as quantum channels is presented. In this scheme, the first sender per- forms a two-qubit projective measurement according to the real coefficient of the desired state. Then, the other sender utilizes the measurement result and the complex coefficient to perform another projective measurement. To obtain the desired state, the receiver applies appropriate unitary operations to his/her own two qubits and two CNOT operations to the two ancillary ones. Most interestingly, our scheme can achieve unit success probability, i.e., Psuc=1. Furthermore, comparison reveals that the efficiency is higher than that of most other analogous schemes.

CLASSIFICATION OF MODULATION SCHEMES FOR ANALOG & DIGITAL SIGNALS USING FUZZY LOGIC

Modulation classifier detects the modulation type of received communication signals. AMR is a new technology implemented into communication receivers to automatically recognize the modulation type of a received signal. It has important applications in military for jamming signal, intelligence, and surveillance monitoring and threat analysis. It is also used in spectrum management. In this paper both analog and digital modulation scheme detection is explained. This paper work is done using the latest mathematical software including MATLAB. The program considers the classification of various modulation types using fuzzy logic classifier. This method successfully identifies modulation types without any priori information. After determining the type of modulation, the received signal is given to the demodulator respectively to get the original message signal back.

Joint Source-Channel Coding With Time-Varying Channel and Side-Information

Transmission of a Gaussian source over a time-varying Gaussian channel is studied in the presence of time-varying correlated side information at the receiver. A block fading model is considered for both the channel and the side information, whose states are assumed to be known only at the receiver. The optimality of separate source and channel coding in terms of average end-to-end distortion is shown when the channel is static, while the side information state follows a discrete or a continuous and quasiconcave distribution. When both the channel and side information states are time-varying, separate source and channel coding is suboptimal in general. A partially informed encoder lower bound is studied by providing the channel state information to the encoder. Several achievable transmission schemes are proposed based on uncoded transmission, separate source and channel coding, joint decoding, and hybrid digital–analog transmission. Uncoded transmission is shown to be optimal for a class of continuous and quasiconcave side information state distributions, while the channel gain may have an arbitrary distribution. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example, in which the uncoded transmission achieves the optimal performance thanks to the time-varying nature of the states, while it is suboptimal in the static version of the same problem. Then, the optimal distortion exponent, which quantifies the exponential decay rate of the expected distortion in the high SNR regime, is characterized for Nakagami distributed channel and side information states, and it is shown to be achieved by hybrid digital–analog and joint decoding schemes in certain cases, illustrating the suboptimality of pure digital or analog transmission in general.

Effect of cerebrolysin on remyelination processes in multiple sclerosis patients in stage of relapse regression

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Cerebrolysin (EVER Neuro Pharma GmbH, Austria) in the treatment of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) in stage of relapse regression. The study involved 40 patients with remitting MS (McDonald criteria 2010) in stage of MS relapse regression after pulse therapy with methylprednisolone 1000 mg/day 5. Patients randomized into 2 groups: group 1 (G1, n=20) received cerebrolysin 20 ml per 200 ml of 0.9% NaCl solution 1 times per day 10; Group 2 (G2, n=20) - only 200 ml 0.9% NaCl solution on analogical scheme. All patients before and 3-4 weeks after the treatment were carried out assessment of vital signs, routine laboratory tests, tests of cognitive-motor functions (SDMT), visual acuity (LCAT), a comprehensive neurophysiological examinations (CNE). 4 patients in the G1 with presence of previously identified G+ lesions (G+L) were conducted MRI of brain after 3-4 weeks after treatment. In G1 the average age of the patients was 27.35 (5.65) years, the ratio of M/F - 40/60%, the duration of the disease 29.9 (11.01) months, the EDSS in relapse stage - 3.5 [2.0; 4.5] points. The average age of patients in G2 was 26.65 (4.93) years, the ratio of M/F - 35/65%, the duration of the disease - 30.25 (11.98) months, the EDSS in relapse stage - 3.0 [1.5; 4.5] points. Clinical relapse of MS was categorized into groups as follows: optic neuritis (15% vs. 30%; p=0.26), stem dysfunction (15% vs. 25%; p=0.43), hemispheric dysfunction (50% vs. 35%; p=0.34), transverse myelitis (20% vs. 10%; p=0.38). 17 patients (85%) in G1 and 18 patients (90%) in G2 completed a full course of treatment. In both groups showed significant regression estimation EDSS (2.0 [1.75; 2.5] vs. 2.5 [1.75; 2.5]), while significant intergroup differences were not found (p=0.665). In G1 was noted more pronounced dynamics of performance improved in testing MSFC and SDMT (p=0.038 and p=0.026, respectively). Significant intergroup differences in the dynamics of improvement VCAT values were not found (p=0.658). Also in G1 was revealed greater regression of total variance in the CNE than G2 (70.59% vs. 27.78%, p=0.028), while in almost all cases the previously identified neurophysiological abnormalities are not completely regressed. In addition to G1 was marked a tendency to reduce of progressive deterioration of CNE indicators (10% vs. 30%; p=0.228). On MRI cerebrolysin treatment was not associated with an increase of G+L (G+L number before treatment in 4 patients - 14, after treatment - 12), which indicates a potential anti-inducing effect of the drug on the intrathecal inflammation in MS. Cerebrolysin positive role in the stimulation of remyelination process in MS has been confirmed by CNE and the selected treatment regimen has demonstrated its safety. Effect of the drug appear to be due to its composition: so according to a group of authors found that investigated the drug contained fragments of tubulin, actin and myelin basic protein, all of which is necessary to ensure non-specific trophic regenerated CNS myelin sheath.

Efficient frequency conversion based on local optimization theory

We discuss theoretically a robustness of the difference frequency conversion method and demonstrate it by numerical simulation. This technique, borrowed from an analogous scheme of robust population transfer in atomic physics and nuclear magnetic resonance called ‘local optimization’, can keep the intermediate frequency fixed and make the counterintuitive ordering emerge automatically. Here we show an efficient frequency conversion in two-process three wave mixing (TWM). And because the local optimization method is a well-defined, automated computational procedure, we think it would be very useful in the efficient conversion of complicated multi-process TWM, which is a difficult subject in STIRAP.

A Digitally-Defined Analog Scheme to Aid Assessment of Food Colours

Determination of food colour by sensory means could be subjective without instrumental assistance. This paper discusses a field comparator that can be constructed cheaply with local skills and materials for assisting sensory analysts in assessing food colours. For each food sample, a colour scheme can be defined in terms of the RGB digital combinations that are universally replicable but arranged into an analog scale. Its advantage is that sensory analysis is aided such that assessors essentially speak similar languages with respect to colour assessment. The scheme is suitable for use in field work or laboratories in developing countries where budgets are tight as the cost of the comparator is low, requiring only simple joinery and computing skills to construct. The range of colours for a particular assessment can be defined by any average computer user using the colour fill tool of a word processing package. Trials using the comparator with different colour disks are also reported. They show that untrained assessors reach close conclusions and standard deviations are reduced compared to similar but unaided assessors. While the scale selected for this report is 1 to 10 other scales may be selected and defined by individual workers in universally-defined tests like the hedonic scales.

Achieving Harmonious Colour Relationship in Art/Design: Towards a Mathematical Model

Achieving harmonious colour relationship for visual expression is of prime importance in art and design. Mixing pigment colours is often unwieldy, ambiguous, confusing and problematic. Therefore, as a panacea, this paper proposes a mathematical model that would serve heuristic, descriptive, diagnostic, prescriptive, and predictive functions. It used a triangulation of the Critical-Historical-Analytical Examination, Artistic Exploration and Content Analysis methods. The paper started with the need for model to satisfactorily resolve problems associated with mixing colours in harmony. Furthermore, the fundamental features of colour were highlighted. Moreover, it discussed the adoption and adaptation of the Colour Wheel into a set of alphanumeric codes and mathematical proposition: nH(I+V) =1, where n is a number of a code that represents a type of colour harmony, H:Hue, I: Intensity and V: Value. The alphanumeric codes: M(1), A(1,2,3), DC(1,7), SC(1,6,8), NC(1,6 or 8), TR(1,5,9), B(1,6,10) and TD(1,3,7,9 or 1,4,7,10) represent Monochromatic, Analogous, Direct Complementary, Split Complementary, Near Complementary, Triadic, Balance, and Tetrad schemes respectively. And the paper ended with suggestions that artists and designers should internalize and employ these codes and formula, which with practice, become intuitive and useful.Keywords: Colour Features, Colour Mixing, Harmonious Relationship, Mathematical Model, Art and Design

Gaussian State Amplification with Noisy Observations

We consider the problem of channel state amplification in a Gaussian channel with additive Gaussian channel states, where the encoder observes noncausally a noisy version of these states. A complete characterization is provided for the minimum reconstruction distortion under a transmitter power constraint, and it is shown that a simple analog scheme with power control is optimal. More precisely, if the power available to the encoder is below certain threshold, the analog scheme using full power is optimal, however, when the power available to the encoder is above that threshold, analog transmission using only a fixed amount of the available power is optimal. Furthermore, the problem of simultaneous message transmission and Gaussian state amplification with noisy observations is studied, for which an inner bound and two nontrivial outer bounds to the optimal tradeoff between the transmission rate and the state reconstruction distortion are provided. The coding scheme underlying the inner bound combines analog signaling and Gelfand-Pinsker coding, where the latter deviates from the operating point of Costa’s dirty paper coding. The first outer bound is obtained by extending the channel decomposition technique, while the second outer bound requires a strategic analysis of the covariance matrix of the relevant random variables.

Structure-Preserving Hybrid Digital-Analog Video Delivery in Wireless Networks

Hybrid digital-analog (HDA) transmission has gained increasing attention recently in the context of wireless video delivery , for its ability to simultaneously achieve high transmission efficiency and smooth quality adaptation. However, previous systems are optimized solely based on the mean squared error criterion without taking the perceptual video quality into consideration. In this work, we propose a structure-preserving HDA video delivery system, named SharpCast, to improve both the objective and subjective visual quality. SharpCast decomposes a video into a content part and structure part. The latter is important to the human perception and therefore is protected with a robust digital transmission scheme. Then, the energy-intensive part in the content information is extracted and transmitted in digital for energy efficiency while the residual is transmitted in analog to achieve the desired smooth adaptation. We formulate the resource (power and bandwidth) allocation problem in SharpCast and solve the problem with a greedy strategy. Evaluations over nine standard 720p video sequences show that the proposed SharpCast system outperforms the state-of-the-art digital, analog, and HDA schemes by a notable margin in both peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity (SSIM).

The Comparative Analysis of Experimental and Numerical Results of Initial Phase of Plastic Deformation in Shields with Openings under Tension

The paper attempts to clarify the differences between theoretical and experimental values of elastic bearing capacity for shields with openings under tension. The discrepancies occur between the experimental and the FEM calculations results which were realized by team of Institute of Applied Mechanics of Cracow University of Technology.For the purpose of comparative analysis one performed FEM calculations of the 15CrMo steel shield of geometry which was the geometry of shields being the subject of the experiments. The material model assumed in the FEM calculations was the elastic-plastic steel with the small linear reinforcement. In the calculations it was failed to obtain analogous plastic deformation schemes as in the experiments. There was obtained a similarity between the plastic zones shape and dimensions obtained from FEM calculations and for plastic zones shape and dimensions from experiments for loadings which exceed the experimental elastic bearing capacity for about 20%.

CARNITINE CHLORIDE EFFECT ON FUNCTIONAL STATE OF MITOCHONDRIA IN CONDITIONS OF NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHESIS DEFICIT

Aim. To study the effect of carnitine chloride on functional state of mitochondria and endogenous carnitine content in conditions of L-NAME-induced decrease in nitric oxide synthesis (II). Materials and methods. Twenty four Wistar rats were divided into the following groups: the control group, the group with intraperitoneal introduction of L-NAME in the dose of 25 mg/kg for 7 days and the group receiving L-NAME by the analogous scheme against the background of introduction of carnitine chloride in the dose of 300 mg/kg for 21 days. The animals experienced the study of lactate dehydrogenase (LDG), succinate dehydrogenase (SDG), superoxide dismutase (SOD), lactate, nitric oxide (II), carnitine (total, free, bound) and nonetherified fatty acid concentrations in the rat cardiomyocyte mitochondria. Results. L-NAME in the dose of 25 mg/kg led to decrease in NO metabolite (by 21,5 %, p < 0,05) and lactate (by 56 %, p < 0,05) concentrations in myocardiocyte mitochondria; at the same time, it increased nonetherified fatty acid (by 290 %, p < 0,05) and total carnitine (by 162 %, p < 0,05) content as well as activity of all the three measured oxidoreductases in mitochondrial cardiac tissues as compared to the control animal indices (LDG by 160 %, p < 0,05; SDG by 109 %, p < 0,05; SOD by 133 %, p < 0,05). Preliminary introduction of carnitine chloride induced reliable significant growth of SDG (by 163 %, p < 0,05) and SOD (by 376 %, p < 0,05) activity, rise in NO metabolite (by 437 %, p < 0,05) and lactate (by 62 %, p < 0,05) concentrations, as well as to fall in fatty acid (37 %, p < 0,05) and total carnitine (by 35 %, p < 0,05) concentrations and LDG activity (by 50 %, p < 0,05). Conclusions. Preliminary administration of cortinine chloride in the dose of 300 mg/kg before introduction of L-NAME in the dose of 25 mg/kg normalizes carnitine homeostasis, prevents decrease in NO metabolite concentration, declines nonetherified fatty acid concentration and significantly elevates SOD and SDG activity in the rat cardiomyocyte mitochondria.

Real-Time Discrete SPAD Array Readout Architecture for Time of Flight PET

Single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) arrays have proven themselves as serious candidates for time of flight positron emission tomography (PET). Discrete readout schemes mitigate the low-noise requirements of analog schemes and offer very fine control over threshold levels and timing pickup strategies. A high optical fill factor is paramount to timing performance in such detectors, and consequently space is limited for closely integrated electronics. Nonetheless, a production, daily used PET scanner must minimize bandwidth usage, data volume, data analysis time and power consumption and therefore requires a real-time readout and data processing architecture as close to the detector as possible. We propose a fully digital, embedded real-time readout architecture for SPAD-based detector. The readout circuit is located directly under the SPAD array instead of within or beside it to remove the fill factor versus circuit capabilities tradeoff. The overall real-time engine reduces transmitted data by a factor of 8 in standard operational mode. Combined with small local memory buffers, this significantly reduces overall acquisition dead time. A prototype device featuring individual readout for 6 scintillator channels was fabricated. Timing readout is provided by a first photon discriminator and a 31 ps time to digital discriminator, while energy reading and event packaging is done using standard logic in real-time. The dedicated serial output line supports a sustained rate of 170k counts per second (CPS) in waveform mode, while the standard operational mode supports 2.2 MCPS.

Design of generalised orthogonal filters: application to the modelling of dynamical systems

In this article, we define a new class of orthogonal filters with complex poles and zeroes inside their transfer function. This further improvement of classical orthogonal filters allows the possibility to model a wider range of real systems, that is, the systems whose mathematical models have complex zeroes besides real ones. These filters can be applied in the following areas: circuit theory, telecommunications, signal processing, bond graphs, theory approximations and control system theory. First, we describe the rational functions with complex poles and zeroes, and prove their orthogonality. Based on these functions, we designed the block diagram of orthogonal Legendre-type filter with complex poles and zeroes. After that an appropriate analogue scheme of this filter for practical realisation is derived. To validate theoretical results, we performed an experiment with a cascade-connected system designed and practically realised in our laboratories. The experiments proved the quality of the designed orthogonal model in terms of accuracy and simplicity.

A mixture model of poroelastic materials

Abstract Chemically-reacting porous materials are investigated within the theory of mixtures. The key idea is that for incompressible constituents, the volume fractions satisfy balance equations strictly analogous to those of mass densities. As a consequence, upon compatibility with thermodynamics, constitutive models are established where the evolution of the volume fractions is governed by the conservation of mass and need not be given by additional balance equations. Next an analogous scheme is developed for materials with voids where chemical reactions no longer occur. Compressible constituents are also considered and the concentrations are used as the variables characterizing the immiscibility. Some comments are given about the approaches where further fields occur, such as equilibrated forces and stresses, and are associated with additional balance equations.

Optimal Resource Allocation for Detection of a Gaussian Process Using a MAC in WSNs

We analyze a binary hypothesis testing problem built on a wireless sensor network (WSN) for detecting a stationary random process distributed both in space and time with a circularly-symmetric complex Gaussian distribution under the Neyman–Pearson (NP) framework. Using an analog scheme, the sensors transmit different linear combinations of their measurements through a multiple access channel (MAC) to reach the fusion center (FC), whose task is to decide whether the process is present or not. Considering an energy constraint on each node transmission and a limited amount of channel uses, we compute the miss error exponent of the proposed scheme using Large Deviation Theory (LDT) and show that the proposed strategy is asymptotically optimal (when the number of sensors approaches infinity) among linear orthogonal schemes. We also show that the proposed scheme obtains meaningful energy saving in the low signal-to-noise ratio regime, which is the typical scenario of WSNs. Finally, a Monte Carlo simulation of a 2-dimensional process in space validates the analytical results.

Wireless Cooperative Video Coding Using a Hybrid Digital–Analog Scheme

Wireless video broadcast/multicast and mobile video communication pose a challenge to the conventional video transmission strategy (which applies separate digital source coding and digital channel coding in a point-to-point communication system) and, therefore, cooperative communication has been proposed to improve the received quality of the receivers with bad channels and the robustness to fading (mobility). In this paper we propose a novel wireless cooperative video coding (WCVC) framework. Specifically, we present a cooperative joint source-channel coding scheme that is based on hybrid digital-analog coding and integrates the advantages of digital coding and analog coding. Compared with most state-of-the-art cooperative video delivery methods, no matter for cooperation scenario or noncooperation scenario, the proposed scheme can avoid the staircase effect and realize continuous quality scalability on condition that the channel quality is within the expected range, and it has strong adaptability to channel variation with higher coding efficiency and better fairness among all receivers. Therefore, it is very suitable for wireless cooperative/noncooperative video broadcast/multicast transmission and cooperative/noncooperative mobile video applications. The experimental results show that the proposed WCVC outperforms SoftCast (which is a new analog scheme) and SVC + hierarchical modulation (HM) (which combines H.264/SVC codec and HM technique) no matter the noncooperative scenario or for cooperative scenario, which verify the effectiveness of our proposed WCVC framework.

A Survey of In-Band Full-Duplex Transmission: From the Perspective of PHY and MAC Layers

In-band full-duplex (IBFD) transmission represents an attractive option for increasing the throughput of wireless communication systems. A key challenge for IBFD transmission is reducing self-interference. Fortunately, the power associated with residual self-interference can be effectively canceled for feasible IBFD transmission with combinations of various advanced passive, analog, and digital self-interference cancellation schemes. In this survey paper, we first review the basic concepts of IBFD transmission with shared and separated antennas and advanced self-interference cancellation schemes. Furthermore, we also discuss the effects of IBFD transmission on system performance in various networks such as bidirectional, relay, and cellular topology networks. This survey covers a wide array of technologies that have been proposed in the literature as feasible for IBFD transmission and evaluates the performance of the IBFD systems compared to conventional half-duplex transmission in connection with theoretical aspects such as the achievable sum rate, network capacity, system reliability, and so on. We also discuss the research challenges and opportunities associated with the design and analysis of IBFD systems in a variety of network topologies. This work also explores the development of MAC protocols for an IBFD system in both infrastructure-based and ad hoc networks. Finally, we conclude our survey by reviewing the advantages of IBFD transmission when applied for different purposes, such as spectrum sensing, network secrecy, and wireless power transfer.

Numerical solution analysis of fractional point kinetics and heat exchange in nuclear reactor

The paper presents the neutron point kinetics and heat exchange models for the nuclear reactor. The models consist of a nonlinear system of fractional ordinary differential and algebraic equations. Two numerical algorithms are used to solve them. The first algorithm is application of discrete Grünwald–Letnikov definition of the fractional derivative in the model. The second involves building an analog scheme in the FOMCON Toolbox in MATLAB environment where Oustaloup recursive filter is defined. The simulation results for input step reactivity are discussed and compared. The impact of the model parameters is examined.

Single-spin manipulation in a double quantum dot in the field of a micromagnet

The manipulation of single spins in double quantum dots by making use of the exchange interaction and a highly inhomogeneous magnetic field was discussed in [W. A. Coish and D. Loss, Phys. Rev. B 75, 161302 (2007)]. However, such large inhomogeneity is difficult to achieve through the slanting field of a micromagnet in current designs of lateral double dots. Therefore, we examine an analogous spin manipulation scheme directly applicable to realistic GaAs double dot setups. We estimate that typical gate times, realized at the singlet-triplet anticrossing induced by the inhomogeneous micromagnet field, can be a few nanoseconds. We discuss the optimization of initialization, read-out, and single-spin gates through suitable choices of detuning pulses and an improved geometry. We also examine the effect of nuclear dephasing and charge noise. The latter induces fluctuations of both detuning and tunneling amplitude. Our results suggest that this scheme is a promising approach for the realization of fast single-spin operations.

Aging in place를 위한 욕실배색선호에 관한 비교연구

As to the people who tend to staying in their own community of the elderly, aging in place has appeared as a residential concept in the recent years. The current housing and its facilities, however, are mostly not in a condition enough to support the senescence of the elderly. The Bathroom is an indispensable space related to the quality of everyday life, as well as a space with a high risk of safety accidents. This study aims to find the criteria of bathroom color design for the elderly and their cohabiting families. Survey research followed by literary review were conducted, and the subjects groups were classified into the old ones aged from 65 to 85, and the young ones aged from 20 to 40 answered the questionnaire with the printed images of 3D modeling composed of four analogous and eight complementary color schemes by R, Y, G, and B colors and Vp-, Dp-, and Dl-tone. The results are as follows: (1) Analogous color schemes of R and G colors were preferred in both the elderly and the young adult groups, while B color scheme was least preferred by the same; (2) Both the elderly and the young adult groups preferred 'R/Vp-G/Dp' complementary color schemes; and (3) The elderly group preferred 'R/Vp-G/Dl-G/Dp,' while the young adult group favored 'G/Vp-R/Dl-R/Dp' complementary color schemes for the safety bars in the bathroom.