Analgesic Activity Of Extract Research Articles

Evaluation of the Analgesic Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Manilkara Zapota Seeds in Experimental Animal Model

Introduction: Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and opioids use remain the mainstay for pain treatment. However, both groups of drugs are well known for their common and severe side effects. Medicinal plants could be the better option to overcome these side effects. The anti-inflammatory activity of seeds of Manilkara zapota has already been demonstrated in experimental animals. As pain always accompanies inflammation, we have set forward a study to discover the analgesic activity of the ethanolic extract of Manilkara Zapota in animal models using Eddy's hot plate method. Aims and objectives: To explore the analgesic activity of ethanolic extract of Manilkara zapota seeds using Eddy's hot plate method. To compare the effect of ethanolic extract of Manilkara zapota seeds with the commonly used analgesic drug aspirin. Material and Methods: This study was conducted by using Eddy's hot plate method. A total of 12 Adult Wistar albino rats were grouped into three groups of 4 animals in each group. These groups were Group I: Control (normal saline), Group II: Standard (Aspirin 25mg per kg) Group III: Ethanolic extract of Manilkara zapota (200mg per kg). The reaction time was recorded at 0, 30, 60 & 90 minutes after injecting normal saline, standard drug, and extract. Result: The increase in mean reaction time of the extract was statistically significant (p< 0.0001) at 30, 60, and 90 min compared to that of the control. There was less increase in the reaction time of extract treated group compared to that of the aspirin-treated group at 30 min & 60 min points. Conclusion: The analgesic activity of the extract was significantly more than that of the control group. Peak analgesic activity occurred at 60 and 90 minutes.

Synergistic anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of hydroethanolic extracts of Terminalia macroptera Guill. & Perr. and Ximenia americana L.

Inflammation is the reaction of the immune system to an external or internal aggression of the organism. The symptoms (redness, edema, heat and pain) are secondary to the increase in vascular permeability. The hydroethanolic extract of and has anti-inflammatory properties in vitro. The aim was to examine the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of extracts alone and in combination. The anti-inflammatory activity was studied using the carragenan-induced paw edema and the type of interactions between the two extracts was determined by the combination index and on the isobologram. Acetic acid-induced torsion and Haffner's tail clamp test were performed to evaluate the analgesic activity. At a dose of 500 mg/kg, a and extracts showed a percentage of inhibition of 57.02% and 56.53% respectively. The Median-Effective Dose of combination 2 (174.02 mg/kg) was better than that of combination 1 (186.03 mg/kg). The combination index and isobologram indicated a synergistic interaction between the constituents of the two combinations. The extract of , and the combination at the dose of 500 mg/kg reduced the number of twists by 46.42; 50.17 and 65.53% respectively. The central analgesic response of the combination was maximal (37.36 ± 8.15 seconds) 60 min after administration. The extracts alone showed anti-inflammatory activity and the combinations showed a synergy of effects. The combination showed peripheral and central analgesic effects.

Chemical Composition, Acute Oral Toxicity and Analgesic Activity of Hydroalcoholic Extracts of Mimusops coriacea (A.DC) Miq (Sapotaceae)

Mimusops coriacea is used traditionally as a tonic, febrifuge, and in the treatment of cystitis, diarrhea and dysentery. In Ecuador the plant is used as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent, however, there is limited scientific evidence to support this claim. The study therefore is aimed at determining the chemical composition, acute oral toxicity and analgesic activity of the hydroalcoholic extracts of the leaves, bark and fruits of Mimusops coriacea. The 80% hydroalcoholic extracts of the leaves, bark, and fruits (green and ripe), were obtained by maceration. The extracts were subjected to Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometric (GC MS) analysis. An oral acute toxicity test was performed in rats according to the OECD draft guideline 423. The analgesic activity of the extracts was evaluated by the acetic acid-induced abdominal contortion model in mice. The GC-MS analysis of the extracts shows variations in the type and relative abundance of some metabolites in the different plant parts. The predominant metabolites identified are fatty acids with palmitic and stearic acids as the major compounds in the leaves, bark and green fruits extracts, while benzoic acid was majorly in the ripe fruits extract. Other compounds identified are terpenoids, sugars, and amino acid. The extracts showed no sign of toxicity after acute oral administration. The leaves and bark extracts had higher analgesic effect compared to the fruits extract. The study therefore lends credence to the traditional use of M. coriacea as an analgesic agent.

Chemical Composition, Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activities of Extracts and Fractions of Vitex negundo

This study aims to determine chemical components and demonstrate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Vitex negundo species native to the Philippines. Using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), eleven compounds were tentatively identified from the iridoids, flavonoids, and phenolics group. The anti-inflammatory activity was determined by measuring the inhibition of proinflammatory enzymes, lipoxygenase (LOX), and cyclooxygenase (COX-2). For LOX inhibitory effect, crude methanol extract has an IC50 value of 440.9 µg/mL. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) fractionation results in IC50 values of 196.6 µg/mL and 150.0 µg/mL for the 50% methanol-water and 100% methanol fractions, respectively. The IC50 value of crude hexane extract is 519.7 µg/mL. SPE produced lower IC50 values; 397.5 µg/mL for 2% IPA-hexane fraction and 142.9 µg/mL for 50% IPA-hexane fraction. The inhibition against COX-2 was effective in the 100% methanol fraction with an IC50 of 34.27 μg/mL and 2% IPA-hexane with an IC50 of 6.57 μg/mL. SPE fractions demonstrated more potent anti-inflammatory effects via in-vitro inhibition of LOX for the 100% methanol-water and 50% IPA-hexane or COX-2 for the 100% methanol and 2% IPA-hexane. The analgesic action was evaluated using acetic acid-induced writhing in mice. The percentage inhibition of writhing at all dose levels of methanol and hexane extracts ranged from 90-96% (p<0.05). The SPE fractions from methanol extracts showed inhibition of 73-97% (p<0.05). Both extracts and fractions showed strong analgesic effects in an in-vivo animal model.

Phytochemical Screening, Acute Toxicity and Analgesic Activity of Extracts From Newbouldia laevis in Laboratory Animals

Extraction was by cold maceration using methanol. The extract was concentrated in vacuo to yield a brown solid of 120.191 g. The crude methanol extract was partitioned into n-hexane 0.1 g, dichloromethane 2.5 g, ethylacetate 4.0 g, and methanol 10.0 g fractions via coarse chromatography. Secondary metabolites identified; 21.73±0.36% alkaloids, 40.78±0.27% flavonoids, 15.99±0.044% saponins, 6.088±0.06% tannins, 3.086±0.03% terpenoids and 12.13±0.01% Cardiac Glycosides. Acute toxicity test showed no death in the rats administered with low dose (1000 mg/kg) and high dose (6000 mg/kg). Analgesic activities of crude methanol extract and fractions showed that at a low dose of 4000 mg/kg of the extract and the fractions have percentage inhibition of pains as methanol crude (63.48±4.62), methanol fraction (79.14±7.39), dichloromethane fraction (60.79±6.69), ethylacetate fraction (23.26±9.75) and n-hexane fraction (64.82±9.75). At a high dose of 8000 mg/kg, the percentage inhibition of pain was 5200±2.00, 71.87±7.04, 80.31±6.20, 45.61±12.60 and 43.87±8.13. Statistical analysis; P>0.05 confidence level, methanol fraction recorded highest analgesic activities while ethylacetate fraction had least.

Free Radical Scavenging and Analgesic Activities of 70% Ethanol Extract of Luvunga sarmentosa (BI.) Kurz from Central Kalimantan

Luvunga sarmentosa, commonly known as saluang belum, is widely used in Kalimantan to relieve pains, rheumatism, boost the immune system, and fever. The research on the free radical scavenging and analgesic effect of the L. sarmentosa stem extract has not been reported. This study aimed to evaluate the free radical scavenging and analgesic activity of the ethanol extract of L. sarmentosa. The L. sarmentosa stem was extracted using 70% ethanol and tested for free radical scavenging using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and analgesic activity, acetic acid-induced writhing test, and hot plate test in an animal model. The results showed that the 70% ethanol extract of the L. sarmentosa had an anti-free radical scavenging and analgesic activity. The extract has weak free radical scavenging with an IC50 value of 293.45 µg/mL. Analgesic activity using the writhing test indicated that the extract significantly reduced the writhes count after oral administration in a dose-dependent manner compared to the negative control. Extract at a dose of 550 mg/kg BW can reduce the writhing test by 67.60% compared to others. In contrast, the diclofenac sodium reduced the number of writhes by 74.74%. While in a hot plate, the extract at a dose of 550 mg/kg BW produced a maximum possible analgesia (MPA) of 17.64%, lower than the MPA of diclofenac sodium (51.01%). Analgesic activity of the extract has higher inhibition on the writhing test than on the hot plate. The extract could be responsible for the peripheral mechanism by inhibiting the prostaglandin biosynthesis.

Evaluation of the analgesic and antipyretic activity of methanol extract of Combretum bauchiense Hutch & Dalziel (Combretaceae) leaves

BackgroundMedicinal plants make up a vital component of therapeutics. The pharmacologic effect of medicinal plants can be said to be related to the nature of their phytochemical constituents or secondary metabolites. Combretum bauchiense is an African folk plant of the family Combretaceae. Over the years Species of the Combretaceae family has been associated with native us as antipyretic and analgesic substances. AimThis study aims to determine the phytochemical composition and evaluate the analgesic and anti-pyretic activity of the methanol extract of Combretum bauchiense (MECB) leaves. Materials and MethodsThe phytochemical analysis and acute toxicity study of MECB was done using standard procedures. The analgesic and antipyretic activity of MECB was investigated using two models each, with Morphine (10 mg/kg) as the standard reference drug for analgesic activity and Paracetamol (150 mg/kg) for antipyretic activity. The analgesic activity of the extract was evaluated using formalin induced pain and tail flick analgesic method and the antipyretic activity was evaluated using baker's yeast and turpentine induced pyrexia. The study was investigated at doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight of the extract. Data was analyzed using One-way Anova followed by Tukey's Post-hoc test and P < 0.05 was considered significant. ResultsThe phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, proteins, carbohydrates, glycosides and reducing sugars. No acute toxicity symptoms observed on oral administration of MECB at 5000 mg/kg which indicates the safety of the extract. There was significant (P < 0.05) reduction in pain response of 71.43, 77.92, and 84.41% for 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg respectively for the formalin induced pain. For the tail flick test; 31.0, 56.05 and 48.31% increase in pain response time was observed at the doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg respectively. MECB also showed antipyretic activity of 4.87 and 7.42% in Baker's yeast induced antipyretic model at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg respectively. While there was significant (P < 0.05) antipyretic activity; 2.28, 4.29 and 5.13% in the turpentine induced antipyretic model at the doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of extract respectively. ConclusionThe study shows that the Methanol extract of Combretum bauchiense leaves possesses both analgesic and antipyretic properties and justifies it's use in traditional medicine in the treatment of pain and fever. These results also indicated a possible inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis as the mechanism of antipyretic and analgesic activity of the extract.

Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, and Analgesic Activities of Alcoholic Extracts of Ephedra nebrodensis From Eastern Algeria

Ephedra nebrodensis (Ephedraceae) presents a wide range of biological activities. It is used to treat respiratory problems and hepatic pathologies in traditional medicine. The aim of this study is to evaluate the antioxidant, in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of two hydro-alcoholic extracts of E. nebrodensis in mice. The antioxidant capacity of hydro-methanolic (HM) and hydro-ethanolic (HE) extracts of E. nebrodensis was evaluated via assays of their superoxide radical scavenging capacity and ferrous ion chelating activity. The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) was also determined using the bovine serum albumin denaturation test. Croton oil-induced ear edema was then employed to evaluate the in vivo anti-inflammatory effect of the extracts (200 and 400 mg/kg). Finally, the analgesic activity of the extracts (200 and 400 mg/kg) was determined by the acetic acid-induced torsion test. The hydro-alcoholic extracts of E. nebrodensis present significant antioxidant activity. The HE and HM could inhibit protein denaturation by 82.99%±20.21% and 56.25%±2.12%, respectively. The extracts (HM and HE) also show strong anti-inflammatory effects in vivo and could reduce ear edema by 70.37%±2.00% and 72.22%±1.94%, respectively. The HM extract (72.51%±2.43%) demonstrates greater pain inhibitory effects than HE (70.76%±2.58%). The hydro-alcoholic extracts of E. nebrodensis produce antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic effects. These results confirm the traditional use of the herb in the treatment of various diseases.

Antinociceptive activities with the possible mechanisms of action of hydroethanol leaf extract of Eclipta prostrata Hassk (Astraceae) in mice

Eclipta prostrata belongs to the family of plants known as Astraceae. It is a species of plant in the sunflower family, popularly known as "false daisy" in English. The whole plant contains the alkaloids nicotine and ecliptine; and used locally for treating bruises, cuts, wounds, liver disorders and pain, among others. This study investigated the analgesic activities of hydroethanolic leaf extract of Eclipta prostrata in rodents, using standard laboratory protocols. Doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg were separately administered via oral route to the animals used in the various models - acetic acid-induced mouse writhing test, formalin - induced pain, hot plate-induced pain, and tail clip test. The effect of the extract was comparable to that produced by peripheral analgesics like aspirin and centrally acting analgesics like morphine used as positive control in the various models employed. The mechanism of action was elucidated through pre-treatment with naloxone (1 mg/kg), yohimbine (1mg/kg), ondasetron (0.2 mg/kg), atropine (2 mg/kg), glibenclamide (2 mg/kg). The extract activity was significant in all the models employed; however, it was more intense via the peripheral than the central pathway. Glibenclamide and atropine antagonized the activity of the decoction, which suggests that the herbal drug’s antinociceptive effect is mediated via potassium ion channel opening and cholinergic receptor. Phytochemical analysis of the leaf extract indicated the presence of flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids, phlobatanins, steroids, cardiac glycoside, and which probably contributed to the analgesic activity of the extract.

Anti-snake venom and analgesic activities of extracts and betulinic and oleanolic acids isolated from Parinari curatellifolia

Background: Parinari curatellifolia is used in Nigeria by traditional medicine practitioners (TMPs) for the treatment of snakebite and other conditions. Aim: This study is aimed at evaluating the anti-snake venom (ASV) and analgesic activities of n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts as well as that of betulinic and oleanolic acids. Setting: The extracts and the isolates were subjected to acute toxicity studies, anti-snake venom and analgesic activities. Methods: Acute toxicity studies for the extracts were performed according to Lorke’s method whilst that of betulinic and oleanolic acids were performed according to Organization for Economic Co-operation Development 425 at the limit dose of 2000 mg/kg in mice. The ASV activity of the extracts and the betulinic and oleanolic acids were screened against Naja nigricollis venom phospholipases using the phospholipase-A2 acidimetric assay. The analgesic activity of ethyl acetate extract (35 mg/kg, 70 mg/kg, 140 mg/kg), betulinic acid (1 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg) and oleanolic acid (1 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg) were evaluated using acetic acid-induced abdominal constrictions in mice. Results: The LD 50 of the methanol and ethyl acetate extracts were 113 mg/kg and 471.17 mg/kg, respectively, whilst that of the betulinic and oleanolic acids were greater than 2000 mg/kg. In the ASV study, the extracts inhibited the hydrolytic action of phospholipases with a percentage inhibition of 24.1% (n-hexane), 29.3% (ethyl acetate) and 20.7% (methanol), whilst the ASV (standard) caused 72.9% inhibition. On the other hand, the betulinic and oleanolic acids inhibited the hydrolytic action of phospholipases with a percentage inhibition of 35.6% and 31.4% respectively. For the analgesic evaluation, the ethyl acetate extract exhibited analgesic activity by producing a significant ( p &lt; 0.05) reduction in the number of writhes (7.75 ± 1.20, 11.82 ± 3.10 and 14.98 ± 2.72) at 140 mg/kg, 70 mg/kg and 35 mg/kg, respectively. Betulinic acid at 10 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg showed a mean number of writhes of 3.40 ± 0.8, 4.20 ± 1.4 and 5.60 ± 2.1, respectively. Oleanolic acid at 10 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg also showed 7.50 ± 2.6 and 6.40 ± 1.8 mean number of writhes. Conclusion: This study has validated scientifically why P. curatellifolia is used traditionally in the treatment of snakebite, as the ethyl acetate extract and the isolated compounds moderately inhibited the hydrolytic action of phospholipase-A2. Also, betulinic and oleanolic acids exhibited analgesic activity in acetic acid-induced writhing in mice.

Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of extracts from Balanites aegyptiaca L. Delile (Balanitaceae) root bark: Plant used against liver diseases in Bukina Faso

Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del has been used in various traditional medicines against inflammation and pain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the enzymatic, anti-oedmeatous and analgesic activities of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del root bark in mice. The extracts were tested in vitro for their ability to inhibit the enzymes cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2, 15-lipoxygenase (LOX) and phospholipase (sPLA2). The anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts was determined by oral administration to healthy animals at doses of 100, 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg and their involvement in KATP pathways was verified. The percentage inhibition of the activity of the enzyme phospholipase A2 was close to 50%, those of COXs (COX 1 and COX 2) comparable to those of the control. It has an ability to inhibit 15-LOX even if the IC 50 is lower than that of the reference compound (Zileuton). Pretreatment with the extract at doses of 100 to 600 mg/kg significantly reduced carrageenan-induced edema from 54.91 to 71.80%. The action of the extract significantly decreased the number of contortions with a percentage inhibition greater than 50% for doses of 400 and 600 mg/kg. The action of the extract is not involved in potassium channels (KATP) in nociception. Pharmacological observed activities provide the scientific basis for the medicinal use of the plant in the treatment of acute inflammation. Key words: Balanites argyptiaca, phospholipase A2, cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenase, anti-edema activity, analgesic.

Evaluation of Analgesic Activity of Extracts of Delphinium denudatum in Animal Models: A Dose-dependent Pre-clinical Trial

Evaluation of Analgesic Activity of Extracts of Delphinium denudatum in Animal Models: A Dose-dependent Pre-clinical Trial

In vivo analgesic, anti-inflammatory potential in Swiss albino mice and in vitro thrombolytic activity of hydroalcoholic fruits extract from Daemonorops robusta Warb

Objectives: The analgesic, anti-inflammatory and thrombolytic potential of Daemonorops robusta Warb, a Bangladeshi tribal medicinal plant was studied for the first time. So our aim was to evaluate analgesic, anti-inflammatory and thrombolytic activities of fruit extract of D. robusta. Methods: Fresh fruits of plant were extracted with methanol and then subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening. Analgesic activity of the extract was performed against acetic acid induced writhing, hot plate and formalin induced test. Anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated using carrageenan induced paw edema in mice. An in vitro thrombolytic model was used to check the clot lysis potential of the extract. Results: Phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloid, carbohydrate, flavonoids, steroid, phlobatanin and saponin. The extract exhibited significant analgesic effect (P

Phytochemical screening and study of antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of extracts from stem wood of Pterocarpus marsupium Roxburgh.

The main aims of the study were to evaluate the phytochemical constituents and to study the antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities of extracts from stem wood of Pterocarpus marsupium. Ethanol, acetone and isopropyl alcohol (IPA) (1:1) extracts of stem wood of P. marsupium were subjected to phytochemical screening and analysis of biological activities from August 2015 to January 2016. The antioxidant assay was carried out using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging method, antimicrobial activity testing by cup diffusion method, antidiabetic test evaluation by oral glucose tolerance test in mice, anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated by hind paw edema method in mice and analgesic test evaluation by a chemical writhing method in mice. The results of the study revealed that P. marsupium is a source of various phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, proteins, carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, and terpenoids. Both the acetone and IPA extract as well as the ethanol extract of stem wood of P. marsupium exhibited a dose-dependent antioxidant activity. Acetone and IPA extract showed antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, while the ethanolic extract was found to possess antidiabetic activity. The antidiabetic activity of the extract was found to be time and dose-dependent. Similarly, the acetone and IPA extract was found to have anti-inflammatory activity, which was also time and dose-dependent. Furthermore, the ethanolic extract showed analgesic activity, which was dose-dependent. The ethanolic extract was found to be nontoxic. Thus, this study laid sufficient background for the further research on extracts from stem wood of P. marsupium for identification, subsequent purification and isolation of compounds having antibacterial, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities.

English

The present investigation was designed to evaluate the analgesic and central nervous system (CNS) depressant activities of the methanolic extract of Ziziphus rugosa Lam. in rat model. The analgesic activity of the extract was examined using acetic acid-induced writhing test (chemically induced pain) at the doses of 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight. Further, the CNS depressant activity of the plant extract was evaluated by open field and hole cross tests at the doses of 300 and 500 mg/kg body weight. In the analgesic activity test, the methanolic extract of Z. rugosa showed significant (p &lt; 0.01) antinociceptive activity in a dose dependent manner. The extract at the dose of 300 mg/kg exhibited 51.87% inhibition of writhing response which was comparable to the reference drug Indomethacin (55.20%). On the other hand, the plant extract also demonstrated significant (p &lt; 0.01) dose-dependent reduction of locomotor and exploratory activities in the open field and hole cross tests. This analgesic and CNS-depressant activity of the extract might be due to the presence of biologically important chemical compounds. &nbsp; Key words: Central nervous system (CNS)-depressant, antinociceptive, hole cross tests, writhing, locomotor activity.&nbsp; &nbsp

Effect of Alcoholic Extract of Stem Bark of Anamirta cocculus Willd on Central Nervous System

Anamirta cocculus Willd is a well known medicinal plant belonging to the family Menispermaceae. Its ethanolic extract was evaluated for locomotor activity, analgesic activity and muscle relaxant activity. The rotarod apparatus was used for evaluation of muscle relaxant activity. The extract showed significant decrease in fall off time which indicated that it has CNS depressant activity when compared with diazepam. Photoactometer was used to study of locomotor activity in mice. The effects were found to be dose dependent statistically significant when compared with control groups. Hot plate was used to study of analgesic activity of extract. The reaction time was increased in the extract treated groups than that of morphine as standard drug. The antipyretic activity of extract was investigated experimental rats. The antipyretic was retained in all the dose of extract tested was comparable to that of paracetamol as standard drug.

Studies on phytochemical, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Euphorbia dracunculoides.

BackgroundPlants provide an alternative source to manage various human disorders due to diverse metabolites. Euphorbia dracunculoides of family Euphorbiaceae is used by local practitioners in rheumatism, epilepsy, edema, snake bite, warts and also possesses diuretic and purgative effects. The present study evaluated the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of various extracts of E. dracunculoides. Further, phytochemical constituents of the leading extracts were also investigated.MethodsDry powder of E. dracunculoides was extracted with n-hexane (EDH), acetone (EDA), ethanol (EDE), ethanol + water (1:1) (EDEW) and methanol (EDM) and screened for phytochemical classes, total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC). Antioxidant effects of the extracts were manifested by in vitro multidimensional assays. The anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the extracts were evaluated through carrageenan induced paw edema and hot plate test in rat. In addition, GC-MS analysis of EDH and HPLC-DAD analysis of EDEW was carried out to determine the presence of active constituents.ResultsQualitative analysis of various extracts of E. dracunculoides assured the existence of tannins and coumarins while presence of anthraquinones and anthocyanins was not traced in these extracts. Maximum quantity of TPC and TFC was recorded in EDEW followed by EDE. EDEW and EDE showed significant antioxidant activities with therapeutic potential against hydroxyl and phosphomolybdate radicals, β-carotene bleaching assay and in reducing of iron while moderate to low scavenging abilities were recorded for DPPH, nitric oxide and for iron chelation. During anti-inflammatory activity after 4 h of drug administration the 300 mg/kg body weight dose of EDH (68.660 ± 10.502 %) and EDE (51.384 ± 8.623 %) exhibited strong anti-inflammatory activity and reduced the carrageenan-induced paw edema in rat as compared to standard drug diclofenac sodium (78.823 ± 6.395 %). Treatment of rats with EDH (70.206 ± 5.445 %) and EDE (56.508 ± 6.363 %) after 90 min showed significant increase in percent latency time in hot plate test as compared to morphine (63.632 ± 5.449 %) treatment in rat. GC-MS analysis of EDH indicated the presence of 30 compounds predominantly of steroids and terpenoids. HPLC-DAD analysis against known standards established the presence of rutin, catechin, caffeic acid and myricetin in EDEW.ConclusionOur results suggest that presence of various polyphenolics, terpenoids and steroids render E. dracunculoides with therapeutic potential for oxidative stress and inflammation related disorders.

Exploration of Analgesic Activity of the Ethanolic Extract of Erythrina variegate Bark.

The aim of this study was to evaluate analgesic activity of the ethanolic extract of the bark of Erythrina variegata . The analgesic potential of the extract was evaluated using acetic acid-induced writhing test for peripheral analgesic activity and tail immersion, hot plate, formalin and glutamate test at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg body weight doses. In analgesic activity tests, the extract at the doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg b.w. produced a remarkable increase in pain threshold in a dose dependent manner. In acetic acid induced writhing test, the inhibitory effect was to be parallel to the reference drug diclofenac sodium. The extract showed 18.89% writhing inhibitory effect at the dose 200 mg/kg b.w., whereas diclofenac sodium showed 79.42% inhibition of writhing at a dose of 10 mg/kg b.w. The results of tail immersion and hot plate test also showed potential analgesic activity of the extract which is also comparable to the standard drug morphine (5 mg/kg b.w.). In formalin test, the bark extract at doses 200 mg/kg b.w. were found to exhibit the highest 47.80% inhibitory effect in late phase, whereas the reference drug morphine showed 63.64% inhibitory effect on licking of the hind paw. In glutamate test, the bark extract at doses 200 mg/kg b.w. were found to exhibit the highest 68.07% inhibitory effect in late phase, whereas the reference drug diclofenac sodium showed 61.53% inhibitory effect on licking of the hind paw. In conclusion, it can be said that the plant part have potential analgesic activity and may be used to relief pain.

Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activity of the Extract and Fractions of Astragalus hamosus in Animal Models.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the hydro-alcoholic extract of the pods of Astragalus hamosus (HAAH), a plant used in Iranian traditional medicine, and antinociceptive effects of different fractions in animal models. The anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated by the rat paw edema induced by formalin. Also the analgesic effect was examined by the acetic-acid-induced writhing response and hot plate test. The analgesic effects of chloroform, hexane, ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions were evaluated by the hot-plate method. The hydroalcoholic extract of Astragalus hamosus could reduce the edema in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05). In the acute phase, the result of 1000 mg/Kg and in the chronic phase, the result of 100 and 300 mg/Kg of the extract were more significant and comparable with the effect of sodium salicylate. Also application of different doses of HAAH had significant anti-nociceptive effects on both animal models. The findings showed that HAAH at doses of 700 and 1000 mg/Kg produced analgesic effects comparable to sodium salicylate. The hexane and ethyl acetate (but not the other fractions) showed significant analgesic activity in hot plate test, when compared to morphine. The results of this study demonstrated the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of HAAH extract and hexane and ethyl acetate fractions of the extract in animal models and justify traditional use of this plant in the treatment of pain and inflammatory conditions. More studies to clarify the active components are necessary.

Evaluation of Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Extract of Holoptelea Integrifolia and Argyreia Speciosa in Animal Models

Long term use of NSAIDs, opioids and corticosteroids was associated with serious adverse effects. Hence, the search for a safer analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent was always going on. It was considered worthwhile to evaluate analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of Holoptelea integrifolia and Argyreia speciosa. To evaluate analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of aqueous extract of leaves of Holoptelea Integrifolia and methanolic extract of Argyreia Speciosa root powder in mice and rats. After obtaining permission from animal ethics committee, the animals were divided into 7 groups of 6 animals each {control, standard - ibuprofen 100mg/kg, Holoptelea integrifolia (250 and 500 mg/kg), Argyreia speciosa (100 and 300 mg/kg) and combination of Holoptelea integrifolia (250 mg/kg) and Argyreia speciosa (100 mg/kg)}. The analgesic activity of the extracts was evaluated using tail-flick with radiant heat and acetic acid induced writhing method and the anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using carrageenan induced paw oedema method. One-way ANOVA followed by post-hoc test. p < 0.05 was considered to be significant. In tail-flick method, both Holoptelea integrifolia and Argyreia speciosa produced significant (p<0.05) increase in latency as compared to control, their combination showed a significant increase in latency as compared to control as well as to the standard - ibuprofen. In writhing method, Holoptelea integrifolia and Argyreia speciosa, alone and in combination, significantly decreased the number of writhes as compared to control. In paw oedema method, both Holoptelea integrifolia and Argyreia speciosa showed significant inhibition of paw oedema as compared to control and the activity was comparable to ibuprofen. Extracts of Holoptelea integrifolia and Argyreia speciosa exhibits significant central and peripheral analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity.