Anemic Rats Research Articles

Rapidly Dissolving Microneedle Patches for Transdermal Iron Replenishment Therapy

The prevalence of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is predominant in women and children especially in developing countries. The disorder affects cognitive functions and physical activity. Although oral iron supplementation and parenteral therapy remains the preferred choice of treatment, gastric side effects and risk of iron overload decreases adherence to therapy. Transdermal route is an established approach, which circumvents the side effects associated with conventional therapy. In this project, an attempt was made to investigate the use of rapidly dissolving microneedles loaded with ferric pyrophosphate (FPP) as a potential therapeutic approach for management of IDA. Microneedle array patches were made using the micromolding technique and tested in vitro using rat skin to check the duration required for dissolution/disappearance of needles. The ability of FPP-loaded microneedles to replenish iron was investigated in anemic rats. Rats were fed iron-deficient diet for 5 weeks to induce IDA following which microneedle treatment was initiated. Recovery of rats from anemic state was monitored by measuring hematological and biochemical parameters. Results from in vivo study displayed significant improvements in hemoglobin and serum iron levels after 2-week treatment with FPP-loaded microneedles. The study effectively demonstrated the potential of microneedle-mediated iron replenishment for treatment of IDA.

Anti-Anemic Activity of Hydro-Alcoholic Extract Seeds of Foeniculum vulgare in Phenylhydrazine Induced Anemic Rats

The main objective of this research was to evaluate the anti-anemic activity in hydro-alcoholic extract of seeds of Foeniculum vulgare in phenylhydrazine induced anemic rats. Phenylhydrazine (60mg/kg) was given intraperitoneally in rats for two days to induce anemia. The animals were divided into 5 groups of 6 animals each. Group 1 was known as normal control group, Group 2 was known as anemic control group, Group 3 was known as standard reference control group given with Vit. B12, Group 4 was known as test control-I given with 100mg/kg of hydro-alcoholic extract of seeds of Foeniculum vulgare, Group 5 was known as test control-II given with 200mg/kg of hydro-alcoholic extract of seeds of Foeniculum vulgare. All the test drugs were given for 28 days through oral route once in a day. On 29th day blood was taken out through tail puncture and was subjected to the determination of RBC, Hb and percentage Haematocrit. Both the hydro-alcoholic seeds extract of Foeniculum vulgare and Vit. B12 significantly increase the HB, RBC & percentage Haematocrit level which shows that Foeniculum vulgare seeds exhibits the anti-anemic activity.

Anti-Anemic Activity of Hydro-Alcoholic Extract of Fruit of Allium tricoccum in Phenylhydrazine Induced Anemic Rats

This current research was done to bring out the anti-anemic activity in hydro-alcoholic extract of fruit of Allium tricoccum in phenylhydrazine induced anemic rats. The anemia was induced by the administration of Phenylhydrazine (60mg/kg) intraperitoneally in rats for two days. The animals were divided into 5 groups containing 6 animals each. 1st group was served as normal control group, 2nd group was served as anemic control, 3rd group was served as standard reference control administered with Vit. B12 complex, 4th group was served as test control-I administered with 100mg/kg of hydro-alcoholic extract of fruit of Allium tricoccum and 5th group was served as test control-II administered with 200mg/kg of hydro-alcoholic extract of fruit of Allium tricoccum. All the test drugs were given for 28 days daily through oral route. On 29th day blood was withdrawn, through tail puncture and subjected to the estimation of RBC, Hb and percentage Haematocrit. Both the hydro-alcoholic fruit extract of Allium tricoccum and Vit. B12 significantly increase the Haemoglobin, Red Blood Cells & percentage Haematocrit level which conclude that Allium tricoccum fruit exhibits the anti-anemic activity. &nbsp

Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Rumput Laut Cokelat (Sargassum duplicatum) terhadap Peningkatan Kadar Hematokrit pada Darah Tikus Putih Jantan Galur Wistar (Rattus norvegicus) Anemia yang Diinduksi NaNO2

Latar Belakang: Di Indonesia, prevalensi anemia defisiensi besi mencapai 25,2 persen, Ini menunjukkan bahwa anemia merupakan kondisi medis di masyarakat yang perlu diperhatikan. Rumput laut cokelat (Sargassum duplicatum) merupakan golongan alga yang mengandung mineral seperti zat besi dan vitamin B12. Sehingga kandungan dalam Sargassum duplicatum dapat digunakan untuk terapi anemia yang berfungsi sebagai pembentuk utama hemoglobin. Tujuan: penelitian eksperimental ini untuk melihat apakah pemberian Sargassum dupicatum berpengaruh pada peningkatan kadar haemoglobin darah tikus yang anemia yang di induksi NaNO2.Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan penelitian Post-test only control group design menggunakan 30 sampel tikus yang dibagi dalam 3 kelompok (K0, K1, dan K2). Perlakuan anemia pada tikus dengan menggunakan natrium nitrit (NaNO2) dengan dosis 125 mg/KgBB. Kelompok K0merupakan kelompok yang tidak mendapat perlakuan. Kelompok K1 merupakan kelompok yang diberi NaNO2 selama 18 hari tanpa diet Sargassum duplicatum. Kelompok K2 merupakan kelompok yang diberi NaNO2 selama 18 hari dan mendapat diet Sargassum duplicatum dengan dosis 2,45 gr/KgBB selama 14 hari. Hasil: Dari penelitian ini dapat diketahui K0 memiliki rerata kadar hemoglobin 12,71 g/dL, K1 memiliki rerata kadar hemoglobin 11,96 g/dL, dan K2 memiliki rerata kadar hemoglobin 12,99 g/dL yang menunjukkan bahwa secara deskriptif ada perbedan antara kelompok K1 dan K2. Berdasarkan uji statistik Kruskal-Wallis diperoleh nilai 0,290 sehingga p> 0,05 menunjukkan H0 diterima yang berarti bahwa tidak ada perbedaan pemberian Sargassum duplicatum dalam meningkatkan kadar hemoglobin darah tikus yang anemia yang diinduksi NaNO2Kesimpulan: Berdasarkan penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa secara deskriptif ada peningkatan kadar hemoglobin darah tikus putih pada kelompok yang mendapatkan terapi ekstrak Sargassum duplicatum tapi tidak signifikan secara statistik.

PREPARATION AND EVALUATION OF IRON OXIDE NANOPARTICLES FOR TREATMENT OF IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA

Objective: The objective of this research was to formulate and evaluate iron oxide nanoparticles for treatment of iron deficiency anemia (IDA).Methods: Iron oxide nanoparticles were prepared by co-precipitation method and stabilized by coating with folic acid or chitosan. The prepared nanoparticles were characterized in vitro for morphology, particle size, zeta potential, crystallinity and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorption. In vivo studies were performed to evaluate the efficacy of the prepared nanoparticles in treating iron-deficient anemic rats compared to the commercial iron product.Results: In vitro results revealed that particle sizes were 65.95±5 nm, 220.2±12 nm and 295.3±19 nm for uncoated iron oxide nanoparticles, folic acid-coated iron oxide nanoparticles and chitosan coated iron oxide nanoparticles, respectively. UV-Vis absorption spectrum and x-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns confirmed that the prepared nanoparticles were iron oxide nanoparticles. In vivo results indicated that folic acid-coated iron oxide nanoparticles showed effective restorative action, returning haemoglobin (Hb) concentration to normal levels, where not only complete recovery of Hb within short time from the anemic state to the high normal level, but also improved Hb concentrations compared to the commercial iron product.Conclusion: The results obtained in this research work clearly indicated a promising potential of folic acid-coated iron oxide nanoparticles for the effective treatment of IDA.

ANTI-ANAEMIC ACTIVITY OF HYDRO-ALCOHOLIC LEAF EXTRACT OF LUFFA AEGYPTIACA IN PHENYLHYDRAZINE INDUCED ANEMIC RATS

The main aim of the current study is to determine the anti-anaemic activity in hydro-alcoholic leaf extract of Luffa aegyptiaca in phenylhydrazine induced anemic rats. Phenylhydrazine (60mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally in rats for 2 days to induce anemia. The animals were divided into 5 groups containing 6 animals each. 1 st group was served as normal control group, 2 nd group was served as anaemic control administered with phenylhydrazine for two days, 3 rd group was served as standard reference control administered with Vitamin B 12 complex, 4 th group was served as test control administered with 100 mg/kg of hydro-alcoholic leaf extract of Luffa aegyptiaca and 5 th group was served as test control administered with 200mg/kg of hydro-alcoholic leaf extract of Luffa aegyptica . All the test drugs were given for 28 days daily through oral route. On 29 th day blood was withdrawn, through tail puncture and subjected to the determination of RBC, Hb and percentage Haematocrit. Both the hydro-alcoholic leaf extract of Luffa aegyptiaca and Vit. B 12 significantly increase the HB, RBC & % HCT level which indicates that Luffa aegyptiaca leaf exhibits’ the anti-anaemic activity.

Characterization of Key Factors of Anchovy (Engraulis japonicus) Meat in the Nanoparticle-Mediated Enhancement of Non-Heme Iron Absorption.

Anchovy (Engraulis japonicus) meat (AM) has been shown to promote nonheme iron absorption via a ferric oxyhydroxide nanoparticle (FeONP)-mediated mechanism. Here, formulation modifications of an egg-white-based AIN-93G diet with AM fractions resulted hemoglobin regeneration efficiencies in anemic rats following an order control (23.69 ± 3.99%) < ferrous-sulfate-replacement of ferric citrate (39.89 ± 2.97%) ≈ dehemeed-AM-protein-replacement of egg white (45.88 ± 4.76%) ≈ AM-lipid-replacement of soybean oil (43.14 ± 3.48%) ≈ chondroitin-sulfate-replacement of ∼2.5% corn starch (39.92 ± 1.88%) < l-α-phosphatidylcholine-replacement of ∼29% soybean oil (53.42 ± 2.04%), with nanosized iron enriched in proximal-small-intestinal contents by these AM fractions. The calcein-fluorescence-quenching assay in polarized Caco-2 cells revealed good iron absorption from FeONPs coated with AM peptides, l-α-phosphatidylcholine, l-α-lysophosphatidylcholine, and chondroitin sulfate, with the latter two disfavoring endocytosis thereby inducing relatively weaker iron absorption. These results suggest peptides, phospholipids, and mucopolysaccharides released during AM digestion are key factors promoting nonheme iron absorption.

Chronic anaemia causes degenerative changes in trophoblast cells of the rat placenta

Objectives: Iron deficiency anaemia causes adverse pregnancy outcome. There are few studies on effects of anaemia on the structure of trophoblastic cells which are important in placental function. These data are important for understanding the function and disorders of the placenta. The aim of this study was to investigate the ultrastructural cellular changes associated with iron deficiency anaemia in rat placenta. Methods: Forty-nine female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly separated into experimental and control groups. The experimental group was rendered anaemic by removing 1.5 ml of blood per bleed on five alternate days, and the placentas were collected on gestational days 17, 19 and 21. For light microscopy, five cubic millimeter segments were fixed in 10% buffered formaldehyde solution; dehydrated in ethanol and embedded in paraffin wax. Five micron thick sections were cut, deparaffinized and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin. For transmission electron microscopy, 1 mm3 sections were fixed in 2.5% phosphate buffered glutaraldehyde, post fixed in 2% osmium tetroxide, dehydrated in ethanol, cleared in propylene and embedded in epon resin. Ultrathin sections stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate were examined with JEOL electron microscope. Results: Cytotrophoblast, syncytiotrophoblast and giant trophoblastic cells of placentas of anaemic rats showed cytoplasmic and nuclear vacuolation with loss of cell margins. In addition, there was atrophy of microvilli on the cell surface, as well nuclear chromatolysis, nucleolar degeneration and appearance of dark bodies. Conclusion: Chronic anaemia causes trophoblastic cell degeneration. This may undermine the functional integrity of the cells and constitute part of the mechanism for poor fetal outcome.

Recovery from dietary iron deficiency anaemia in rats by the intake of microencapsulated ferric saccharate.

This study examined the bioavailability of iron contained in microencapsulated ferric saccharate in a rat model of iron deficiency anaemia. Three groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats with induced iron deficiency anaemia were subsequently treated with a control Fe-deficient diet (2-6mg Fe/Kg of diet) with or without the addition of 10mg Fe/Kg of diet (in form of ferrous sulphate or microencapsulated ferric saccharate) for 2weeks. The bioavailability of microencapsulated ferric saccharate was examined by measuring body weight gain, feed efficiency and reticulocyte parameters, and compared with the bioavailability of ferrous sulphate. Final body weight, feed efficiency, mean corpuscular volume of reticulocytes and average haemoglobin content in reticulocytes were significantly higher in anaemic rats supplemented with either microencapsulated ferric saccharate or ferrous sulphate, compared to anaemic controls. No significant differences were found between the two iron-supplemented groups. The total number of reticulocytes showed a similar trend. The results demonstrated that ingestion of microencapsulated ferric saccharate is as effective as ferrous sulphate in recovery from iron deficiency anaemia.

Changes in Adiposity and Body Composition during Anemia Recovery with Goat or Cow Fermented Milks.

To date, no studies are available about adipose tissue modifications during anemia recovery; therefore, the aim of this study is to provide detailed information about adipose tissue homeostasis during anemia recovery with fermented milks. Forty male Wistar rats were placed on a pre-experimental period of 40 days, divided in two groups (normal-Fe diet and Fe-deficient diet). Then rats were fed fermented goat or cow milk-based diets with normal-Fe content during 30 days. Ghrelin and adiponectin decreased in both groups of animals fed fermented goat milk, whereas leptin and NEFA increased. UCP-1 decreased in anemic rats fed either fermented milk, and irisin greatly increased in both groups of animals fed fermented goat milk. Fermented goat milk reduces adiposity, inducing leptin elevation and ghrelin reduction. Conversely, plasma adiponectin concentrations decreased in animals fed fermented goat milk, showing an inverse correlation with NEFA, an important marker of lipid mobilization, indicating increased lipolysis. Irisin up-regulation in animals fed fermented goat milk contributes to a favorable metabolic profile and the browning of adipose tissue during anemia recovery.

PartiallyHydrolyzedGuarGumIncreases FerroportinExpressionintheColonofAnemic GrowingRats.

Studies have reported a positive effect of prebiotics on the bioavailability of iron. This study evaluated the effect of partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG) on iron absorption mechanisms in anemic rats. Male Wistar rats were fed 75g American Institute of Nutrition Rodent Diets for growth, pregnancy and lactation (AIN93-G) without iron for three weeks in order to induce iron deficiency anemia. Then they were fed a control diet (n = 12; without fiber) or a diet with 7.5% of PHGG (n = 12), both without iron. Food intake, body growth and the feed efficiency coefficient (FEC) were measured. The animals were euthanized after two weeks of treatment. The weight of the organs, the pH of the cecal content, and the hepatic iron and ferroportin expression in the cecum, duodenum, and liver were assessed. The intake of PHGG reduced food intake without affecting body growth, and there was a difference between the groups regarding the FEC (p = 0.026), with the highest value found in the PHGG group. The weight of the cecal content increased (p ≤ 0.001) and the pH of the cecal content was significantly lower in the PHGG group. The intake of PHGG significantly increased ferroportin expression in the cecum;however, the difference was not significant in the duodenum and the liver. PHGG seems to have a positive influence on iron absorption through transporter expression, and structural and physiological changes in the colon of anemic growing animals.

A novel combination of four flavonoids derived from Astragali Radix relieves the symptoms of cyclophosphamide-induced anemic rats.

By using a feedback system control scheme, the best combination of formononetin, ononin, calycosin, and calycosin‐7‐O‐β‐d‐glucoside derived from Astragali Radix was shown to activate a hypoxia response element, a regulator for erythropoietin (EPO) transcription, in kidney fibroblast. In cyclophosphamide‐induced anemic rats, the treatment of combined flavonoids, or EPO, improved the levels of red blood cells, white blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit. In addition, the altered levels of antioxidant capacity, super oxidase dismutase, and malondialdehyde, triggered in anemic rats, were restored to control levels by the treatment of flavonoids. Here, we proposed a possible therapy by using the common flavonoids in treating anemia.

Supplementation of Fructooligosaccharide Mildly Improves the Iron Status of Anemic Rats Fed a Low-Iron Diet

Also known as a prebiotic, fructooligosaccharide (FOS) resists digestion by gastric acid and pancreatic enzymes in vivo, but is preferentially fermented by beneficial intestinal bacteria once it reaches the colon. While some studies suggest that FOS and its fermentation products may influence the iron absorption process, the effects of prolonged FOS supplementation on iron status remain unclear. The objective of this study was therefore to determine the enhancing effects of FOS supplementation on the iron status of anemic rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats receiving a low-iron diet (12 μg/g) for 14 days showed significantly lower hemoglobin concentration, as well as lower tissue non-heme iron levels than rats receiving a regular diet (45 μg/g), confirming iron-deficiency anemia. On the first day of the feeding trial, two groups of anemic rats (n = 6) were fed the same low-iron diet with or without FOS supplementation, while two other groups of anemic rats were switched to the regular diet with or without FOS supplementation to allow recovery. FOS was provided to the rats by dissolving in water at 5% (w/v). Anemic rats fed the low-iron diet showed a mild increase (p < 0.05) in hemoglobin level after 21 days of FOS supplementation when compared to rats without FOS. For anemic rats switched to the regular diet, hemoglobin level returned to normal after 14 days and FOS supplementation showed no additional effects. Our results suggest that FOS supplementation has a mild enhancing effect on the iron status of anemic subjects on a low-iron diet.

Effects of Methanol Seed Extract of Aframomum melegueta (Alligator Pepper) on Wistar Rats with 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine Induced Hemolytic Anemia

The prevalence of parasitic infections such as malaria, which leads to decrease in hematological indices, the major cause of anemia, constitutes a serious health challenge in many developing countries such as Nigeria. This study investigated the effect of methanol seed extract of Aframomum melegueta on selected hematological indices of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (2,4-DNPH)-induced anemic rats model. The toxicity study and qualitative phytochemical screening of the extract were carried out using standard procedure. Twenty Wistar rats were grouped into five of four rats each (n = 4). Group I: Normal control; Group II: Negative control; Group III: administered 20 ml/kg b.w. of Astifer (Standard drug); Group IV and V were administered 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w. of the extract, respectively. The animals of Groups II to V were induced with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (20 mg/kg b.w.) once daily for seven consecutive days; their blood samples were collected by ocular puncture into heparinized capillary tubes for hematological analysis and animals with packed cell volume (PCV) ≥ 30% reduction were considered anemic for the study. The result of the qualitative phytochemical analysis showed that the methanol extract tested positive to alkaloids, carbohydrate, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, and anthraquinones. Acute toxicity and lethality studies on methanol extract showed an oral LD50 equal or less than 5000 mg/kg b.w. in mice. The rats administered 20 ml/kg b.w. of Astifer showed significant (P &lt; 0.05) increase in PCV, hemoglobin, red blood cell (RBC) count, white blood cell (WBC) count, and neutrophils count compared with the normal control animals. The rats administered 200 mg/kg b.w. of A. melegueta showed significantly (P &lt; 0.05) higher PCV and WBC count; non significant (P &gt; 0.05) decrease in hemoglobin count, RBC, platelet, neutrophils and lymphocyte count compared with the normal control animals. The rats administered 400 mg/kg b.w. of A. melegueta showed significant (P &lt; 0.05) increase in hemoglobin, platelet, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and neutrophils count; non significant (P &gt; 0.05) lower PCV, RBC, WBC count, and lymphocyte count compared with anemic rats administered with 0.3 ml of normal saline. It can be concluded that Aframomum melegueta seed has beneficial immunological and hematological properties in Wistar rats and possessed erythropoietic potentials at minimal dose that support its use for treating anemia.

The hematinic effect of Colla corii asini (Ejiao) using 1H-NMR metabolomics coupled with correlation analysis in APH-induced anemic rats

Colla corii asini (Ejiao), a gelatin-like food and drug obtained from Equus asinus Linnaeus, has been widely used in clinical hematic antianemic therapy for more than 2000 years.

Preclinical Modeling of ACVR1-Dependent Hepcidin Production and Anemia By Momelotinib

▪Patients with myelofibrosis (MF) often develop anemia and frequently become dependent on red blood cell transfusions. Elevated levels of hepcidin in MF patients suggest that deregulated iron homeostasis is a driver of anemia in MF (Pardanani et al., Am J Hematol, 2013). A phase 2 study in MF patients demonstrated that momelotinib (MMB) treatment resulted in improvement of anemia (Pardanani et al., Blood, 2013, ASH Suppl). We have demonstrated that in addition to inhibiting JAK1/2, MMB also inhibits the bone morphogenetic protein receptor kinase, activin A receptor type 1 (ACVR1), a key regulator of hepcidin production in hepatocytes (Asshoff et al., Blood, 2015, ASH Suppl). This work supports a model by which the improvement of anemia observed in MF patients with MMB treatment results from the inhibition of ACVR1-mediated hepcidin expression in the liver, increased mobilization of sequestered iron from cellular stores and subsequent stimulation of erythropoiesis.Here we demonstrate that MMB treatment in anemic rats resulted in a reduction of hepcidin and amelioration of anemia; whereas ruxolitinib dosing affected neither hepcidin nor anemia. Short-term MMB oral treatment in anemic rats resulted in a dose responsive inhibition of serum hepcidin induction with complete suppression at 25 mg/kg QD, 82% inhibition at 10 mg/kg QD, and 55% inhibition at 5 mg/kg QD (Table 1). Interestingly, only the two higher doses show significant time above EC50 levels, whereas the 5 mg/kg dose (which most closely approximates MMB human clinical exposures) only shows significant time above EC20. This suggests that systemic drug concentrations alone may not accurately predict activity in the model as 5 mg/kg demonstrated a 55% reduction in serum hepcidin. In a rat quantitative whole body autoradiography tissue distribution study, MMB levels have been demonstrated to be 3-4 fold higher in the liver relative to blood (Figure 1). Thus, the significant inhibiton of hepcidin levels in animals dosed with 5 mg/kg MMB may be due to higher concentrations in the liver. MMB concentrations would be expected to be higher in the liver relative to blood in humans as well.Our results provide preclinical evidence for a direct role of MMB in regulating iron homeostasis through the ACVR1/hepcidin axis. Evaluation of the activity of MMB on the ACVR1/hepcidin axis is being done in ongoing MMB clinical studies in patients with MF. [Display omitted] [Display omitted] DisclosuresWarr:Gilead Sciences: Employment, Equity Ownership. Zheng:Gilead Sciences: Employment, Equity Ownership. Sharma:Gilead Sciences: Employment, Equity Ownership. Maciejewski:Gilead Sciences: Employment, Equity Ownership. Theurl:Gilead Sciences: Research Funding. Whitney:Gilead Sciences: Employment, Equity Ownership.

Hematopoietic effect of fermented deer antler extract in iron deficient diet-induced anemic rats.

To assess the hematopoietic effects of fermented deer antler extract using a dietinduced anemic animal model to facilitate the utilization of fermented deer antler extract and its derived products. Thirty 3-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were treated for 5 weeks. The rats were randomly divided into 6 groups and treated as follows: control, saline; NFA200, non-fermented deer antler extract 200 mg/kg; NFA500, non-fermented deer antler extract 500 mg/kg; FAB200, fermented deer antler extract 200 mg/kg; FAB500, fermented deer antler extract 500 mg/kg; and PC, heme iron 0.2 mg/kg. Blood parameters, iron content in the liver and spleen, hepatic δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydrogenase (ALAD) activity and divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) mRNA expression were analyzed. No detectable significant differences were observed in blood parameters among groups. The decrease in the hepatic ALAD activity in anemic rats was significantly improved by fermented deer antler extract supplementation (P<0.05); however, non-fermented deer antler extract supplementation did not result in a significant improvement (P>0.05). The hepatic DMT1 mRNA expression level was increased significantly by supplementation with both the fermented deer antler extract and the non-fermented deer antler extract in a dose-dependent manner compared with nontreatment in anemic rats (P<0.05). The hematopoietic activity induced by deer antler extract in dietinduced anemic rats might be increased through the fermentation process.

Fermented goat milk consumption during anaemia recovery: ergogenic effect and improvement of skeletal muscle homeostasis.

Anaemia is associated with fatigue and diminished muscular oxygenation, which may affect skeletal muscle (SM). No studies are available about the SM modifications during anaemia recovery; therefore, the aim of this study is to study SM homeostasis during anaemia recovery with fermented milks. Forty male Wistar rats were placed on a pre-experimental period of 40days, divided in two groups (control group receiving normal-Fe diet and Fe-deficient group receiving low-Fe diet). Lately, rats were fed with fermented goat or cow milk-based diets, with normal-Fe content during 30days. After feeding the fermented milks, leptin, adiponectin, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and protein expression (UCP1, PepT1 and irisin) within the SM were assessed. Adiponectin decreased in both groups of animals fed fermented goat milk, while leptin and NEFA increased. UCP1 protein expression increased in control and anaemic animals fed fermented goat milk. UCP1 also increased in both group of anaemic animals fed either fermented cow or goat milk in comparison with their controls. Irisin increased in both group of animals fed fermented goat milk. Finally, PepT1 also showed an increased expression in control and anaemic rats fed fermented goat milk and the anaemia also induced an over-expression of this transporter in animals fed either fermented cow or goat milk. Fermented goat milk consumption during anaemia recovery diminishes adiposity depots and enhances lipolysis, increasing UCP1, PepT1 and irisin protein expression, featuring an ergogenic effect in the SM which is an important endocrine regulator of body metabolism.

The effect of Iresine herbstii Hook on some haematological parameters of experimentally induced anaemic rats

Iresine herbstii is fed to livestock in South-eastern Nigeria in the belief that it boosts their blood supply. The aim of this work is to study the effect of the methanolic extract of I. herbstii Hook on some blood parameters of experimentally induced anaemic albino rats. For acute toxicity study, graded doses of the methanolic leaf extract of I. herbstii at 10, 100, 1000, 1600, 2900 and 5000 mg/kg were administered orally to rats randomly allotted to six groups of three animals each and signs of toxicity were observed for 24 h. To evaluate its haematological effects, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg of extract was administered orally to three out of five groups of six rats each for 14 days after the induction of acute blood loss anaemia. Parameters monitored were packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentration (Hb), weight gain and red blood cell counts (RBC). Phytochemical, proximate and nutritional analysis of the plant was done. I. herbstii had an LD50 > 5000 mg/kg. Mean group weight gain and RBC were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in treated than untreated groups. PCV and Hb did not differ significantly between the treated and untreated groups. Plant contained flavonoids; phenols; alkaloids; 22.85 % crude protein; 18.58 % ash; 9.62 % crude fibre; 1.5 % ether extract; 12.05 % moisture; vitamins A, C, E, B1, B3, B5, B6 and B12; zinc; iron; phosphorus; calcium; and magnesium. Methanolic extract of I. herbstii significantly improved red blood cell count of anaemic rats at the dose of 400 mg/kg bw and the body weights of anaemic rats at all treatment doses (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg bw).

Effect of liposome-treated red blood cells in an anemic rat model

Context: Liposomes have been shown to improve human red blood cell (RBC) in vitro quality by minimizing membrane damage occurring during 42-d hypothermic storage. Small animal models are necessary to evaluate novel blood products and guide future clinical studies.Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of liposome treatments on rat RBC hypothermic storage lesion (HSL) and to examine in vivo outcomes of transfusing liposome treated RBCs in a rat model.Materials and methods: Unilamellar liposomes were synthesized which contained saturated (DPPC:CHOL, 7:3 mol%), unsaturated (DOPC:CHOL, 7:3 mol%), saturated charged (DPPC:CHOL:PS, 6:3:1 mol%), and unsaturated charged (DOPC:CHOL:PS, 6:3:1 mol%) phospholipids. After liposome treatment, rat RBC quality was assessed by percent hemolysis, deformability, aggregation, hematological indices, microvesiculation, and cholesterol/phospholipid concentrations. An anemic rat model of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) was used to evaluate the outcomes of transfusing liposome-treated RBCs.Results: All four liposome treatments resulted in significant decreases in hemolysis, with the most prominent effect seen with DOPC-liposomes (DOPC: 1.6 ± 0.1% versus control: 3.1 ± 0.2%, p = 0.015). RBCs treated with uncharged liposomes had lower hemolysis compared with charged liposomes (3.4 ± 0.2% versus 3.9 ± 0.4%, p = 0.010). The in vivo study showed no significant difference in the hemoglobin levels and infarct size (53.3 ± 13.1% versus 45.3 ± 8.4%, p = 0.223) between liposome and control groups.Discussion and conclusion: Liposome treatment improved in vitro quality of stored rat RBCs. However, the changes observed in vitro were not sufficient to improve the in vivo outcomes of myocardial I/R in anemic rats transfused with liposome-treated RBCs.