Amurensis Rupr Research Articles

Preparation of Shellac Resin Microcapsules Coated with Urea Formaldehyde Resin and Properties of Waterborne Paint Films for Tilia amurensis Rupr.

A two-step in situ polymerization method was utilized to fabricate urea formaldehyde (UF) resin-coated shellac resin microcapsules. The morphology and composition of microcapsules with different core-wall ratios were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and infrared (IR) spectrum. The effects of different concentrations of microcapsules on gloss, color difference, hardness, adhesion, and impact resistance of waterborne paint films were studied. At the same time, the self-healing effect of the prepared microcapsules applied to waterborne paint film was discussed. The results revealed that the shellac resin microcapsules coated with UF resin were successfully prepared. At the 0.67:1 and 0.75:1 core-wall ratios, the color differences of the paint film with 0–20.0% (weight percent) microcapsules were small and the color was uniform. Under the condition of 60° incident angle and the same microcapsule concentration, a good gloss was obtained. When the concentration was 20.0%, the hardness of paint film reached the maximum value. The adhesion of paint film was better, which was not affected by microcapsule concentration. When the concentration was 5.0% and 10.0%, the microstructure of paint film was good. The paint film with a 10.0% concentration of the shellac resin microcapsules coated with UF resin had better self-healing performance and the comprehensive performance was better. This paper provides the basis for the industrial application of self-healing waterborne wood paint films.

The comparative analysis of stilbene production in cell cultures of two East Asian grape species Vitis amurensis Rupr. and Vitis coignetiae Pulliat

Two East Asian grape species Vitis amurensis and Vitis coignetiae have been investigated for their increased cold and drought tolerance and high level of resistance to infections. Nowadays, the grape species attract attention due to their capability to produce a group of valuable plant secondary metabolites named stilbenes. The basic stilbene, t-resveratrol, is known to demonstrate a high bioactivity and is synthesized by stilbene synthase (STS) in grape cells. In order to find the suitable biological model for t-resveratrol production, 12 cell culture lines derived from the leaf, petiole and stem explants of the East Asian grape species were tested for their ability to produce t-resveratrol and other stilbenes. The comparative analysis showed that the V. coignetiae cell culture lines were the most productive in terms of stilbene content. This observation was confirmed by the increased level of STS expression in V. coignetiae cells in comparison to V. amurensis. The expression analysis of the genes encoding transcription factors potentially involved in regulation of STS genes revealed the significant species-specific differences, suggesting the molecular basis underlying the observed differences in stilbene biosynthetic potential of V. amurensis and V. coignetiae. The comparative analysis revealed the greater stilbene production potential for cells of V. coignetiae due to enhanced STS expression determinated by Myb1/15, Myb40 and Myb60 transcription factors.

Physiological Change and Transcriptome Analysis of Chinese Wild Vitis amurensis and Vitis vinifera in Response to Cold Stress

The Chinese wild Vitis amurensis Rupr. is a crucial resource for cold-resistant germplasm, but the molecular mechanism of cold resistance in V. amurensis has not been clarified. We conducted a physiological and transcriptome analysis of potted plants of V. amurensis accession “Shuangyou” (cold-resistant) and Vitis vinifera cultivar “Red Globe” (cold-sensitive) subjected to 0 °C for 3, 12, 48, and 72 h. The “Shuangyou” exhibited lower electrolyte leakage (EL) and malondialdehyde (MDA) compared with “Red Globe.” The proline contents in “Shuangyou” was higher than “Red Globe” at 0 and 48 h while lower than “Red Globe” at other time points. On the whole, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POD) activity in “Shuangyou” was higher than “Red Globe,” and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity in “Shuangyou” was lower than “Red Globe.” Transcriptome analysis showed that 240, 310, 1072, and 1107 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in “Red Globe” at 3, 12, 48, and 72 h, respectively, and 32, 1161, 1894, and 3290 DEGs were found in “Shuangyou” at the same time points, respectively. Functional categories of DEGs included metabolic processes and signal transduction involved with cold resistance in grapevine. The high expression level of encoding peroxiredoxin genes in V. amurensis revealed a strong ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS). The expression levels of 5 DEGs in “Shuangyou” were more than 20 times higher than those of “Red Globe” at all time points, indicating that some cold-related special pathways maybe involved in V. amurensis. These related genes, as candidate transcripts, may contribute to excellent cold-hardiness breeding in grape.

Variation in Stem Xylem Traits is Related to Differentiation of Upper Limits of Tree Species along an Elevational Gradient

The distribution limits of many plants are dictated by environmental conditions and species’ functional traits. While many studies have evaluated how plant distribution is driven by environmental conditions, there are not many studies investigating xylem vessel properties with altitude, and whether these traits correlate with altitudinal distribution of tree. Here, we investigated the upper limits of distribution for ten deciduous broadleaf tree species from three temperate montane forest communities along a large elevational gradient on the north-facing slope of Changbai Mountain in Northeast China. We measured stem xylem traits associated with a species’ ability to transport water and resist freezing-induced cavitation that theoretically represent important adaptations to changes in climatic conditions along the elevational gradient. Hydraulically weighted vessel diameter (Dh) was negatively correlated with with the upper limit across the ten studied tree species; however, the correlation seems to be driven by the large differences between ring- and diffuse-porous tree species groups. The ring-porous tree species (e.g., Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr., Maackia amurensis Rupr. et Maxim., and Phellodendron amurense Rupr.) had considerably wider vessels than the diffuse-porous species and were all limited to low-elevation communities. The coefficient of variation (CV) for Dh was 0.53 among the 10 studied species, while the intraspecific analysis showed that the highest CV was only 0.22 among the 10 species. We found no evidence of a relationship between Dh and the upper limits across the seven diffuse-porous species. In contrast to elevation, hydraulic-related xylem traits had no clear patterns of change with precipitation, indicating that hydraulic functionality was largely decoupled from the influences of precipitation in the study area. This finding suggests that xylem traits are associated with altitudinal limits of species distribution, which is mostly evidenced by the contrasts between ring- and diffuse-porous species in xylem anatomy and their altitudinal distributions.

AMUR ÜZÜMÜ (Vitis amurensis Rupr.) YETİŞTİRİCİLİĞİNDE CBS TEKNİKLERİ KULLANILARA

Turkey is native land of grapes (Vitis spp.) which is the most consumed fruit in the world. Turkey has favorable climatic conditions for the viticulture. The aim of this study was to determine potential cultivation areas of cold durable Amur grape (Vitis amurensis Rupr.) in the districts and villages of Erciş (Van, Turkey) by employing the Geographic Information Systems GIS) that provides climate, soil and topography factors. GIS offers the opportunity to generate and to organize spatial data for the land planning and to analyze more than one layers. In this research, as parameters the sum of effective temperature, the number of days without frost, the lowest winter temperatures, slope, aspect, soil depth, soil drainage and the land use capability were evaluated in terms of viticulture. These parameters were scored according to the level of significance and analyzed by modeling. Possible cultivation areas of Amur Grape (Vitis amurensis Rupr.) were determined and suitability maps were created. It is also aimed to expand vineyard areas and to help the establishment of vineyard in suitable regions which is a costly and laborious efforts, thus preventing waste of time and cost. Considering the criteria evaluated by employing GIS, the agricultural areas in the region have been analyzed and mapped for suitability for the cultivation of Amur grape. Based on the evaluated parameters, possible growing areas of Amur grape have been determined that are far above the areas of traditional viticulture. It has been determined that at three suitability levels Amur Grape cultivation can be performed in a total land of 83.297 hectares in Erciş. Agricultural production depends on multiple factors; therefore planning and programming (product modeling) are not easy. With the contribution of this and similar studies, Agricultural Support and Planning will be carried out more efficiently.

Amurensin H, a Derivative From Resveratrol, Ameliorates Lipopolysaccharide/Cigarette Smoke-Induced Airway Inflammation by Blocking the Syk/NF-κB Pathway.

Amurensin H, a resveratrol dimer derived from Vitis amurensis Rupr, has several biological effects, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Studies have found that amurensin H attenuated asthma-like allergic airway inflammation. However, its protective activity on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) airway inflammation is not fully explored. The present study used a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/cigarette smoke–induced mice model and an LPS-stimulated THP-1–derived macrophages model to measure the lung tissue’s morphology changes. The results showed that amurensin H ameliorated the histological inflammatory alterations in the lung tissues, leading to a decrease in the expression of interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-17A, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and interferon γ in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Amurensin H also significantly inhibited the release of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α in LPS-stimulated THP-1–derived macrophages. Furthermore, amurensin H markedly inhibited the expressions of p-Syk, nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), and p-NF-κB both in vivo and in vitro. Results from cotreatment with Syk inhibitor BAY61-3606 and NF-κB inhibitor BAY11-7082 in vitro revealed that amurensin H’s protective effect against airway inflammation could be due partly to the inhibition of the Syk/NF-κB pathway. These findings suggest that amurensin H shows therapeutic effects on COPD airway inflammation, and inhibiting the Syk/NF-κB pathway might be part of its underlying mechanisms.

Investigation of the chemical composition of fruit and berry raw materials of the Far Eastern Region as a perspective source of nutrients and bioactive compounds

The Far Eastern region is rich in fruit and berry raw materials with a high content of bioactive substances. The aim of the work is to study the chemical composition of wild berries of the Amur region of the Far Eastern region. Material and methods. The objects of the research were the berries of Sargent viburnum (Viburnum sargentii Koechne), Chinese Schisandra [Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill], and Amursky grapes (Vitis amurensis Rupr) harvested from 2011 to 2016. The content of organic acids and tannins was determined by titration, anthocyanins - spectrophotometrically, polyphenolic substances and β-carotene - photoelectrocolo rimetrically, vitamins B1, B2 - fluorometrically, vitamins B6 and E - by HPLC, hydroxycinnamine acids - by direct spectrophotometry. Results and discussion. The maximum amount of polyphenolic substances and vitamin C was found in V. sargentii berries, the average value of which was 1.01±0.04% and 85.2±2.4 mg/100 g, respectively. A high content of potassium was found in V. amurensis (an average of 188.5±2.2 mg/100 g) and V. sargentii (176.6±1.2 mg/100 g). The highest content of vitamins B1, B2, B6 was found in the berries of V. amurensis, the average content of which was, respectively, 0.071±0.002 mg/100 g, 0.065±0.002 mg/100 g and 0.081±0.004 mg/100 g. It was also found that in V. sargentii berries the level of all minerals and trace elements was the highest: calcium content in 100 g of berries was 41.4±0.8 mg, magnesium - 17.3±0.4 mg, phosphorus - 227.7±4.6 mg, manganese - 0.69±0.08 mg, iron - 0.60±0.08 mg, zinc - 0.90±0.08 mg. When consumed 100 g of V. sargentii berries, practically fully satisfies the need of an adult in vitamin C, in phosphorus and manganese - by about a quarter; in potassium, iron, and zinc, by 4-8%. 100 g of Sch. chinensis contains about 50% of the recommended daily intake of vitamin C, and 100 g of V. amurensis - about 10% of vitamin C and β-carotene, 7% of potassium, about 4% of group B vitamins. The studied berries can serve as a source of hydroxycinnamic acids and pectins. Conclusion. Studies of the chemical composition of the berries V. sargentii, Sch. chinensis, V. amurensis harvested in 2011-2016 indicates a wide range of bioactive compounds, the proportion of each of which varies.

The Role of Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase Genes VaCPK1 and VaCPK26 in the Response of Vitis amurensis (in vitro) and Arabidopsis thaliana (in vivo) to Abiotic Stresses

Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPK or CPK) are involved in protecting plants from abiotic stresses, but the properties and functions of CDPK are still poorly understood. Analysis of the Amur grape Vitis amurensis Rupr. is of great interest, since it demonstrates high tolerance to adverse environmental conditions. It was demonstrated that exposure of V. amurensis to salt and, to a lesser extent, osmotic and cold stress resulted in a considerable increase in the VaCPK1 and VaCPK26 transcription level. The present study was focused on the analysis of the effect of constitutive expression of the recombinant VaCPK1 and VaCPK26 genes on the resistance of V. amurensis cell cultures and Arabidopsis thaliana plants to salt, osmotic, and temperature stresses. It was demonstrated that expression of recombinant VaCPK26, as well as to a lesser extent VaCPK1, led to a 1.2–1.7 times increase in biomass accumulation by V. amurensis cell cultures and to a 1.2–2.1 times increase in survival of A. thaliana plants under salt stress. In addition, VaCPK26-expressing lines of A. thaliana lines demonstrated a slight degree of drought tolerance and were characterized by increased expression of some stress-induced protective genes involved in the formation of salt and dehydration tolerance. The data obtained indicate that the VaCPK1 and VaCPK26 genes can act as positive regulators of plant response to salt stress.

Action of ultraviolet-C radiation and p-coumaric acid on stilbene accumulation and expression of stilbene biosynthesis-related genes in the grapevine Vitis amurensis Rupr.

This paper investigated the effects of p-coumaric acid (CA) on stilbene biosynthesis in healthy cuttings of grapevine Vitis amurensis Rupr. under control conditions and after ultraviolet (UV-C) irradiation. It has been shown that the content of the detected six stilbenes (cis-piceid, t-piceid, t-e-viniferin, cis-e-viniferin, t-resveratrol, and t-δ-viniferin) increased after feeding with CA up to 0.5 mg g−1 of the dry weight (DW), which is 2.4 times higher than that under control conditions. Feeding with CA and UV-C irradiation exerted a combined positive effect on the content of stilbenes increasing it to 0.7 mg g−1 DW. In addition, the CA treatment improved viability of the cuttings after the UV-C treatment. The elevation in stilbene content induced by CA and UV-C correlated with induction of stilbene biosynthetic genes encoding stilbene synthases, resveratrol O-glucosyltransferase, polyphenol oxidase, and cationic peroxidase. The data indicate that feeding with the precursors of phenolic compounds could be an effective strategy for activation of stilbene production.

Contributions of Soil Meso- and Microfauna to Nutrient Release During Broadleaved Tree Litter Decomposition in the Changbai Mountains.

Soil meso- and microfauna (<2 mm in size) play an important role in the decomposition and nutrient release of litter. However, most research has focused on the influences of soil fauna on decomposition rates, while the impact of soil fauna on nutrient release has not been fully understood. We evaluated the influence of soil meso- and microfauna communities on nutrient release from decomposing Tilia amurensis Rupr. (Malvales:Tiliaceae) and Acer mono Maxim. (Sapindales:Aceraceae) leaves from the coniferous and broadleaved mixed forests of the Changbai Mountains. Litter decomposition and nutrient release were assessed using litterbags placed at the surface of the litter and using designs both with and without 2-mm mesh to either permit or exclude soil meso- and microfauna. The soil meso- and microfauna increased the decomposition of T. amurensis (not significantly) and A. mono (significantly, by 15%) litters. Presence of the soil meso- and microfauna accelerated the release rate of Mn in the A. mono litter by 59%, whereas it significantly decreased the release rates of Ca (in the T. amurensis litter) and P (in the A. mono litter) by 28 and 48%, respectively. These results suggest that a stronger understanding of the influence of soil fauna on nutrient cycling is necessary to understand the mechanisms of matter circulation.

Biotransformation of anthocyanins from Vitis amurensis Rupr of “Beibinghong” extract by human intestinal microbiota

1. Anthocyanins (ACNs) are a subclass of polyphenolic pigments belonging to the flavonoids and constitute an important group of human diets. There is accumulated evidence that consumption of ACN-rich diets such as Vitis amurensis Rupr of “Beibinghong” exerts protective activities against some human diseases. These beneficial properties may be due to the biotransformation by intestinal microbiota and its related bacterial dependent metabolism of ACNs. However, despite the compositional characterization of ACNs in extracts from V. amurensis Rupr, the biotransformation pathways of these compounds in the human intestinal tract have not been investigated so far.2. In this study, the biotransformation of ACNs by the human intestinal microbiota and the derived metabolites were analyzed and characterized by RRLC-Q-TOF-MS and MS/MS methods. Eight kinds of ACNs were identified and could be bio-transformed under the action of human intestinal microbiota. The biotransformation pathway analysis showed that the microbiota acted by removing all glucosides to produce the corresponding aglycones, which were subsequently converted to phenolic acid and aldehydes.3. These findings shed light on the mechanisms of ACNs degradation by the human intestinal microbiota and will lay a foundation for the industrial and pharmacological applications of the ACNs.

Reactivation of rolB transgene expression in Vitis amurensis Rupr. cells upon retransformation with 2b gene from Cucumovirus isolate NK.

Studies concerning 2b protein from Cucumovirus showed 2b to effectively repress functioning of the plant silencing complex, current study aimed whether retransformation with 2b gene able to restore silenced transgene expression in plant cells. A rolB-transgenic cell culture of Vitis amurensis Rupr. that was continuously subcultured during more than 10years and exhibited decreased transcription of the rolB transgene was retransformed with the 2b gene of Cucumovirus-NK. Three cell lines retransformed with 2b showed a significant up-regulation of rolB expression accompanied with enhancements in their stilbenes content level in more than 2,7-fold compared to parental rolB-transgenic cell line. The mentioned increase in the level of stilbenes content was due to activation of certain stilbene synthase genes expression responsible for stilbenes biosynthesis in V. amurensis cells. Restoration of rolB expression upon 2b-retransformation led to increase in the expression levels of VaSTS2-VaSTS5 and VaSTS7 isoforms. 2b from CMV-NK can reactivate a silenced transgene expression, even after 10years of subcultivation, nevertheless, optimization of the methods concerning 2b introduction in plant genomes is necessary to avoid undesirable silencing effects.

Increase in isoflavonoid content in Glycine max cells transformed by the constitutively active Ca2+ independent form of the AtCPK1 gene

Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) represent a class within a multigene family that plays an important role in biotic and abiotic plant stress responses and is involved in the regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Our previous study showed that overexpression of the mutant constitutively active Ca2+ independent form of the AtCPK1 gene (AtCPK1-Ca) significantly increased the biosynthesis of anthraquinones and stilbenes in Rubia cordifolia L. and Vitis amurensis Rupr. transgenic cell cultures, respectively. Here, we have established transgenic calli of soybean plants Glycine max (L.) Merr. that express the AtCPK1-Ca gene. Heterologous expression of the AtCPK1-Ca gene provoked a 5.2-fold increase in total isoflavone production up to 208.09 mg/L, along with an increase in isoflavone aglycones production up to 6.60 mg/L, which is 3-fold greater than that of the control culture. The production of prenylated isoflavones significantly increased, reaching 3.78 mg/L, 13-fold higher than in the control culture. The expression levels of 4-coumarate:CoA ligases, isoflavone synthases, 2-hydroxyisoflavanone dehydratase, isoflavone dimethylallyltransferase, and coumestrol 4-dimethylallyltransferase genes in transgenic cell cultures significantly increased. Thus, heterologous expression of the AtCPK1-Ca gene can be used to bioengineer plant cell cultures that produce isoflavonoids.

QTLs and candidate genes for downy mildew resistance conferred by interspecific grape (V. vinifera L. × V. amurensis Rupr.) crossing

Considering the economic importance of grape (Vitis spp.), breeding for downy mildew (P. viticola) resistance has made great progress in the last two decades. However, the genetic and genomic information of resistance against grape downy mildew remain largely unknown. In this study, we described the quantitative trait loci (QTL) and candidate genes for downy mildew resistance in susceptible V. vinifera cv. ‘Red Globe’ and V. amurensis Rupr. cv. ‘Shuangyou’. Two novel QTLs for downy mildew resistance were mapped on linkage group (LG) 15, which have been named Rpv25 and Rpv26, respectively. Candidate gene analysis found that three cysteine-rich receptor protein kinase (CRK) near to two N genes in the Rpv25 locus, and a gene encoding LRR (leucine-rich repeat)-RLK (receptor-like protein kinases) family protein in Rpv26 locus may be associated to downy mildew resistance in current climatic conditions. The results of the present study provide useful information for grape downy mildew disease resistance breeding.

Antioxidant Properties of the Vam3 Derivative of Resveratrol.

A considerable number of studies has shown that many constituents of foods derived from plants are effective and safe antioxidants. This explains the growing interest in natural antioxidants in food applications. The goal of this investigation was to evaluate the antioxidant properties of the Vam3, a resveratrol derivative, firstly isolated from ethanol extracts of Vitis amurensis Rupr as a secondary product, and to carry out a comparison with resveratrol and other phenolic compounds which are currently in the limelight all over the world due to their beneficial effects on the human body. The potential of Vam3 as an antioxidant was determined through the evaluation of some key thermodynamic parameters which are commonly used for this purpose and describe the antioxidant activity quite well. Various mechanisms through which antioxidants usually can carry out their action were also explored both in water and in apolar environment. The results indicated that Vam3 is an excellent candidate as a natural antioxidant.

The effect of explant origin and collection season on stilbene biosynthesis in cell cultures of Vitis amurensis Rupr.

Plant cell and tissue cultures are considered as a source of valuable secondary metabolites but usually produce insufficient level of the compounds, which is the limiting factor for their application in biotechnology. We obtained 18 callus cell cultures from different organs of wild grape Vitis amurensis Rupr. collected at different seasons and analyzed stilbene accumulation in combination with calli growth parameters. This analysis showed that temporal and tissue origin of the calli affected the rate of stilbene biosynthesis. Stem-derived calli accumulated higher stilbene levels and exhibited a higher expression of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and stilbene synthase (STS) genes than calli derived from the leaves and petioles. The highest content of stilbenes was detected in the calli initiated from grapevine stems collected in the autumn. In general, all “autumn” cell cultures contained more than 2 mg g− 1 dry wt (up to 11 mg g− 1 dry wt) and exhibited high PAL and STS genes expression in comparison with the calli initiated in the summer. The content of stilbenes in the “autumn” cell cultures were comparable to the highest stilbene contents detected in other plant sources described in the literature. Thus, selecting the most optimal explant source for cell culture establishment could be an effective approach towards developing plant cell cultures producing high stilbene levels.

Evaluation of salt resistance mechanisms of grapevine hybrid rootstocks

Abstract The problem of soil salinization is increasing critically in China. The widespread rootstock Beta (V. labrusca×V. riparia) is relatively weak (Du et al., 2015), and the commonly used phylloxera-resistance rootstocks were still unable to satisfy the needs of production as well. F1 hybrids A15 and A17 of V. amurensis Rupr. cv. Zuoshan-1×SO4 (V. berlandieri×V. riparia) had strong salt tolerance were irrigated with 100 mmol·L−1 NaCl to explore the salt resistance mechanisms, the male parent SO4 was used as reference. The result showed that root activity was higher under salinity conditions in A15 and A17, with a more complete chloroplast structure investigated than that of SO4 under the NaCl treatment. Na+ accumulations in leaves and the whole plant of A15 and A17 were lower than SO4, whereas the Na+ retention capacity in roots were higher than SO4. The total amount of Na+ and K+ of roots and aboveground portion of grafted plants A15/SO4, SO4/A15, A17/SO4, and SO4/A17 further confirmed that stronger root Na+ retention capacity and upward transport of K+ of A15 and A17 under NaCl treatment. The non-invasive micro-test technology (NMT) manifested that A15 and A17 had a higher Na+ exclusion ability and a better root K+ retention ability; salt stress significantly up-regulated the relative expression of VvNHXP and VvHKT family genes in roots of A15 and A17.

The Role of Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase Genes CPK16, CPK25, CPK30, and CPK32 in Stilbene Biosynthesis and the Stress Resistance of Grapevine Vitis amurensis Rupr.

It is known that calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPK or CPK) are implicated in the regulation of plant development and stress adaptation. However, there is a lack of information on the properties and functions of certain CDPK family members. The present study investigates the functions of four CDPK genes of the grapevine Vitis amurensis Rupr. in the formation of its high stress resistance level and the production of valuable secondary metabolites. Overexpression of the CPK30 gene of V. amurensis considerably increased the resistance of V. amurensis transgenic cell lines to salt and cold stresses, while CPK16, CPK25, and CPK32 overexpression did not influence the salt and temperature stress tolerance. VaCPK16 and VaCPK32 overexpression increased stilbene production in V. amurensis cell cultures by 2.1–3.1 and 1.6–3.1 times, respectively. The data indicate that the VaCPK30 gene is involved in the formation of grapevine salt and cold stress resistance, while the VaCPK16 and VaCPK32 genes contribute to increased stilbene accumulation.

Effects of high hydrostatic pressure-assisted organic acids on the copigmentation of Vitis amurensis Rupr anthocyanins

Natural anthocyanins are safer and nutritious as compared to synthetic pigments; however, their stability is poor. They can produce spontaneous copigmentation with organic acids, leading to the improvement of colour stability, albeit slowly. Box–Behnken experimental design was used to elucidate the mechanism of copigmentation between Vitis amurensis Rupr anthocyanins (0.1 mg/mL) and organic acids (0.87 mg/mL, ferulic acid:d-gluconic acid:caffeic acid:vanillic acid = 1.5:2.5:2.5:0.5, w/w/w/w) promoted by high hydrostatic pressure (HHP; 300 MPa, 2 min). The copigmentation effect and antioxidant activity of anthocyanins were also evaluated. The structure of anthocyanins was analysed using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry. The results of HHP copigmentation showed that the following anthocyanins were newly formed—delphinidin-3-O-catechol, petunidin-3-O-catechol, delphinidin-4-vinyl-catechol, petunidin-3-O-guaiacol, malvidin-4-vinyl-guaiacol, cyanidin-3-O-(6″-O-caffeoyl)-glucoside, peonidin-3-O-(6″-O-caffeoyl)-glucoside, delphinidin-3-O-(6″-O-caffeoyl)-glucoside, malvidin-3-O-glucoside-4-vinyl-guaiacol, and malvidin-3-O-(6″-O-feruloyl)-glucoside—owing to appropriate modifications that increased the copigmentation rate (R = 42.12%), photo-thermal stability (R > 45%), and potential antioxidant activities expressed in vivo (p < 0.01 vs. Model Group).

밀성박씨 경주 손곡문중 목판의 수종식별

This study was conducted to identify wood species of two printing woodblocks either from the Park clan’s documentary or Ji-dang documentary of Songok clan of the Milseong Park, Songok, Gyeongju, Korea. Eighty-eight woodblocks out of the total 282 woodblocks were randomly selected to compare anatomical features for the identification of wood species, using a light microscope. As a result, seven wood species were identified, and all of them were diffuse-porous hardwood species. The most significant portion, i.e., 39.8% of wood species was Carpinus laxiflora Blume. Then, Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai, Acer mono Maxim, Prunus sargentii Rehder, Tilia amurensis Rupr, Diospyros kaki Thunb, and Betula costata Trautv was 25.0%, 15.9%, 10.2%, 3.4%, 3.4% and 2.3%, respectively, indicating that all diffuse-porous hardwood species had been used for the woodblocks. It was believed that diffuse-porous hardwoods had been used because they provided an easy of engraving complex Chinese letters, of acquiring these wood species in Gyeongju areas, and a high resistance to repeated printing.