Amplitude Of Variation Research Articles

Daily and Seasonal Variations of Shallow Seismic Velocities in Southern California From Joint Analysis of H/V Ratios and Autocorrelations of Seismic Waveforms

AbstractEstablishing a baseline of ongoing secular velocity variations at the subsurface can improve the accuracy of detecting and interpreting short‐term velocity changes, and advance the understanding of observed seismic motions and the behavior of subsurface materials. Toward these goals, we develop and apply a deconvolved autocorrelation (DA) method to estimate regional daily and seasonal changes of seismic velocities in southern California. The DA method combines advantages of traditional autocorrelation and Horizontal‐to‐Vertical Spectral Ratio, and is used to analyze over 10 years of data recorded by 50 stations. The results indicate widespread daily and seasonal changes of up to 10% and 4%, respectively, in the top tens of meters of the crust. The thickness of the surface layer, distance from the coast, and topographic variations are important factors controlling the amplitudes of the resolved velocity variations. The results suggest that changes of soil moisture and thermoelastic strain are likely dominant factors affecting the daily and seasonal variations, respectively. The developed DA method can improve the accuracy and robustness of estimated changes of subsurface materials at other locations.

Characterizing the patchy appearance of the circumgalactic medium and the influence of foreground absorption

Context. Recent studies have demonstrated that the emission from the circumgalactic medium displays a relatively high degree of patchiness on angular scales of ∼10°. Aims. Taking advantage of the Spectrum Roentgen Gamma eROSITA Final Equatorial Depth Survey, we aim to constrain any variation in the X-ray surface brightness on scales ranging from sub-degrees to a hundred square degrees. Result. The surface brightness in the soft X-ray band (0.3–0.45 keV) shows modulations of about 60% on scales of several degrees. The amplitude of such variations decreases at higher energies. The observed patchiness is stable over a period of two years, therefore excluding the possiblity that it could have been induced by solar wind charge exchange. We also observe no correlation between such an excess and the density of galaxies in the Local Universe, suggesting no strong contribution from the hot baryons in the filaments of the cosmic web. Instead, the soft X-ray emission is anti-correlated with the column density of absorbing material. Indeed, we can reproduce the spectrum of the bright and dark regions by simply varying the column density of the matter absorbing the emission components located beyond the Local Hot Bubble, while no modulation of the intrinsic emission is required. At high Galactic latitudes, the eROSITA all-sky map shows patchiness of the soft X-ray diffuse emission similar to the one observed in the eFEDS field; it is therefore likely that the same “absorption-modulation”is present over the entire sky. Conclusions. The observed patchiness of soft X-ray diffuse emission within the eFEDS field is primarily a consequence of absorption. Our spectral decomposition of the soft X-ray background appears accurate, predicting that (apart from the Local Hot Bubble) all other spectral components are modulated by clouds beyond ∼200 pc from the Sun. These results highlight the importance of an accurate treatment of the absorption effects in determining the patchiness of the circumgalactic medium.

A Study of Tropospheric and Ionospheric Propagation Conditions during Differential Interferometric SAR Measurements Applied on Zagreb 22 March 2020 Earthquake

The differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (DInSAR) method is based on phase variation between the complex value of pixels of timely separated scenes in interferometric SAR pairs. This phase variation has five components: surface topography, curvature of planet’s surface, terrain displacement, volume scatterers, and atmospheric propagation effects. The terrain displacement is the main product of the DInSAR method, while the last two effects are unpredictable and bring inaccuracy into the terrain displacement measurements. In this work, the propagation conditions in the troposphere and ionosphere were studied during two DInSAR measurements examining the Zagreb 22 March 2020 earthquake, with terrain raising of up to +3 cm at the epicenter. For the troposphere, the vertical profile of the modified refraction index, which incorporates local curvature change with height, was reconstructed using aerological balloon probing data. Ionospheric conditions were determined based on total electron content (TEC) calculated from the Croatian positioning system (CROPOS) and global navigation satellite system (GNSS) reference stations’ measurements. One of the DInSAR measurements was conducted in unfavorable tropospheric refractive conditions, which resulted in an overall bias of −2 cm. The variability of propagation conditions indicates the need for examining the atmospheric propagation effects when calculating terrain displacements using the DInSAR method. The results of DInSAR indicate slight displacements, comparable with the amplitude of atmospheric variations, and should therefore be approached with caution.

Analytical and numerical estimates for solar radiation pressure semi-secular resonances

The aim of this work is to provide new insights on the dynamics associated to the resonances which arise as a consequence of the coupling of the effect due to the oblateness of the Earth and the Solar Radiation Pressure (SRP) effect for an uncontrolled object with moderate to high area-to-mass ratio. Analytical estimates for the location of the resulting resonant equilibrium points are provided, together with formulas to compute the maximum amplitude of the corresponding variation in the eccentricity, as a function of the initial conditions of the object and of its area-to-mass ratio. The period of the variations of the eccentricity and inclination due to such resonances is estimated using classical formulas. A classification based on the strength of the SRP resonances is provided. The estimates presented in the paper are validated using numerical tools, including the use of Fast Lyapunov Indicators to draw phase portraits and bifurcation diagrams. Many FLI maps depicting the location and overlapping of SRP resonances are presented. The results from this paper suggest that SRP resonances could be modeled in the context of either the Extended Fundamental Model by Breiter (1999) or the Second Fundamental Model by Henrard and Lemaitre (1983).

Planetary boundary layer climatological features over North China Plain: Derived from intensive experiment data

AbstractA field campaign was carried out in the North China Plain (NCP) spanning 4 years and formed a dataset of more than 2,700 planetary boundary layer (PBL) sounding samples (872 in summer and 1,841 in winter). Based on these data, fundamental aspects of the PBL climatology over this region were investigated. First, the ensemble mean features of the PBL were revealed. The maximum PBL height in the daytime reaches 1,079 versus 786 m (summer vs. winter, hereafter the same), while about 200 m at nighttime. The bulk mean temperature and specific humidity across the PBL in summer are significantly higher than those in winter (24.0 vs. −0.5°C; 8.9 vs. 1.7 g⋅kg−1, respectively). Mean wind speed within the PBL keeps almost the same in winter and summer (4.5 m⋅s−1) but with a seasonal difference in wind direction (southerly vs. northwesterly). Second, significant diurnal variations within/above the PBL were quantified. Day‐night temperature contrast is largest near the ground (7.9 vs. 5.1°C), and it decreases with height to almost a constant above the PBL. Diurnal variation amplitude of specific humidity is about 1.0 versus 0.3 g⋅kg−1. Diurnal variation of winds also supports the extended influence of the earth surface across the PBL. Third, the local influence on the PBL over the NCP is also presented. PBL height is higher in the plain centre; temperature is lower in coast than inland; winds in the PBL are strongly modulated by local or mesoscale circulations including the plain wind and sea breeze; low‐level jets are common at summer night over the central and eastern parts of the NCP. Analysis reveals possible energy and water vapour exchange across the PBL, and additional heating mechanism above the PBL (e.g., solar radiation absorption).

On the Annual and Semi-Annual Components of Variations in Extent of Arctic and Antarctic Sea-Ice

In this paper, the 1978–2022 series of northern (NHSI) and southern (SHSI) hemisphere sea ice extent are submitted to singular spectral analysis (SSA). The trends are quasi-linear, decreasing for NHSI (by 58,300 km2/yr) and increasing for SHSI (by 15,400 km2/yr). The amplitude of annual variation in the Antarctic is double that in the Arctic. The semi-annual components are in quadrature. The first three oscillatory components of both NHSI and SHSI, at 1, 1/2, and 1/3 yr, account for more than 95% of the signal variance. The trends are respectively 21 (Antarctic) and 4 times (Arctic) less than the amplitudes of the annual components. We next analyze variations in pole position (PM for polar motion, coordinates m1, m2) and length of day (lod). Whereas the SSA of the lod is dominated by the same first three components as sea ice, the SSA of the PM contains only the 1-yr forced annual oscillation and the Chandler 1.2-yr component. The 1-yr component of NHSI is in phase with that of the lod and in phase opposition with m1, while the reverse holds for the 1-yr component of SHSI. The semi-annual component appears in the lod and not in m1. The annual and semi-annual components of NHSI and SHSI are much larger than the trends, leading us to hypothesize that a geophysical or astronomical forcing might be preferable to the generally accepted forcing factors. The lack of modulation of the largest (SHSI) forced component does suggest an alternate mechanism. In Laplace’s theory of gravitation, the torques exerted by the Moon, Sun, and planets play the leading role as the source of forcing (modulation), leading to changes in the inclination of the Earth’s rotation axis and transferring stresses to the Earth’s envelopes. Laplace assumes that all masses on and in the Earth are set in motion by astronomical forces; more than variations in eccentricity, it is variations in the inclination of the rotation axis that lead to the large annual components of melting and re-freezing of sea-ice.

Subseasonal Tidal Variability in the Gulf of Tonkin Observed by Multi-Satellite Altimeters and Tide Gauges

Exploring multi-timescale tidal variability is fundamental and necessary for numerous practical purposes, such as flood protection, marine cultivation, and ocean transport. It is well known that tides show significant seasonal, inter-annual, and 18.61-year nodal variability. Less known and less discussed is the subseasonal tidal variability (i.e., ter-annual, quarter-annual, and penta-annual cycles) in the coastal ocean. In this study, we explore subseasonal tidal modulations in the Gulf of Tonkin via the combination of four tide gauges and 27-year multi-satellite altimeter observations. Both tide gauges and satellite altimeters indicate that tidal subseasonality is significant in the Gulf of Tokin, although the amplitudes of subseasonal variations are much smaller than those of seasonal variations. Compared to spatially limited tide gauges, satellite altimeters successfully derive the basin-scale tidal subseasonality in the Gulf of Tonkin. The largest amplitude of subseasonal tidal constituents originated from the subseasonality of main tidal constituents, and can reach as high as 31.8 mm. It is suggested that subseasonal variations in ocean environments (e.g., sea levels and ocean stratification) induce tidal subseasonality through changing tidal propagation and dissipation. Although powerful, satellite altimeters also have some defects. Due to tidal aliasing related to long-period sampling intervals, some subseasonal tidal constituents are indistinguishable in satellite altimeter records.

INTEGRATION OF VÂLCEA COUNTY AT REGIONAL LEVEL IN TERMS OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION (2015-2019)

The study follows and highlights the evolution of agricultural production at the level of Valcea County, in the context of the realities existing at national and regional level. In addition to the value of total agricultural production, according to existing data, its distribution by source of origin is also presented: crop production, livestock production and the agricultural services sector.
 For Vâlcea County, the vegetal production is predominant – 60.41% (834,420.20 thousand lei compared to 1,381,239.60 thousand lei), followed by the animal production – 39.31% (543,015.20 thousand lei) and respectively the agricultural services – 0.28% (3,804.20 thousand lei) followed. At the county level, the variation amplitude of total agricultural production was 393,078 thousand lei, a value that represented 32.70% of the minimum level of the indicator (2016) and 24.64% compared to the maximum level (2019). For vegetable production, the registered amplitude reached 339,264 thousand lei, a level that represented 50.39% of the minimum term (2015) and was lower than the maximum term (2019) by 66.49%. In the case of livestock production, the amplitude of production variation was 72,190 thousand lei, a level that represented 14.25% of the value of the minimum term (2017) and 12.48% compared to the maximum term (2019). If we refer to agricultural services, there is a variation amplitude of the indicator of 3,506 thousand lei, a value that exceeded by 49.13% the minimum level of the indicator (2016) and represented 59.86% compared to the maximum level (2015).

Improved tensile properties, stable microstructures and isotropic deformation of nanocrystalline 304 stainless steel

The tensile properties of nanocrystalline 304 stainless steel plate (NSSP-304) produced by severe rolling technology and its conventional polycrystalline 304 stainless steel (CPSS-304) counterpart were studied at room temperature. The microstructures of fractured NSSP-304 and CPSS-304 were characterized. NSSP-304 had enough ductility (elongation 34.5%), larger strengths, elastic strain and the reduction of area despite its smaller volume fraction of strain-induced α′-martensite (SIM) and no obvious work hardening. The deformation of NSSP-304 was more isotropic, its microstructures were more stable and homogeneous during tensile process due to the following results about fractured NSSP-304: (1) the narrower variation amplitude of surface micro-hardness along and perpendicular tensile directions; (2) the smaller void density and few surface micro-cracks; (3) the smaller surface roughness and roughness variation, and their narrower fluctuation ranges at three directions; (4) only micro-cracks without macro-cracks around NSSP-304 fracture; (5) its smaller volume fraction of SIM. The voids in CPSS-304 initiated around MnS inclusion, at grain boundaries, triple junctions, the boundaries of austenite and martensite phases, and in the two phases. They became micro-cracks within their original positions and macro-cracks by passing through different grains. The voids in NSSP-304 initiated at grain boundaries, triple junctions and the boundaries of the two phases. They became micro- and macro-cracks by passing through different grain boundaries. The MnS inclusion in NSSP-304 scarcely influenced its tensile deformation. The fracture mechanisms of NSSP-304 and CPSS-304 were the intergranular fracture, and the mixture of intergranular and transgranular fracture respectively.

Efficient use of peripheral information for temporal prediction

We adapt to the environment by predicting subsequent events. Generally, intervals between predictions and events make it difficult to predict the events accurately. Previous studies reported that using peripheral information is useful for maintaining predictions of subsequent events; however, it remains unclear how this information maintains the accuracy of the prediction. I presented peripheral visual stimuli in a discrimination task and manipulated the number of times these stimuli were presented while participants were waiting for a task-relevant visual stimulus, and compared participants’ response times and event-related brain potentials in Experiment 1. In addition, the influence of the difficulty of predicting the task-relevant visual stimulus was examined in Experiment 2. In both experiments, contingent negative variation (CNV) amplitude immediately before the task-relevant visual stimulus appeared was larger under the condition where many peripheral visual stimuli were presented, and the response time was shorter under this condition. In addition, the largest CNV amplitude under this condition was elicited by the third peripheral visual stimulus, followed in order by the first and second peripheral visual stimuli. These results show that we can predict the timing of events that occur with a delay after the prediction by using peripheral information. Moreover, this peripheral information is processed according to the importance of predicting a task-relevant stimulus, and attentional resources are allocated efficiently. These results provide evidence of the predictive function for temporal prediction of using peripheral information and the allocation of cognitive resources.

Reabilitação vocal em cantoras com queixa vocal: análise da videoquimografia digital

ABSTRACT Purpose: to evaluate the effects of the Comprehensive Vocal Rehabilitation Program associated with the application of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation through digital kymography in singers with vocal complaints. Methods: an experimental intrasubject comparative study in 24 singers, who underwent the rehabilitation program associated with transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. They were assessed with laryngeal high-speed videoendoscopy before and after vocal rehabilitation. The paired t-test and Wilcoxon test were used to compare the two assessments. The significance level was set at 5%. Results: significant differences were found in the maximum opening, dominant amplitude of the opening variation and dominant frequency of the opening variation of the right vocal fold in the posterior glottic region, and in maximum opening, mean opening, dominant amplitude of the opening variation of the left vocal fold and dominant frequency of the opening variation of both vocal folds in the anterior glottic region. Conclusion: the results showed that the Comprehensive Vocal Rehabilitation Program associated with transcutaneous electrical stimulation decreased the opening amplitude of the vocal fold, increased the vibration frequency, and improved glottal closure in the anterior and posterior glottic regions.

Statistical assessment of biogenic risk for the human population caused by COVID-19

In the paper an appreciable hierarchy of mathematical models is proposed. It describes the actual dynamics of COVID-19 thickness during 02/12/2020 – 09/22/2021. The incidence sub-model reflects reliably regular (aperiodic and periodic), as well as random components. It is established that the dynamics of the epidemy is essentially seasonal thrice a year. Model elaborated enables to clarify and explain weak weekly fluctuations in the death rate dynamics. It turned out that the maximum risk of death is at 15 and 22 days of disease duration. It means that this virus will presumably be a "satellite" of the human population with corresponded mortality at 1.75%. Calculations performed enable to estimate the level of stochastics in disease and death dynamics. It is near to the amplitude of periodic variation. Computer experiments with developed model predict the global dynamics of the incidence of COVID-19. New epidemic data can show the prospect of improving our model to regard the competitiveness between new sporadically emerging virus strains.

A Need to Revise Stellar Opacities from Asteroseismology of δ Scuti Stars

We construct seismic models of the four double-mode radial δ Scuti stars adopting opacities from three databases: OPAL, OP, and OPLIB. The aim is to find the models that fit the observed frequencies of the two radial modes and have the effective temperature and luminosity consistent with the observed values. Using the Bayesian analysis based on Monte Carlo simulations, we obtain that only the OPAL seismic models are caught within the observed error box in the H-R diagram. Seismic models computed with the OP and OPLIB data are much cooler and less luminous. By including the relative amplitude of the bolometric flux variations (the so-called parameter f) into these simulations, we constrain the efficiency of convection in the envelopes, described by the mixing-length parameter α MLT. We get α MLT ≈ 0.5 for BP Pegasi, AE Ursa Majoris, and RV Arietis (Population I stars) and α MLT ≈ 1.0 for SX Phoenicis (Population II star). For all the stars, overshooting from the convective core seems inefficient. A similar effect of opacity should occur also for classical Cepheids or RR Lyr stars that are used as standard candles to measure the universe.

Measuring chandler wobble amplitude variations using IERS EOP C04 data

We analyzed the Earth's long-term polar motion using the time series IERS EOP C04 (International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service - IERS; Earth Orientation Parameters - EOP; Combination of four (04) techniques - C04), from 1984 to 2023, to determine the variation of the Chandler wobble amplitude. To compare the results based on the C04 with the so-called Belgrade latitude data (Belgrade Lunette Zenithale - BLZ series 1949-1985) results, we calculated the latitude variations at the BLZ point using the C04 coordinates (x, y). The secular part of these latitude variations was determined by applying the least-squares method (LSM) and removed from the data to obtain the residuals. We used Direct Fourier transforms to extract annual and semiannual oscillations and to remove them from the residuals (resulting in a new set of residuals). These new residuals were divided into 33 independent 1.2-year subintervals. For each subinterval, we calculated the amplitude, period, and phase of the Chandler nutation using LSM. The quasi-periodic instability of 33 values of the Chandler wobble amplitude is detected with a period of 54.5 years using LSM (it was 38.5 years from the BLZ data 1949-1985); the amplitude of that quasi-periodic variation is 0 .''087 (0 .''06 from BLZ data). The amplitude of the Chandler nutation varies between minimum of 0 .''012 (at 2019.3) and a maximum of 0 .''23 (at 1994.1); the period is stable, but the phase is not stable. We applied the Abbe's criterion to explain the variability in 33 values of the Chandler wobble amplitude and the hypothesis that there is no trend in these 33 values is rejected based on the criterion. The obtained amplitude modulation is in accordance with previous studies, but also with our own results based on the BLZ data. Probably, the cause lies in the hydro-atmospheric circulation that could influence calculated quasi-periodic variation. A possible explanation can be found in the change in core-mantle electromagnetic coupling (in agreement with the last few years' investigations). In recent papers, it has been indicated that the effects of geomagnetic jerks are more important for exciting a free nutation than the net effect of atmosphere and oceans.

Effects of wetting and drying cycles on the mechanical behaviour of Lightweight Cemented Soils

An experimental investigation on the durability of Lightweight Cemented Soils (LWCS) after wetting and drying cycles was developed, focusing on the evolution of their mechanical response. Wetting and drying cycles were performed in climatic chamber to test their mechanical performance as function of number of cycles and the environmental conditions (50% and 90% of Relative Humidity). Unconfined compression tests and triaxial tests were performed on treated specimens after cycles in dry state. Suction of LWCS samples was measured after mechanical tests. Test results show that the wetting-drying cycles and the variations of suction are responsible for the evolution of LWCS mechanical behaviour. Moreover, strength and stiffness of the treated samples are related to the suction level induced by environmental conditions. The degradation of mechanical behaviour is linked to the number of cycles and to the amplitude of suction variation induced, being the latter responsible for mechanical cement bonding destructuration.

Criteria of ecological plasticity, stability, and adaptability of potato varieties based on yield

The influence of the physiological and biochemical parameters of the leaves of 12 potato varieties on the formation, plasticity, and stability of the potato crop has been studied. The experiments were carried out on the territory of the Samara Research Institute of Agriculture – branch of the SamSRC RAS (53°03’ N, 49°25’ E) in the period 2019-2022. Average potato yields varied in the range of 14.2-25.7 t/ha. The highest yield was the first planting year. With an increase in the duration of reproduction, yield losses ranged from 25 to 50% due to a decrease in the mass of tubers. The coefficient of variation in yield varied in the range of 24-60% depending on the genotype. Criteria of ecological plasticity and stability of potato of different genetic origin are such indicators as leaf dryness or its hydration, the content of phenolic compounds in the leaves, the content of lipid oxidation products, and the state of the membranes. The amplitudes of variation of leaf indicators can serve as a measure of plasticity. Adaptive capacity is related to the content of proline, the ratio of membrane lipids and proteins, and the number of stomata.

Stellar Parameters and Spectroscopic Properties of TESS Objects Observed in the LAMOST Low- and Medium-resolution Spectral Survey

Stellar parameters and magnetic activity are important for the understanding of stellar physics and dynamo theory. We have used LAMOST spectroscopic surveys to study stellar parameters and magnetic activity properties of TESS objects. There are 46,684 spectra of 31,385 TESS objects in the LAMOST low-resolution spectral survey. We have calculated equivalent widths of Ca ii H and K, and Hα lines, and discussed the relationship of chromospheric activity with stellar temperature. There are 25,710 spectra of 10,404 stars with repeated low-resolution observations. We found that there are 694 objects with variations of the Hα line and 1406 objects with varying radial velocities. Moreover, there are 14,099 spectra of 5834 TESS objects in the LAMOST medium-resolution survey, of which there are 2666 objects with Hα variations and 1480 objects with variation in radial velocities. By using the light curves of the TESS objects in the LAMOST field, we detected 4269 flare events and determined their flare parameters. We have confirmed that the fraction of the flare stars increases as stellar temperature decreases. There is also an observed relationship between the flare energy and chromospheric activity. We have calculated the power-law index between the flare energy and decay time using TESS data to be 0.27(0.01), which can be explained by the magnetic reconnection theory. We confirmed that is stable for Rossby number R < 0.1 and decreases with the increase of Rossby number R > 0.1. There is a positive correlation between the brightness variation amplitude due to star spots from TESS and the Hα intensity from LAMOST.

Збудження парних коливань у надплинних ядрах

Excitation of monopole pairing vibrations in superfluid nuclei in the two-neutron transfer reaction is studied within a kinetic model based on the semiclassical time-dependent Hartree - Fock - Bogolyubov theory. Using the anomalous (correlated) density response function, the monopole pairing mode and the amplitude of the dynamic variation of the pairing gap associated with this mode are obtained. It is shown that the pairing correlations give a coherent contribution to the spectroscopic factor for the excitation of monopole pairing vibrations in the two-neutron transfer reaction in superfluid nuclei. The contribution is determined by the distribution of neutron levels near the Fermi energy and does not exceed a few percent of the spectroscopic factor for the transfer of two neutrons to the ground state. This estimate is in agreement with experimental data for the ratio of the cross-section for excitation of the 0+-state in the (p, t)-reaction in the energy region of the monopole pairing mode, which is equal to the double pairing gap, to the cross section for excitation of the ground state in superfluid nuclei.

Stellar Chromospheric Activities Revealed from the LAMOST-K2 Time-domain Survey

By using the LAMOST time-domain survey data, we study stellar activities based on the H α lines for about 2000 stars in four K2 plates. Two indices, and , are computed from LAMOST spectra, the former of which is derived by excluding the photospheric contributions to the H α lines, while the latter is derived by further subtracting the non-dynamo-driven chromospheric emission. Meanwhile, the periodicity and variation amplitudes are computed from K2 light curves. Both the –Ro relation and –Ro relation show complicated profiles in the nonsaturated decay region. Hot stars show flatter slopes and a higher activity level than cool stars, and the behavior is more notable in the –R o relation. This is consistent with recent studies using other activity proxies, including L x/L bol, , and amplitudes of optical light curves. This may suggest different kinds of stars follow different power laws in the decay region. Most of our targets have multiple observations, and some of them exhibit significant variability of Hα emissions, which may cause the large scatters shown in the decay region. We find three targets exhibiting positive correlation in a rotational phase, possibly indicating that their optical light curves are dominated by hot faculae rather than cool starspots.

A dataset of 10-year regional-scale soil moisture and soil temperature measurements at multiple depths on the Tibetan Plateau

Abstract. Soil moisture and soil temperature (SMST) are important state variables for quantifying the exchange of heat and water between land and atmosphere. Yet, long-term, regional-scale in situ SMST measurements are scarce on the Tibetan Plateau (TP), with even fewer are available for multiple soil depths. Tibet-Obs is such a long-term, regional-scale SMST observatory in the TP that has been established 10 years ago and includes three SMST monitoring networks, i.e. Maqu, Naqu, and Ngari (including Ali and Shiquanhe), located in the cold humid area covered by grassland, the cold semiarid area dominated by tundra, and the cold arid area dominated by desert, respectively. This paper presents a long-term (∼ 10 years) SMST profile dataset collected from the Tibet-Obs, which includes the original in situ measurements at a 15 min interval collected between 2008 and 2019 from all the three networks and the spatially upscaled data (SMups and STups) for the Maqu and Shiquanhe networks. The quality of the upscaled data is proved to be good, with errors that are generally better than the measured accuracy of adopted SMST sensors. Long-term analysis of the upscaled SMST profile data shows that the amplitudes of SMST variations decrease with increasing soil depth, and the deeper soil layers present a later onset of freezing and an earlier start of thawing and, thus, a shorter freeze–thaw duration in both the Maqu and Shiquanhe networks. In addition, there are notable differences between the relationships of SMups and STups under freezing conditions for the Maqu and Shiquanhe networks. No significant trend can be found for the SMups profile in the warm season (from May to October) for both networks that is consistent with the tendency of precipitation. A similar finding is also found for the STups profile and air temperature in the Shiquanhe network during the warm season. For the cold season (from November to April), a drying trend is noted for the SMups above 20 cm in the Maqu network, while no significant trend is found for those in the Shiquanhe network. Comparisons between the long-term upscaled data and five reanalysis datasets, including the ECMWF reanalysis v5 (ERA5), Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA-2), Global Land Data Assimilation System version 2 Catchment Land Surface Model (GLDAS-2.1 CLSM), GLDAS-2.1 Noah, and GLDAS-2.1 variable infiltration capacity (GLDAS-2.1 VIC), indicate that none of the current model-based products can reproduce the seasonal variations and interannual trend changes in the measured SMST profile dynamics in both networks. All the products underestimate the STups at every depth, leading to an earlier onset of freezing and a later onset of thawing, which essentially demonstrates that the current models are not able to adequately simulate winter conditions on the TP. In short, the presented dataset would be valuable for evaluation and improvement in long-term satellite- and model-based SMST products on the TP, enhancing the understanding of TP hydrometeorological processes and their response to climate change. The dataset is available in the 4TU.ResearchData repository at https://doi.org/10.4121/20141567.v1 (Zhang et al., 2022).