Anaerobic Fluidized Bed Reactor Research Articles

Effect of thermophilic temperatures on hydrogen and ethanol production in anaerobic fluidized bed reactor from cassava wastewater

Effect of thermophilic temperatures on hydrogen and ethanol production in anaerobic fluidized bed reactor from cassava wastewater

Temperate climate energy-positive anaerobic secondary treatment of domestic wastewater at pilot-scale

Conventional aerobic secondary treatment of domestic wastewater is energy intensive. Here we report net energy positive operation of a pilot-scale anaerobic secondary treatment system in a temperate climate, with low levels of volatile solids for disposal (< 0.15 mgVSS/mgCODremoved) and hydraulic residence times as low as 5.3 h. This was accomplished with a second-generation staged anaerobic fluidized membrane bioreactor (SAF-MBR 2.0) consisting of a first-stage anaerobic fluidized bed reactor (AFBR) followed by a second-stage gas-sparged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR). In stage 1, fluidized granular activated carbon (GAC) particles harbor methanogenic communities that convert soluble biodegradable COD into methane; in stage 2, submerged membranes produce system effluent (permeate) and retain particulate COD that can be hydrolyzed and/or recycled back to stage 1 for conversion to methane. An energy balance on SAF-MBR 2.0 (excluding energy from anaerobic digestion of primary suspended solids) indicated net energy positive operation (+ 0.11 kWh/m3), with energy recovery from produced methane (0.39 kWh electricity/m3 + 0.64 kWh heat/m3) exceeding energy consumption due to GAC fluidization (0.07 kWh electricity/m3) and gas sparging (0.20 kWh electricity/m3 at an optimal flux of 12.2 L/m2 h). Two factors dominated the operating expenses: energy requirements and recovery cleaning frequency; these factors were in turn affected by flux conditions, membrane fouling rate, and temperature. For optimization of expenses, the frequency of low-cost maintenance cleanings was adjusted to minimize recovery cleanings while maintaining optimal flux with low energy costs. An issue still to be resolved is the occurrence of ultrafine COD in membrane permeate that accounted for much of the total effluent COD.

Anaerobic membrane bioreactor model for design and prediction of domestic wastewater treatment process performance

Anaerobic treatment of municipal wastewater that produces energy and low levels of biosolids for disposal has the potential to replace conventional aerobic processes. Here we propose a generic model for anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs) that incorporates hydrolysis and dispersed growth microbial metabolism of particulate and soluble substrates, including a size-exclusion constraint based upon the pore size of submerged membranes. The model can be expanded to include attached growth systems, such as anaerobic fluidized bed reactors (AFBRs) within the staged anaerobic fluidized membrane bioreactor (SAF-MBR) system. Model development entailed: (1) acquisition of key kinetic metabolic parameters based on independent batch studies, (2) creation of a matrix of metabolic processes, and (3) development of a model that describes the relevant mass balances in the system. The utility of the model is demonstrated for dynamic simulations of a pilot-scale second generation SAF-MBR treating municipal wastewater (SAF-MBR 2.0). System outputs include the COD of the system effluent (= permeate), recirculated bulk COD and MLSS, gas production rate and composition, and dissolved methane concentration. These parameters are critical for system design and assessment. Predictions of performance by a pilot-scale system agreed well with monitored values, typically with less than 10% error, indicating that the developed model and independent batch assays for model calibration can enable reliable systems-level performance simulations.

One waste and two products: choosing the best operational temperature and hydraulic retention time to recover hydrogen or 1,3-propanediol from glycerol fermentation.

This study aimed to compare the production of hydrogen and 1,3-propanediol from crude glycerol (10g/L) in mesophilic (30°C) and thermophilic (55°C) anaerobic fluidized bed reactors, namely AFBR30°C and AFBR55°C, respectively, at hydraulic retention times (HRT) reduced from 8 to 1h. In AFBR30°C, the absence or low hydrogen yields can be attributed to the production of 1,3-propanediol (maximum of 651mmol/molglycerol), and the formation of caproic acid (maximum of 1097mg/L) at HRTs between 8 and 2h. In AFBR55°C, the hydrogen yield of 1.20molH2/molglycerolconsumed was observed at the HRT of 1h. The maximum yield of 1,3-propanediol in AFBR55°C was equal to 804mmol/molglycerol at the HRT of 6h and was concomitant with the production of hydrogen (0.87molH2/molglycerolconsumed) and butyric acid (1447mg/L).

Anaerobic Biodegradation of Biodiesel Industry Wastewater in Mesophilic and Thermophilic Fluidized Bed Reactors: Enhancing Treatment and Methane Recovery.

In the past few years, the extraction of value-added compounds from the anaerobic digestion of glycerol has been an option to add value to this waste because biodiesel production is increasing worldwide. The evolution of research on glycerol valorization by anaerobic digestion has reached the use of high-rate reactors. However, no study has evaluated glycerol digestion in an anaerobic fluidized bed reactor (AFBR), a configuration with potential advantages in methane production. Still, the best operating temperature for high-rate glycerol digestion remains unclear. To clarify these gaps, the present study aimed to compare glycerol digestion in mesophilic AFBR (30 °C) and thermophilic AFBR (55 °C). In both reactors, glycerol concentration was increased from 1.0 to 7.0 g L-1 at a fixed hydraulic retention time of 24 h, resulting in an increase at the organic loading rate from 1.2 to 7.6 kg COD m-3 day-1. Thermophilic digestion of glycerol achieved superior removals of organic matter (67.7-94.2%) and methane yield (330.8 mL CH4 g-1 COD) than the mesophilic digestion (48.6-93.0% and 266.6 mL CH4 g-1 COD). Additionally, the application of the kinetic model of substrate utilization (modified Stover-Kincannon model) indicated a higher substrate utilization coefficient in the thermophilic AFBR (23.09 g L-1 day-1) than the mesophilic AFBR (7.14 g L-1 day-1). Therefore, the application of glycerol concentrations higher than 7.0 g L-1 in thermophilic AFBR should be further investigated. Also, given only operational results, the application of the AFBR in the two-stage anaerobic digestion of glycerol is recommended.

Evaluation of the start-up of hydraulic conditions of a fluidised bed system

ABSTRACT The development of this research was based on the analysis of an anaerobic fluidised bed reactor from the assembly of its components to the sealing of the system and further fluidisation. A hydrometer and a Venturi were used to identify the best means of measuring the flow rate. Results produced by both devices were similar, however, the latter was less effective due to the low flow rates necessary to operate the system. The hydrometer was the most adequate device for flow rate measurements in the range between 0.1 and 1.0 m³/h, whereas the Venturi proved to be an adequate device for the flow in the range between 0.3 and 0.7 m³/h. Sand with grain sizes varying from 357 to 1000 µm was used as support material. It was not observed statistically significant differences between the minimum fluidisation velocities related to the amount of supported material of 20% and 40% (V SM/V usable) added to the reactor. Forty percent of the usable volume occupied with sand is adequate to reach fluidisation, instead of only the expansion of the bed. The fluidisation velocities for the sand grain size of 357 µm were 8.4 m/h ± 0.25 for 20%, and 8.6 m/h ± 0.30 for 40%, whereas for the 505 µm they were, respectively for 20% and 40%, 9.2 m/h ±0.70 and 10.1 m/h ± 0.37. The hydraulic tests allow to stress that sand grain sizes varying from 357 to 505 µm are recommended to be used in a system with similar characteristics.

The Impact of Hydraulic Retention Time on the Biomethane Production from Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) in Two-Stage Anaerobic Fluidized Bed Reactor

Indonesia is currently the most significant crude palm oil (CPO) producer in the world. In the production ofCPO, 0.7m3 of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) is emitted as the wastewater for every ton of fresh fruit bunches processed in the palm oil mill.With the increasing amount of CPO production, an effective POME treatment system is urgently required to prevent severe environmental damage. The high organic content in the POME is a potential substrate forbio-methane production. The biomethane production is carried out by two groups of microbes, i.e., acidogenic and methanogenic microbes. Each group of bacteria performs optimally at different optimum conditions. To optimize the biomethane production, POME was treated sequentially by separating the acidogenic and methanogenic microbes into two stages of anaerobic fluidized bed reactors (AFBR). The steps were optimized differently according to the favorable conditions of each group of bacteria. Although perfect separation cannot be achieved, this study showed that pH control could split the domination of the bacteria, i.e., the first stage (maintained at pH 4-5) was dominated by the acidogenic microbes and the second stage (kept neutral) was governed by methanogens. In addition to the pH control, natural zeolitewas added as microbial immobilization media in the AFBR to improve the performance of the microorganisms, especially in preventing microbial wash out at short hydraulic retention time (HRT). This study was focused on the understanding of the effect of HRT on the performance of steady-state continuous AFBR. The first stage as the acidogenic reactorwas rununder acidic conditions (pH 4-5) at five different HRTs. In comparison, the second stage as the methanogenic reactorwasrun under the neutral condition at four different HRTs. In this work,short HRT (5 days) resulted in better performance in both acidogenic AFBR and methanogenic AFBR. The immobilization media was hence essential to reduce the risk of washout at such a short HRT. The two-stage system also resulted in quite a high percentage of soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD) removal, which was as much as 96.06%sCOD.

Minimizing greenhouse gas emissions from leachate treatment by using zeolite column

In this study, by using a fluidized bed reactor, anaerobic treatment of young landfill leachate was performed to observe carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from an anaerobic fluidized bed reactor (AFBR) were calculated through a developed model based on IPCC approach. During 270 days of operation, it was reported that CH4 was the major emitted greenhouse gas with the highest values. Also, N2O and CO2 have been emitted from an AFBR. To minimize the GHG emissions, a zeolite column reactor was used for the reduction of the GHG emissions during 60 days of operation. Static chamber method was applied to measure the emissions from the zeolite column reactor. It was observed that GHG emissions from leachate treatment was minimized by applying an adsorption process with zeolite. CO2 emission was 0 at the end of 46 days. N2O emission was zero at 27th day. The emission of methane was also reduced up to 32%. The emission of CH4 emission was minimized at nearly 4.75 kg CO2e/d. Thus, it can be said that zeolite could adsorb CO2, CH4 and N2O gases and minimize GHG emissions.

EVALUATION OF BIOHYDROGEN PRODUCTION FROM SUGARCANE VINASSE IN AN ANAEROBIC FLUIDIZED BED REACTOR WITHOUT PH CONTROL

This study aimed to produce biohydrogen from sugarcane vinasse in an anaerobic fluidized bed reactor operated at ambient temperature (26-35 °C) with a progressive increase of the organic load rate (OLR) (17-155 kg-COD m-3 d-1) and without influent pH control. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 12, 6 and 4 h were applied to increase the OLR. The highest hydrogen yield, hydrogen production rate and percentage of hydrogen in the biogas were obtained in the HRT of 4 h, corresponding to the values of 2.40 mol-H2 mol-1-carbohydrate, 0.33 L-H2 h-1 L-1-reactor, and 33%, respectively. The butyric acid fermentative route was favored in the process. The PCR/DGGE analysis showed that the microbial community structure was modified along operational stages and increasing OLR caused an increase in microbial diversity. The results indicate that biohydrogen production from anaerobic digestion of sugarcane vinasse can be achieved with no alkalization pretreatment.

CFD study of the hydrodynamics and biofilm growth effect of an anaerobic inverse fluidized bed reactor operating in the laminar regime

The unsteady laminar flow of an inverse fluidized bed reactor was addressed in this study using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Three-dimensional (3D) and two-dimensional (2D) simulations were carried out using the Eulerian-Eulerian approach with the Syamlal O'Brien and Gidaspow models for modeling the drag between the solid and liquid phases. Reported data of solids expansion and bed porosity were used to validate the simulations. Results show that 2D simulations can satisfactorily reproduce experimental data of fluidized bed reactors, which are essentially equal to those obtained on 3D simulations. The model of Syamlal O'Brien was found to be in better agreement with experiments than that of Gidaspow. It is shown that commonly used correlations for predicting bed porosity fail to provide a reasonable overall description of the evaluated operating conditions. The flow patterns for both phases in the bed section exhibit chaotic recirculation zones with high values of shear stress, and after this, the flow quickly becomes fully developed. The effect of biofilm thickness increase on bed porosity, under similar apparent densities of colonized particles reported for this system, is analyzed. Biofilm growth generates a decrease in the Archimedes number (i.e., decreases the buoyancy of particles) and an increase in the particle Reynolds numbers (Rep), affecting significantly the final porosity of the bed. However, this effect vanishes for Rep < 0.25. Results from this work can be used to develop scale‐up criteria and to establish safe operating conditions (e.g., maximum liquid velocity and biofilm thickness) to avoid loss of support particles.

Continuous removal and recovery of metals from wastewater using inverse fluidized bed sulfidogenic bioreactor

Acid mine drainage (AMD) is a serious environmental hazard in many countries with historic or ongoing mining industries. Biological sulfide precipitation is an emerging technique for both removal and recovery of heavy metals from such wastewater. This study demonstrated heavy metal removal and recovery from synthetic wastewater containing Cd2+, Cu2+, Fe3+, Ni2+, Pb2+ and Zn2+ using two continuously operated sulfidogenic anaerobic inverse fluidized bed reactors (referred as R1 and R2) supplied with an influent of pH 7.0 and 3.0, respectively. In case of R1, more than 95% metal removal efficiency was achieved for all the metals except for Fe3+ (90%) and Ni2+ (85%), and in case of R2 the removal was more than 90% for all the metals except with Fe3+ (88%) and Ni2+ (82%). The metals were subsequently recovered in the form of metal nanopowder from the reactor bottom and equalizer, and the metal recovery was in the order: Cu > Pb > Cd > Zn > Ni > Fe. However R1 yielded a good recovery percentage (50–65%) of the metals in comparison with the reactor supplied with influent of pH 3.0 (46–55%). The presence of immobilized sulfate reducing bacteria onto the support material in the bioreactors were identified using field emission scanning electron microscopy. The size and shape of the biometal nanoparticles were confirmed using field emission transmission electron microscopy, which revealed their excellent potential for industrial application. This study demonstrates successful recovery of metal sulfides in the form of nanoparticles using IFBR.

Biohydrogen production in an AFBR using sugarcane molasses.

This study evaluated an anaerobic fluidized bed reactor to produce hydrogen from sugarcane molasses of 25g-CODL-1. The reactor of 1.2L working volume contained shredded tires as support material. The inoculum was sludge obtained in a UASB reactor of a sewage treatment plant. The AFBR was operated at hydraulic retention times of 12, 6, 4 and 3h. The maximum hydrogen production rate (1.44L-H2h-1L-1) and the highest hydrogen yield (3.07mol-H2mol-1-glucose) occurred at HRT of 4 and 6h, respectively. The highest COD removal (23.3 ± 8.5%) was achieved at HRT of 12h, while the HRT of 6h presented the maximum carbohydrate conversion of 70.1 ± 2.2%. Ethanol (44-67%) and acetic acid (18-38%) were the main metabolites produced, emphasizing a predominance of ethanol-type fermentation pathway in the process. The PCR-DGGE analysis revealed that the bacterial community presented a maximum similarity of 88% between HRT of 4 and 3h, indicating that the microbial dynamic altered as the organic load has increased. The highest Shannon-Winner index of 2.77 was obtained at HRT of 6h, inferring that higher microbial diversity favored hydrogen production.

Upgrading fluidized bed bioelectrochemical reactors for treating brewery wastewater by using a fluid-like electrode

Anaerobic digestion has historically shown critical operational limitations for treating industrial wastewater. Our work aims to evaluate the resilience capacity of a novel concept so-called microbial electrochemical fluidized bed reactor (ME-FBR) for treating real brewery wastewater under continuous operation mode over one year period. All assays were run in parallel using a conventional anaerobic fluidized bed reactor (AFBR). The resilience tests were designed attending to the most typical operational problems showed by the AFBR technology in real brewery wastewater treatment plants. Four different stress situations were tested: i) pollutants overloading (as high as 51.2 kgCOD/m3 d), ii) presence of an active biocide in the fed stream (5% Vbiocide/Vreactor), iii) operation of the reactors after long starvation periods (16 days) and iv) operation at low temperature (<25 °C). Our pre-pilot scale ME-FBR outperformed traditional AFBR for wastewater treatment capacity under all stress test regarding COD removal rate, total nitrogen (TN) removal rate and bioenergy recovery (bioelectrochemical-assisted hydrogen generation). Among all stress test, low temperatures and long starvation periods deeply decrease the robustness of both technologies.

The performance and bacterial community shifts in an anaerobic-aerobic process treating purified terephthalic acid wastewater under influent composition variations and ambient temperatures

Anaerobic-aerobic process is an efficient way to treat purified terephthalic acid (PTA) wastewater. In this study, the effect of changing feed composition on the performance of a combined upflow anaerobic fluidized bed (UAFB) and sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was investigated under ambient conditions (15–25 °C). The 187 days’ operation was divided into 4 stages by consecutively elevating the loading rate of terephthalic acid (TA), p-toluic acid, benzoic acid and acetic acid. Results revealed that almost all iso-phthalic acid, benzoic acid and acetic acid could be completely removed in the UAFB reactor, while only about 35% p-toluic acid was degraded in the UAFB reactor. Nevertheless, over 97.0% average COD removal efficiency could be achieved after the consecutive aerobic treatment. Furthermore, the load elevation of easily biodegradable organics might enhance the operational stability together with a less diverse bacterial community in anaerobic system. The microbial analysis elucidated a large amount of versatile aromatic degraders including Syntrophorhabdus, Syntrophus and Syntrophobacteraceae were observed in UAFB reactor, but they did not show clear correlation with any specific pollutant. Meanwhile, the growth of Thauera and Rhodobacteraceae in SBR reactor were stimulated by p-toluic acid load elevation, and both of them showed strong positive correlation with p-toluic acid degradation. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive insight into the organics degradation characteristics and bacterial profiles of UAFB-SBR process treating complex industrial wastewater at ambient temperatures.

High-rate microbial selenate reduction in an up-flow anaerobic fluidized bed reactor (FBR)

Wastewater contaminated with high concentrations of selenium oxyanions requires treatment prior to discharge. Biological fluidized bed reactors (FBRs) can be an option for removing selenium oxyanions from wastewater by converting them into elemental selenium, which can be separated from the treated effluent. In this study, a lab-scale FBR was constructed with granular activated carbon as biofilm carrier and inoculated with a consortium of selenate reducing bacteria enriched from environmental samples. The FBR was loaded with an influent containing ethanol (10 mM) and selenate (10 mM) as the microbial electron donor and acceptor, respectively. The performance of the FBR in reducing selenate was evaluated under various hydraulic retention times (HRTs) (120 h, 72 h, 48 h, 24 h, 12 h, 6 h, 3 h, 1 h and 20 min). After process acclimatization, selenate was completely removed with no notable selenite produced when the HRT was stepwise decreased from 120 h to 6 h. However, decreasing the HRT to 3 h resulted in selenite accumulation (0.17 ± 0.023 mM) in the effluent although selenate removal efficiency remained at 99.8 ± 0.20%. At 1 h HRT, the FBR removed 90.8 ± 1.4% of the selenate at a rate of 9.6 ± 0.15 mM h−1, which is the highest selenate reduction rate reported in the literature so far. However, 1 h HRT resulted in notable selenite accumulation (up to 2.4 ± 0.27 mM). Further decreasing the HRT to 20 min resulted in a notable decline in selenate reduction. Selenate reduction recovered from the “shock loading” after the HRT was increased back to 3 h. However, selenite still accumulated until the FBR was operated in batch mode for 6 days. This study affirmed that FBR is a promising treatment option for selenate-rich wastewater, and the process can be efficiently operated at low HRTs.

Bioconversion of pretreated sugarcane vinasse into hydrogen: new perspectives to solve one of the greatest issues of the sugarcane biorefinery

Currently, the disposal of sugarcane vinasse is one of the greatest issues of sugarcane biorefineries in Brazil because of the large volumes produced. To contribute with an alternative energy recovery process from this by-product, this study proposed a physicochemical pretreatment and adjustment of operating conditions to improve the performance of the acidogenic stage of the anaerobic digestion of sugarcane vinasse. Therefore, this study evaluated the influence of hydraulic retention time (decreasing from 8 to 6, 4, 2, and 1 h) on the bioconversion of pretreated sugarcane vinasse (5000 mg COD L−1) to hydrogen and value-added products. Two anaerobic fluidized bed reactors were operated under mesophilic (AFBR-M, 30 °C) and thermophilic (AFBR-T, 55 °C) conditions. Despite the low similarity between the bacterial populations of AFBR-M and AFBR-T (40% similarity), the maximum hydrogen production rates (0.27 ± 0.07 and 6.42 ± 1.46 L H2 day−1 L−1) and hydrogen yields (0.27 ± 0.07 and 1.06 ± 0.15 mmol H2 g COD−1) occurred at the hydraulic retention time of 2 h by reducing the values from 8 to 2 h. The highest COD/SO42− ratios of 17.4 and 25.1 were also observed in the effluents of the AFBR-M and AFBR-T, respectively, at the hydraulic retention time of 2 h. Under both mesophilic and thermophilic conditions, a similar metabolic distribution was observed at the HRT of 2 h (acetic, propionic, and butyric acids, for AFBR-M and acetic, propionic, butyric acids, and ethanol for AFBR-T). This finding indicates the functional similarity between bacterial populations in both reactors.

Homoacetogenesis: New insights into controlling this unsolved challenge by selecting the optimal C/N ratio, C/P ratio and hydraulic retention time

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of the carbon/phosphorus (C/P) ratio (300–1100) on hydrogen production and the control of homoacetogenesis in four anaerobic fluidized bed reactors with fixed carbon/nitrogen ratios of 100, 150, 200, and 250. The reactors were fed glucose (5000mgL−1) at the hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 8h. Low production of acetic acid attributed to homoacetogenesis was observed in all reactors (<29 % of total metabolite production) at C/P ratios between 500 and 1100, with no occurrence at the C/P ratio of 300. Thus, the effect of HRT (8 to 1h) on hydrogen production was evaluated at a C/P ratio of 300. The highest values of hydrogen yield (1.76mol H2mol−1 hexose) and hydrogen production rate (13.8l H2 day−1 L−1) were observed for a C/N/P ratio of 100/0.5/0.3 at HRTs of 8 and 1h, respectively. The maximum hydrogen production was attributed to butyric acid production. The decrease in the HRT caused an increase in acetic acid and ethanol production. Molecular analysis identified the presence of Ethanoligenens sp. and Clostridium sp., which were related to the production of hydrogen, ethanol, butyric acid, and acetic acid.

Co-fermentation of glycerol and molasses for obtaining biofuels and value-added products

By-products from biofuels production, such as crude glycerol and sugarcane molasses, are interesting carbon sources for anaerobic biological production of hydrogen and metabolites. The objective of this work was to promote the co-fermentation of those two substrates in an anaerobic fluidized bed reactor for obtaining biofuels and value-added products. The total and useful volumes of the reactor were 1.2 and 0.945 L, respectively. Sludge from a sewage treatment plant UASB reactor was used as the source of microorganisms. The crushed tire was applied as a support material to guarantee microbial adhesion. The molasses concentration was kept constant (4 g/L) and the crude glycerol varied (phase 1 = 1 g/L; phase 2 = 2 g/L, phase 3 = 3 g/L and phase 4 = 0 g/L) for a constant hydraulic retention time of 4 h. The highest average hydrogen yield (3.77 mol-H2/molglucose) and the highest average hydrogen production rate (0.34 L-H2/h Lreactor) occurred in the fourth phase of operation (without crude glycerol). The main soluble metabolites produced were 1,3-propanediol (14.4–38.8%), propionate (12.1–37.5%) and acetate (13.2–26.9%).

Tratamiento de un Efluente con Furfural mediante Bacterias Autóctonas, en un Reactor Anaerobio de Lecho Fluidizado

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue proponer un tratamiento alternativo para los efluentes provenientes de una industria que fabrica furfural. El efluente, denominado aguas madres, contiene hasta 3000 mg/L de furfural. Para ello, se diseñó y construyó un reactor anaerobio de lecho fluidizado; se adaptaron microorganismos autóctonos al efluente a degradar y se evaluó la eficiencia, mediante el tratamiento de un efluente sintético de similares características que las aguas madres. Se monitoreó el desempeño del reactor, analizando los porcentajes de remoción de furfural. Los resultados, a escala laboratorio, demostraron que es posible adaptar consorcios bacterianos a concentraciones de furfural de hasta 600 mg/L. El reactor ensayado resultó eficiente y pudo ser utilizado para evaluar la degradación del furfural. Se obtuvieron porcentajes de remoción de hasta 99,92% en 20 horas de operación

Improved dark fermentation of cane molasses in mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic fluidized bed reactors by selecting operational conditions

Improved dark fermentation of cane molasses in mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic fluidized bed reactors by selecting operational conditions