Analog Input Research Articles

Error Analysis of Digital Electric Energy Metering Based on FPGA

With the emergence and development of smart grid, digital meters have been widely used in substations, so the research on digital energy metering error has become a research hotspot. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the error of digital power measurement based on FPGA, mainly take the analog input fusion module and digital power meter in the digital power measurement system as the research object, and analyze the source of measurement error. An FPGA-based energy metering error detection platform is built to analyze the energy metering error when there are harmonics in the full energy metering method currently used by most digital energy meter manufacturers. The comparative analysis of numerical integration algorithms shows that the asymmetric distortion rates of the simulated waveforms are approximate. The results of measurement error analysis under harmonic conditions show that when the number of sampling points per cycle is 60, the power measurement errors of the 2nd to 4th harmonics are equivalent. The magnitude of the measurement error is still consistent with other low-order harmonics, and the simulation results are consistent with the theoretical analysis results.

IMPLEMENTASI KONTROLER PID DENGAN METODE TUNING ZIEGLER-NICHOLS DAN COHEN-COON PADA SISTEM SCADA KENDALI LEVEL AIR

Didactics or mini plant teaching aids help students in colleges to understand the use of industrial equipment The SCADA-based water level control system is one of the teaching aid simulator equipment for monitoring and controlling water levels. In this research, PLC is used as a controller with three I/O modules digital input module, digital output, and analog input and output. Arduino is also used as an analog output converter from PLC to actuator. The control method used is PID control. In the PID control, there are control parameters, namely Kp, Ki, and Kd. The third parameter was determined by the Ziegler-Nichols tuning method and compared with the Coohen-Coon method. The SCADA software that used is Wonderware Intouch on a system using a kepserver. The results of this study indicate that the Cohen-Coon tuning method for proportional control Kp = 1 produces the best response in water level control with a settling time of 21s and a rise time of 18s.

Supervision, control, and data acquisition system of a heat exchanger

<span>Today, when industry 4.0 is already being talked about, and its advantages at the organizational level, there are still industrial processes that show a lack of automatic regulation mechanisms, which means that an optimal operating process is not guaranteed, nor that monitoring and supervision capacity. In this sense, the purpose of the article is to demonstrate the feasibility of the integration between the programmable logic controller and the Arduino nanocontrollers, this as an alternative to automate a concentric tube heat exchanger, for monitoring and data acquisition through a supervision, control and data acquisition system. The integration is shown through the design and implementation of a temperature transducer made up of a MAX6675 converter module and an Arduino Nano controller, which is amplified through its pulse width modulation (PWM) interface and the integrated TL081CP and coupled to the analog inputs of the automaton. As a result of the experimental tests, it was possible to determine that the flow rate of the automated system is directly proportional to the drop or difference in temperature in the hot fluid and inversely proportional to the increase in temperature in the cold fluid, verifying the effectiveness of the automated heat exchanger.</span>

DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF THE DIGITAL TWIN OF THE HYDRAULIC CONTROL VALVE

The paper is focused on the development of the digital twin of the hydraulic control valve for continuous control of the oil flow – servovalve or control valve – and their use by the testing of the control system of the test rig for the measurement and evaluation of the characteristics of the valve. The structure of the mathematical model of the control valve enables to do the parameterisation for different types and sizes of the control valves only using the catalogue data delivered by the valve producers. In the next step the created and parameterized model is implemented into the dSpace MicroLabBox for the real time realisation of the digital twin. The MicroLabBox is equipped with the analogue inputs and outputs and allows the connection of the digital twin to the control system in the same way as the real servovalve. Finally, the characteristics of the valve are measured and evaluated using the HiL simulation of the digital twin. The digital twin of the servovalve allows the testing of the developed control system and software for the hydraulic test rig for the measurement of the valve characteristics without the need of the real valves different types.

Synthetic neuromorphic computing in living cells

Computational properties of neuronal networks have been applied to computing systems using simplified models comprising repeated connected nodes, e.g., perceptrons, with decision-making capabilities and flexible weighted links. Analogously to their revolutionary impact on computing, neuro-inspired models can transform synthetic gene circuit design in a manner that is reliable, efficient in resource utilization, and readily reconfigurable for different tasks. To this end, we introduce the perceptgene, a perceptron that computes in the logarithmic domain, which enables efficient implementation of artificial neural networks in Escherichia coli cells. We successfully modify perceptgene parameters to create devices that encode a minimum, maximum, and average of analog inputs. With these devices, we create multi-layer perceptgene circuits that compute a soft majority function, perform an analog-to-digital conversion, and implement a ternary switch. We also create a programmable perceptgene circuit whose computation can be modified from OR to AND logic using small molecule induction. Finally, we show that our approach enables circuit optimization via artificial intelligence algorithms.

Rail Sample Laboratory Evaluation of Eddy Current Rail Inspection Sustainable System

Increasing the efficiency, frequency, and speed of rail defect detection can reduce maintenance costs and improve the sustainability of railways. The non-contact eddy current (EC) system can be operated along with a railcar for detecting rail flaws. Even if the EC can be utilized for rail defect identification and characterization, current commercial devices are not sufficient for defect classification on rails by providing highly sensitive signals for post-processing. In this study, we established an efficient and expandable eddy current rail inspection system and verified its capability for classification of different defect signals. The integrated hardware and software EC measurement system was firstly applied to detect notched cracks in steel samples with different crack depths and angles. The measured voltage and current analog inputs from the eddy current sensor were acquired and processed with a fast Fourier transformation (FFT) algorithm in the LabVIEW platform. The real-time impedance was then obtained by transferring signals to a normalized impedance plane plot. The processed EC signals showed adequate sensitivity and efficiency with changes of notched crack depths and angles during the sensor movement. A comparative case study on field rail samples was then conducted to examine the feasibility and capability of the established system on different types of actual rail defects. The experimental analysis and case study results demonstrate that the integrated eddy current system could possibly be used for non-destructive rail crack inspection and classification. The enhanced detection capability (especially on subsurface cracks) and real-time post-processing technique could further contribute to improving rail-life sustainability.

Cryptography-Based Medical Signal Securing Using Improved Variation Mode Decomposition with Machine Learning Techniques.

There is no question about the value that digital signal processing brings to the area of biomedical research. DSP processors are used to sample and process the analog inputs that are received from a human organ. These inputs come from the organ itself. DSP processors, because of their multidimensional data processing nature, are the electrical components that take up the greatest space and use the most power. In this age of digital technology and electronic gizmos, portable biomedical devices represent an essential step forward in technological advancement. Electrocardiogram (ECG) units are among the most common types of biomedical equipment, and their functions are absolutely necessary to the process of saving human life. In the latter part of the 1990s, portable electrocardiogram (ECG) devices began to appear on the market, and research into their signal processing and electronics design capabilities continues today. System-on-chip (SoC) design refers to the process through which the separate computing components of a DSP unit are combined onto a single chip in order to achieve greater power and space efficiency. In the design of biomedical DSP devices, this body of research presents a number of different solutions for reducing power consumption and space requirements. Using serial or parallel data buses, which are often the region that consumes the most power, it is possible to send data between the system-on-chip (SoC) and other components. To cut down on the number of needless switching operations that take place during data transmission, a hybrid solution that makes use of the shift invert bus encoding scheme has been developed. Using a phase-encoded shift invert bus encoding approach, which embeds the two-bit indication lines into a single-bit encoded line, is one way to solve the issue of having two distinct indicator bits. This method reduces the problem. The PESHINV approach is compared to the SHINV method that already exists, and the comparison reveals that the suggested PESHINV method reduces the total power consumption of the encoding circuit by around 30 percent. The computing unit of the DSP processor is the target of further optimization efforts. Virtually, all signal processing methods need memory and multiplier circuits to function properly.

Synchronization of ear-EEG and audio streams in a portable research hearing device.

Recent advancements in neuroscientific research and miniaturized ear-electroencephalography (EEG) technologies have led to the idea of employing brain signals as additional input to hearing aid algorithms. The information acquired through EEG could potentially be used to control the audio signal processing of the hearing aid or to monitor communication-related physiological factors. In previous work, we implemented a research platform to develop methods that utilize EEG in combination with a hearing device. The setup combines currently available mobile EEG hardware and the so-called Portable Hearing Laboratory (PHL), which can fully replicate a complete hearing aid. Audio and EEG data are synchronized using the Lab Streaming Layer (LSL) framework. In this study, we evaluated the setup in three scenarios focusing particularly on the alignment of audio and EEG data. In Scenario I, we measured the latency between software event markers and actual audio playback of the PHL. In Scenario II, we measured the latency between an analog input signal and the sampled data stream of the EEG system. In Scenario III, we measured the latency in the whole setup as it would be used in a real EEG experiment. The results of Scenario I showed a jitter (standard deviation of trial latencies) of below 0.1 ms. The jitter in Scenarios II and III was around 3 ms in both cases. The results suggest that the increased jitter compared to Scenario I can be attributed to the EEG system. Overall, the findings show that the measurement setup can time-accurately present acoustic stimuli while generating LSL data streams over multiple hours of playback. Further, the setup can capture the audio and EEG LSL streams with sufficient temporal accuracy to extract event-related potentials from EEG signals. We conclude that our setup is suitable for studying closed-loop EEG & audio applications for future hearing aids.

Design and implementation of an analog signal isolation conditioning circuit

In control systems, external analog signals need to be converted into digital signals. When sampling external input analog signals, such as voltage or current, it is necessary to process the small analog signal amplification or large signal reduction to the digital signal that can be sampled normally by the ADC; at the same time, the complexity of the external environment will affect the accuracy of sampling, and the input and output isolation processing needs to be carried out. Therefore, in order to solve the problem of low sampling accuracy of analog signal ADC in complex environment, this paper proposes an analog signal isolation conditioning circuit, which can filter out the high-frequency noise in the input signal without affecting the rapid sampling of the ADC, and use two-stage operation amplification to perform gain and zero compensation processing, so that the conditioned signal has high accuracy, good linearity, and strong anti-interference ability, which meets the design requirements. Through functional and stress tests, the functional correctness and performance stability of the analog signal isolation conditioning circuit proposed in this paper are verified.

A 7.4-Bit ENOB 600 MS/s FPGA-Based Online Calibrated Slope ADC without External Components.

A slope analog-to-digital converter (ADC) amenable to be fully implemented on a digital field programmable gate array (FPGA) without requiring any external active or passive components is proposed in this paper. The amplitude information, encoded in the transition times of a standard LVDS differential input—driven by the analog input and by the reference slope generated by an FPGA output buffer—is retrieved by an FPGA time-to-digital converter. Along with the ADC, a new online calibration algorithm is developed to mitigate the influence of process, voltage, and temperature variations on its performance. Measurements on an ADC prototype reveal an analog input range from 0.3 V to 1.5 V, a least significant bit (LSB) of 2.6 mV, and an effective number of bits (ENOB) of 7.4-bit at 600 MS/s. The differential nonlinearity (DNL) is in the range between −0.78 and 0.70 LSB, and the integral nonlinearity (INL) is in the range from −0.72 to 0.78 LSB.

Low-Pass NGD Numerical Function and STM32 MCU Emulation Test

This article introduces an original microcontroller unit (MCU) design of numerical low-pass (LP) negative group delay (NGD) function. The innovative theory of the numerical LP-NGD function is developed based on the first-order analog transfer function discretization. The infinite impulse response (IIR) LP-NGD is fundamentally formulated in function of the desired NGD value, cutoff frequency, gain, and the MCU sampling frequency. A STM32 MCU proof-of-concept (POC) is tested to implement the IIR LP-NGD function. Different real-time tests with visualization of input and output analog signals from the MCU LP-NGD POC were performed. As expected, time-advance demonstration tests with milli-second short- and several hour long-duration time-scale with arbitrary waveform signals from temperature and humidity sensors. The signal time-advance is not in contradiction with the causality. The proposed digital MCU function opens a potential future industrial application of LP-NGD function via sensored signal anticipation.

Synchronization of wearable motion capture and EMG measurement systems.

Synchronization of motion capture systems with other modalities in out-of-the-lab settings is not trivial. Various synchronization methods exist, such as using servers or transistor-transistor-logic pulses. However, not all measurement set-ups allow for such synchronization methods. Therefore, we have developed and validated an acceleration based post-measurement method to synchronize an IMU based motion capture system and an EMG measurement device. On top of the thigh IMU an additional accelerometer was placed which was connected to the analog input of the EMG device. By applying cross-correlation continuously, the similarities in the measured acceleration by the two measurement systems can be used for synchronization. We performed a validation measurement on seven able-bodied subjects and tested various correlation window sizes in hour long measurements in an out of the lab setting. It can be concluded that the developed method works for different activities when a suitable window length is chosen for cross-correlation. If no other options are available for synchronization, this correlation based method using an additional accelerometer is a viable option.

A Near-Sensor ECG Delineation and Arrhythmia Classification System

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has become the leading cause of death worldwide. As a widely used method for diagnosing CVD, currently electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring tends to be implemented in wearable devices. This paper presents the prototype an ECG delineation and arrhythmia classification (EDAC) system suitable for wearable ECG biosensors. The proposed EDAC system is intended to be implemented after the electrodes and the analog front-end circuit, and its aim is signal processing at a low hardware overhead. The system consists of a Delta-modulator-based analog-to-feature converter (AFC), a corresponding ECG detection/delineation/feature extraction algorithm (DDF), an automatic gain controller (AGC) block, and a patient-dependent linear kernel support vector machine (SVM) classifier. The AFC converts the input analog signal into digital data of the slope and slope variation of the input signal, which is then used for detecting QRS complexes, localizing the fiducial points, and extracting the feature vectors for each heartbeat in the DDF block. At the same time, the AGC sends out a gain control signal based on the detected QRS complex to adjust the gain of the front-end amplifier. Finally, the SVM block performs arrhythmia classification. The EDAC system performance is evaluated using the MIT-BIH arrhythmia database. The system achieves 0.88% (0.93%), 99.1% (99.1%), 87.0% (92.8%), 99.6% (99.5%), and 89.3% (92.9%) in F1 score, accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive values of the supraventricular ectopic beats (ventricular ectopic beats) versus normal heartbeats classification while maintaining a low power dissipation ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1.66~\mu \text{W}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> at 1 kHz operating frequency in the front-end AFC block). The proposed system is attractive to future wearable long-term ECG monitoring biosensors.

Sistem Scada Level Air Dalam Tangki Menggunakan PLC dan Sensor MPM4700 Intelligent Level Transmitter

Controlling the water level in the tank will not be a problem if it is only used for household needs. For example, if the water in the tank reaches the low level limit, you can still wait for the pump to work to be used. In contrast to the needs of water used in industry. For example, the use of water in a tank to supply water to a boiler, or a tank used in a mineral water company and others of the same type can be fatal. The use of HMI in a well-designed process industry can support high performance in an industry to produce a system that is easy to understand visually and also makes it easier for operators to handle troubleshooting problems. The availability of analog input output facilities on the PLC can read the output voltage of the water level sensor module. and display on the HMI diagram in real time

Low-Cost MATLAB-Simulink Compatible Data Acquisition Card Hardware and Software Design for Control and Test Applications

This paper presents a general-purpose data acquisition system is designed for control and test applications. In this data acquisition system, the connections of the input-output ports and peripherals are performed by employing the STM32L4 microcontroller with ARM-Cortex M4 architecture. The microcontroller communicates with the MATLAB-Simulink, transmits given commands to peripheral units, and receives data from the environment. The system has four digital input-output, two analog inputs, two analog outputs, four pulse width modulation outputs, an L298 driver, and encoder inputs. The connections of the peripherals with the microcontroller are transferred to the printed circuit board in the Altium Designer program to perform real-world applications and test. Universal Serial Bus (USB) is used to maintain communication between Simulink library and controller. This communication process provides not only the control of input-output, sensors and driver ports but also opportunity of transfer the process of sampled data. The library created in the MATLAB-Simulink environment interprets and observes the system’s data and controls the peripherals. This library contains blocks to control the overall system and each input-output. Proposed system is intended to be low-cost, accurate, reliable, high resolution, and compatible with various environments that may communicate over the USB port.

IoT Based Solar Power Monitoring Using Arduino

Abstract: This project aims to develop a measurement of solar energy using Arduino Board technology. In this research, four parameters that been measured are temperature, voltage and current. The temperature was measured using temperature sensor. The voltage was measured using the voltage divider because the voltage generated by the solar panel is large for the Arduino as receiver. Lastly for the current was measured using the current sensor module that can sense the current generated by the solar panel. These parameters as the input value for the Arduino and the output was display at the Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) screen. The LCD screen display output of the temperature, the light intensity, the voltage and the current value. The purpose of Arduino to convert the analog input of parameter to the digital output and display via LCD screen. Other than that, this project also involves with a design to ensure that device case is easy to be carry around. Application of IoT is proving beneficial for monitoring renewable energy generation. This application of IoT uses system based on Arduino to monitor parameters of the solar panel. The solar panel is monitored by the system continuously and the power output is transmitted over the internet to the IoT Network. It now uses an effective Interface to display these solar panel parameters to the user and it also alerts user when the outcome falls underneath the cut-off points specified. This makes, distantly monitoring of solar power plants more convenient and the best output of power is guaranteed. Keywords: Internet of Things (IOT), Power Output, Renewable Energy, Solar Energy, Solar Panel

Scan Time Reduction of PLCs by Dedicated Parallel-Execution Multiple PID Controllers Using an FPGA.

A programmable logic controller (PLC) executes a ladder diagram (LD) using input and output modules. An LD also has PID controller function blocks. It contains as many PID function blocks as the number of process parameters to be controlled. Adding more process parameters slows down PLC scan time. Process parameters are measured as analog signals. The analog input module in the PLC converts these analog signals into digital signals and forwards them to the PID controller as inputs. In this research work, a field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based multiple PID controller is proposed to retain PLC scan time at a lower value. Concurrent execution of multiple PID controllers was assured by assigning separate FPGA hardware resources for every PID controller. Digital input to the PID controller is routed by the novel idea of analog to digital conversion (ADC), performed using a digital to analog converter (DAC), comparator, and FPGA. ADC combined with dedicated PID controller logic in an FPGA for every closed-loop control system confirms concurrent execution of multiple PID controllers. The time required to execute two closed-loop controls was identified as 18.96000004 ms. This design can be used either with or without a PLC.

Innovation of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Media in Environmental Art Design

With the current upsurge of innovation and entrepreneurship in China, this paper objectively analyzes the importance of designers’ professional quality and scientific awareness in response to the need for the integration and development of innovative skills and artistic spirit in environmental design. This paper emphasizes that the level of intelligent operation of science and technology should be improved in design, the rigor of intelligent utilization in creative expression should be improved, and the problem of evaluation criteria of artistic design value should be solved based on professional development. This paper gives the design scheme of intelligent monitoring module based on Lora technology and designs the hardware circuit of the intelligent monitoring module with MSP430F2272 as the core. It includes a microcontroller circuit, a Lora module interface circuit, an input signal detection module, a control output module, and the like. This paper focuses on the content, representation, and implementation of the associated configuration table, and compares four analog input signals with variable thresholds. The sensor detects 800Lux, and the error is 500Lux, which is higher than errmax, so it outputs -10 brightening every time to generate analog input logic. The 4 digital inputs are combined with the analog input logic to generate output control signals by associating operations.

Data Logger berbasis IC Multiplexer untuk Pengukuran Arus dan Tegangan pada Panel Surya Skala Besar

Parameters of large-scale solar panels can be measured directly and automatically using a data logger system. The input data from the data logger can be optimized by using the analog input on the multiplexer IC to improve the performance of recording parameter data on large-scale solar panels. This data logger system consists of an Arduino Uno microcontroller as the central control, which is equipped with a current sensor, voltage sensor, RTC DS3231, multiplexer IC, and SD card module. The data obtained in real-time every 5 minutes will be stored on the SD card in the form of a txt file with the format of the day, date, time, voltage value, and current value on each solar panel. The results of this test will show that the solar panel measurement data using a data logger with multiplexer ICs will be able to store and display large amounts of data on the panel.

Design of Multichannel Multirate Signal Acquisition System Based on FPGA

With the continuous advancement of science and technology, the fields of national defense, astronomy, industry, agriculture, and so on often require real-time acquisition of voltage, current, temperature, pressure, flow, and other signals, and the real-time requirements for signal acquisition are getting higher and higher. The traditional temperature acquisition method is to use the single chip or DSP as the control core to design the temperature monitoring system. However, this method has certain defects and cannot meet many high-demand signal acquisition occasions. On the one hand, most functions of this system are realized by software, and the operation of software will occupy part of the system sampling time, thus reducing the system sampling rate; on the other hand, the logic of the system to complex peripheral circuits cannot be well controlled. And Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) has characteristics such as parallel processing, controllability, and processing speed; therefore, the signal acquisition system with FPGA as the control core can realize high-speed signal collection. This paper studies the signal acquisition based on FPGA. In the signal acquisition system, FPGA is the control core of the whole system, and the relevant function modules of the control system complete the signal acquisition task. The acquisition control module is mainly to control the channel selection switch and the A/D converter to work, that is, to generate the logic control signal of multichannel selection and the control sequence of A/D conversion, so as to complete the acquisition and control of the multichannel analog input signal. The FPGA-based signal acquisition control system has the characteristics of short development cycle, flexible design, low cost, and high reliability. FPGA is an ideal architecture for signal acquisition, and the FPGA-based signal acquisition technology has very broad application prospects.