Amplitude Modulation Research Articles

Digital Modulator using Digitally Programmable Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor Differential Voltage Current Conveyor

This study aims to Developing a digital modulation system using a new technology and idea, which is the digitally programmable CMOS (Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor), Integrate the CMOS DVCC circuit as a modulator in the communication systems, as will be explained in chapter 3, Finally, simulate this new idea in communication by using a simulation program, which is PSpice software, and analyzing the results. By focusing on How to use digital programmable CMOS (Complementary Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor) in a communication system as a digital modulator, Verifying the effectiveness of the study using simulation software such as PSpice and MATLAB, and Analyzing and verifying the effectiveness of the three modified modulation techniques. Digitally programmable Binary Amplitude shift keying (DP BASK), Digitally programmable Binary Phase shift keying (DP BPSK), And Digitally programmable Binary Frequency shift keying (DP BFSK). This study adopts an applied research approach. The study demonstrated that the CMOS DVCC circuit could be successfully integrated into communication systems as a digital modulator. The study recommended to conduct further research on the noise resistance capabilities of the DP modulation techniques, and explore additional modulation techniques that could benefit from digitally programmable CMOS technology, such as Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) or Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM).

Transmission Diversity by Alamouti-Coding, Propagation Control by IRS in CDMA-FBMC-OQAM System

This manuscript suggests a modulation scheme for exploiting transmission diversity by integrating Alamouti coding and controlling the transmission by intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) in code division multiple access filter bank multicarrier offset quadrature amplitude modulation (CDMA-FBMC-OQAM) system, a promising technique for future-generation wireless communication. To neutralize the impact of channel phases, the IRS elements are in charge of intelligently adjusting the incident signal phases. By maximizing the signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) of the received signal, the bit-error-rate (BER) performance is improved. By changing the number of IRS elements, taking into account various channel scenarios and modulation schemes, we compare the BER performance of the proposed system with that of the conventional Alamouti coded CDMA-FBMC-OQAM system in simulation results. The findings demonstrate that the IRS-assisted Alamouti coded CDMA-FBMC-OQAM transmission is a feasible choice for future-generation wireless communication systems.

Low-complexity adaptive multipath interference and channel noise mitigation scheme based on optimized detection for bandwidth-limited IM/DD systems.

In this Letter, we propose a low-complexity adaptive multipath interference (MPI) and channel noise mitigation (AMCM) scheme in the receiver digital signal processing (DSP) for bandwidth-limited intensity modulation and direct detection (IM/DD) transmission systems. Following channel equalization, MPI and channel noise are distributed in the low- and high-frequency parts, respectively, and exhibit the characteristics of bandstop filtering. The proposed AMCM is designed based on optimized detection, which incorporates an adaptive bandpass filter (BPF) and a log-maximum a posteriori estimation with a lookup table-based fixed number of surviving states (LUT-based FS-MAP) decoder. The adaptive BPF is capable of mitigating the MPI and channel noise based on spectral distribution. Moreover, the LUT-based FS-MAP decoder can eliminate intersymbol interference (ISI) introduced by the BPF. The proposed AMCM is implemented in an O-band 56-Gbaud IM/DD optical 4-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4) system with a 10.7-GHz bandwidth over a 10-km standard single-mode fiber with different linewidths. The results demonstrate that the proposed AMCM scheme can enhance signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) tolerance to 11 dB with only three real-valued multiplications per symbol, achieving a 7% hard-decision forward error correction threshold. To the best of our knowledge, for the first time, this represents the inaugural instance of optimized detection being employed for MPI mitigation.

Performance comparison of various end-to-end learning technologies with a bandwidth-limited OWC system

Recently, end-to-end (E2E) learning methodologies have garnered significant attention as a compelling approach to attain global optimal communication within the domain of 6 G native intelligent systems. Nevertheless, a precise evaluation of the diverse E2E techniques is still lacking, leading to uncertainties regarding their applicable scenarios and effectiveness. In this paper, we present a comprehensive comparison applying three advanced E2E methods including the autoencoder-based geometric shaping (AEGS) model, comprehensive autoencoder (CAE) model, and wave-wise auto-equalization (WWAE) model in a real bandwidth-limited optical wireless communication (OWC) system. A novel attention-based comprehensive noise joint channel estimator (ACNJCE) is proposed to serve as a universal channel model adaptable to the existing E2E methods. Based on traditional carrier-less amplitude and phase modulation (CAP) modulation, AEGS, WWAE, and CAE are compared under the conditions of 2 GBaud and 3 GBaud respectively. The final results demonstrate that the CAE exhibits the capability to autonomously allocate bandwidth and achieves the highest dynamic adjustment range, which is increased by 69% compared with CAP based on neural network (NN) equalization. In contrast, AEGS has obvious advantages in terms of received optical power (ROP) gain. Based on bit-power loading discrete multi-tone modulation (DMT) modulation, WWAE can effectively compensate the signal spectrum after modulation order optimization and finally achieves the highest data rate under the condition that the −3 dB bandwidth of the channel is only close to 1 GHz. The BER of WWAE with DMT at this rate is 25.2% of that using the NN equalization. Furthermore, experimental results under turbulent conditions reveal that AEGS exhibits superior and more stable performance amidst the perturbations caused by turbulence due to its ability to achieve end-to-end autonomous optimization while integrating traditional modulation and bringing additional shaping gain. According to our knowledge, this marks the first comprehensive evaluation and comparison of existing major E2E algorithms and traditional communication algorithms in a real OWC system.

Generation of arbitrary vector orbital angular momentum beams on higher-order Poincaré spheres based on an all-dielectric metasurface with complex amplitude modulation

Vector orbital angular momentum (OAM) beams, described by higher-order Poincaré (HOP) sphere, are generalized forms of waves carrying OAM with an inhomogeneous polarization of wavefronts. We construct all-dielectric metasurfaces with adjustable amplitude, polarization, and phase to generate arbitrary vector OAM beams. The metasurface is composed of two pairs of silicon nanopillars arranged alternately. Using the interference effect of the four meta-atoms related to the circular polarization, combined with the propagation and geometric phases, two OAM beams with controlled amplitude, phase, and equal topological charge but opposite signs can be obtained under the incidence of orthogonally circularly polarized lights. For the x linearly polarized light, arbitrary vector OAM beams on the HOP sphere are generated via the superposition of the above OAM beams. Additionally, the evolution process of the beam on the longitude and latitude of the Poincaré sphere is revealed by changing the amplitude and phase of the two OAM beams. This work provides a simple, effective, and flexible method for realizing vector OAM beams while having potential implications for the generation and manipulation of vectorial light fields at the micro-nano scale.

Magnetic field assisted laser propagation in plasmas with amplitude modulation effects

Magnetic field assisted laser propagation in plasmas with amplitude modulation effects

Abstract P103: Assessment of Angiotensin II-induced Calcium Signals in Primary Human Adrenocortical Cells

Background: Cytosolic and mitochondrial Ca 2+ concentrations are key signals for triggering the secretion of aldosterone in primary aldosteronism (PA), the most common form of secondary hypertension. Aim: To investigate [Ca 2+ ] i transients and oscillations in human CD56 + cells isolated from aldosterone producing adenoma (APA) and normal surrounding adrenocortical (AAC) cells. Methods: We assessed [Ca 2+ ] i in CD56 + APA and APA-adjacent cells (AAC) in basal conditions and after angiotensin II (Ang II) stimulation using Fura-2 dye, live confocal microscopy, and an ad hoc developed custom-made pipeline to analyze [Ca 2+ ] i signals in terms of frequency and peak parameters as amplitude, full width at half maximum (FWHM) and area under the curve (AUC). As the two-pore domain K + TASK- 2 channels are under expressed in APA, we used quinidine (20 μM), 20’ prior to [Ca 2+ ] i imaging acquisition to examine the effect of the pharmacological inhibition of this channel. Results: Resting [Ca 2+ ] i basal levels were higher in AAC (n=11) (0.75, IQR;0.90-0.56) than in APA (n=11) (0.36 IQR;0.69-0.33), (p < 0.02). We detected spontaneous Ca 2+ activity, during resting conditions, in both cell types without significant difference in peak parameters. Upon 1 nM Ang II simulation, AAC showed elevated FWHM, amplitude, and AUC peak parameters of first Ca 2+ transients. However, APA cells exhibited elevated peak parameters of subsequent Ca 2+ oscillations. Ca 2 oscillations frequency and degree of oscillating cells were significantly higher in APA cells than in AAC. After 24 hours in culture, both AAC and APA cells developed rosette-like cell structure resembling the “glomeruli” of the intact zona glomerulosa clusters. Functional Statistics and clustering analysis showed synchronous behavior of cells belonging to the same cluster without significant differences between AAC and APA. In AAC, Task-2 Inhibition with quinidine tended to increase spontaneous activity and altered peak’s parameters but did not influence frequency of oscillation. Conclusion: Quantitative assessment of [Ca 2+ ] i signals unveiled significant differences in [Ca 2+ ] i dynamics between human AAC and APA cells. These results suggest the concurrent modulation of frequency and amplitude of [Ca 2+ ] I subsequent oscillations as a potential driver of increased rate of aldosterone production.

Simplified coherent chaotic optical secure communication scheme based on the Kramers-Kronig receiver.

Enhancing physical layer encryption in fiber-optic networks remains a challenging yet vital task. In this Letter, we propose a simplified coherent chaotic secure optical communication scheme based on the Kramers-Kronig (KK) receiver. This scheme incorporates a semiconductor laser with a phase-conjugated optical feedback serving as a common chaotic source, and its chaotic output is directly injected into the two slave lasers arranged separately at the transmitter and receiver end to achieve high-quality synchronization of chaotic signals, with a corresponding chaotic bandwidth of 30.6 GHz. By virtue of the common-signal-induced broad chaotic synchronization, a proof-of-principle demonstration is successfully conducted. It involves the secure transmission of a 20 Gbaud 16-level quadrature amplitude modulation (16QAM) signal over a 50 km standard single-mode fiber (SSMF) link. At the receiver end, we deploy a KK receiver to reconstruct the field of the optical signal and hence enable signal compensation and recovery with offline digital signal processing (DSP). This method simplifies device requirements in the current chaotic coherent optical secure communication, offering a cost-effective mode and promising path for advancing physical layer encryption in inter-data center communications.

Dynamic responses of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters to drought across diverse plant families.

Chlorophyll fluorescence measurement is a quick and efficient tool for plant stress-level detection. The use of Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), allows the detection of the plant stress level under field conditions. Over the years, several parameters estimating different parts of the chlorophyll and photosystem response were developed to describe the plant stress level. Despite all fluorescence parameters being based on the same measurements, their relationship remains unclear, and their response to drought stress is significantly influenced by the incoming light intensity. In this study, we use six different annual plants from different families, both C3 and C4 photosynthesis types, to describe the plant response to drought through the fluorescence parameters response (NPQ, Y(NPQ), and qN). To describe the dynamic response to drought, we employed light-response curves, adapting and fitting an equation for each curve to compare the drought response for each fluorescence parameter. The results demonstrated that the non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and the quantum yield of non-photochemical quenching [Y(NPQ)] maximal values decrease when the PSII functionality (Fv/Fm) is lower than ~0.7. The basal fluorescence level ( and remained unaffected by the stress level and stayed stable across the various plants and stress levels. Our results indicate that the response of different stress parameters follows a distinct order under continuous drought. Consequently, monitoring just one parameter during long-term stress assessments may result in biased analysis outcomes. Incorporating multiple chlorophyll fluorescence parameters offers a more accurate reflection of the plant's stress level.

Stockwell transform spectral amplitude modulation method for rotating machinery fault diagnosis

Spectral amplitude modulation (SAM) method, as an automated and empirical nonlinear filtering approach, has shown great promise for rotating machinery fault diagnosis. However, due to the inherent shortcomings of Fourier transform in SAM, leading to significant errors in the edited amplitude, also it is easy to fail with selecting the optimal weight value manually under intense background noise. To solve the aforementioned drawbacks, the Stockwell transform spectral amplitude modulation (STSAM) method is proposed. The Stockwell transform (S-transform) is first utilized to obtain the phase and amplitude with time–frequency information. Then, the edited signals can be reconstructed by inverse S-transform with the above actual phase and the modified amplitudes under different weights. Hence, more comprehensive and accurate information about the amplitude can be computed. After that, their normalized square envelope spectra under each cyclic frequency are calculated to showcase the fault characteristics. Moreover, a novel indicator is proposed to automatically choose the optimal weight in STSAM, thus clearer characteristic frequencies can be represented by the optimal square envelope spectrum (OSES). Finally, the effectiveness and superiority of the STSAM and OSES methods are systematically demonstrated by the comparative studies with the SAM and time–frequency SAM approaches using simulated signals and real-world datasets.

Magma fizz: Tremor during the Kīlauea summit reservoir decompression

Typical eruptions at Kīlauea volcano involve the evacuation of magma from the summit and/or south caldera reservoirs towards the East or Southwest rift zones. The reservoir drainage provokes the summit deflation, and on extreme occasions, such as in 2018, the summit caldera collapse. Systematically, seismic tremor, often with a particular multichromatic spectral signature characterized by frequency gliding, accompanies summit deflation episodes. In 2018, this type of continuous tremor accompanied the steady subsidence stage, whereas discrete earthquakes dominated the collapse stage. In this work, we aim to understand the source mechanism of the syn-deflation tremor of 2018. To locate the seismic source, we develop a novel machine-learning-based algorithm as an alternative to the amplitude source location technique. We use a large high-resolution catalog to resolve a composite amplitude decay function. Under these conditions, our method outperforms the traditional technique. We locate the tremor source 1 km below the eastern perimeter of the Halema‘uma‘u crater, which coincides with the position of the summit magma reservoir, as determined in many other studies. Furthermore, we model the seismic source as pressure oscillations driven by gas porous flow at the roof of the reservoir. In this model, gas accumulates temporarily in many gas pockets between the magma and the roof. Our modeling shows that the gas flux is responsible for the tremor amplitude modulations, whereas the gas pocket thickness controls the frequency variations. Beyond a critical point of depressurization, the magma cannot contribute further to the tremor oscillations via decompression-driven degassing, nor support the roof above it, resulting in rock failure. This work advances our understanding of magma-degassing dynamics and tremor generation at Kilauea volcano, and provides novel seismological techniques for volcano seismology monitoring and research.

Effects of Number of Filters and Frequency Cutoff in Continuous Interleaved Sampling and Frequency Amplitude Modulation Encoding Schemes in Cochlear Implant

Cochlear implants are devices designed to transform sound into electrical signals perceived by the brain, making them vital prostheses for deaf individuals. This study examines two schemes used in cochlear implants, namely Continuous Interleaved Sampling (CIS) and Frequency Amplitude Modulation Encoding (FAME), to compare their performance while varying the number of bandpass filters and cutoff frequencies used. Both schemes were simulated using 8 and 5 bandpass filters, and cutoff frequencies of 2000 Hz and 200 Hz. Results show that the CIS scheme can maintain signal intelligibility despite the loss of some frequency components when the number of bandpass filters is lowered. Conversely, FAME retains more frequency details but presents perceptible delays. With a cut off frequency of 200 Hz, signals processed with CIS loses intelligibility significantly, whereas FAME-processed signals remain intelligible both at 200 Hz and 2000 Hz cut off frequencies. It is therefore concluded that FAME can provide better cochlear implant performance despite the lower number of bandpass filters and lower frequency cutoff.

Ultra-low-power consumption silicon electro-optic switch based on photonic crystal nanobeam cavity

Ultra-low-power consumption and high-speed integrated switches are highly desirable for future data centers and high-performance optical computers. In this study, we proposed an ultra-low-power consumption silicon electro-optic switch based on photonic crystal nanobeam cavities on a foundry platform. The proposed switch showed an ultra-low static-tuning power of 0.10 mW and a calculated dynamic switching power of 6.34 fJ/bit, with a compact footprint of 18 μm × 200 μm. Additionally, a 136-Gb/s four-level pulse amplitude modulation signal transmission experiment was carried out to verify the capability of the proposed electro-optic switch to support high-speed data transmission. The proposed device has the lowest static-tuning power consumption among silicon electro-optic switches and the highest data transmission rate. The results demonstrate the potential applications of this switch in high-performance optical computers, data center interconnects, optical neural networks, and programmable photonic circuits.

Polarized APSK modulation system with polymorphic SC signals

AbstractThis paper discusses a new symbol modulation scheme known as polarized amplitude and phase shift keying, (‐APSK) modulation with four rings in its basic form. The new scheme maps power‐polarized symbol pairs on its constellation in order to increase the number of data symbols. ‐APSK exploits a symbol mapper based on a conjugate power splitting algorithm. Product modulation is applied, where a voltage signal of a specified amplitude and phase is multiplied by another current signal of a specified amplitude and phase, thus forming polymorphic signals in the product constellation. At the receiver, an isolated detection is performed, where the voltage signal is detected independently of the received current signal. A selection combining scheme is then used. The results depict unity peak‐to‐average power ratio and low average symbol energy, which is desirable for Green communications in 5G networks. It presents lower bit error rates when compared with the state‐of‐the art ‐ary quadrature amplitude modulation, with a signal‐to‐noise ratio gap of at least . The proposed analytical framework closely matches the simulations for bit error rates under .

Triple-frequency terahertz modulator based on electronically controllable metamaterial from the coupling effect

This paper proposes a triple-frequency terahertz amplitude modulator that utilizes an I-shaped strip and four U-shaped metal patches within a common metal-substrate configuration. The top metal layer consists of an I-shaped strip and four U-shaped metal patches, while the bottom substrate layer is made of polyimide. Amplitude modulation is achieved through adjusting the plasma frequency of the high-electron-mobility transistors, resulting in a modulation depth of nearly 93% at resonance frequencies of 0.26 and 0.49 THz. At 0.6 THz, the modulation depth reaches 65%, demonstrating excellent performance. Resonance frequencies are determined by electric field and surface current distribution. The triple-frequency terahertz amplitude modulator is applicable in various fields, including terahertz communications and imaging.

An efficient hybrid spectrum sensing algorithm to enhance the performance of optical NOMA waveforms using 256-QAM

Abstract The ever-increasing demand for bandwidth in optical networks necessitates efficient spectrum utilization. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a novel hybrid spectrum sensing algorithm tailored explicitly for 256-QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) optical communication waveforms. The proposed algorithm combines the strengths of energy detection and cyclostationary feature detection to overcome the limitations of individual methods. Energy detection (ED) provides fast and low-complexity sensing, while cyclostationary feature detection offers higher accuracy and sensitivity. First, ED is employed for rapid initial spectrum assessment. Subsequently, matched filter (MF) detection is selectively applied only to frequency bands identified as potentially occupied by primary users based on the energy detection results. This selective approach significantly reduces computational complexity while maintaining high detection accuracy. The results demonstrate significant improvements in detection accuracy, sensitivity, and computational efficiency compared to existing methods. In particular, the hybrid algorithm performs better in scenarios where weak 256-QAM signals coexist with strong primary users, showcasing its effectiveness in dynamic spectrum-sharing applications. This work contributes significantly to optical spectrum sensing by offering an efficient and accurate solution for advanced radio systems. The proposed hybrid algorithm paves the way for improved spectrum utilization and facilitates the development of high-performance, next-generation optical networks. The projected method obtained a gain of −200 as compared with the existing methods.

Establishment of a Flow-Through System for the Macrophyte Growth Inhibition Test (OECD 239) Including Photosynthetic Activity Measurement to Determine Early Effects.

Maintaining constant exposure concentrations during ecotoxicological studies while testing rapidly degradable substances is a challenge. To achieve stable concentrations during exposure, flow-through systems are used. To assess the impact of substances on higher aquatic plants, the 14-day macrophyte water-sediment Myriophyllum spicatum growth inhibition test (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD, 2014a] test guideline 239) only includes a static or a semistatic test design. The main aim of our study was to investigate the applicability of a flow-through system for M. spicatum. The standard OECD test design was miniaturized, and a flow-through system with spill-over was developed to achieve stable exposure concentrations of a rapidly degrading substance. The main endpoints were total shoot length and fresh and dry weight. Photosynthetic activity was used as an endpoint for the identification of early effects using the noninvasive Image-Producing Pulse Amplitude Modulation (IMAGING-PAM) procedure. Atorvastatin (AV; fast degrading) and bentazone (BT; photosynthesis inhibitor) were used as model substances to observe differences of the effect concentration depending on the test design. At higher exposure levels of AV, stronger necrosis combined with lower effect concentrations was observed in the flow-through test compared with the semistatic test, indicating the applicability of the flow-through test for evaluating degradable substances. The test with BT demonstrated a concentration-dependent decrease in the photosynthetic yield (Y(II)) from day 3 onward even before macroscopically visible changes occurred. Our results show that the flow-through system in the macrophyte growth inhibition test (OECD test guideline 239; 2014a) is a suitable alternative when one is testing rapidly degradable substances such as AV. In addition, we showed that photosynthetic yield can serve as a supplementary endpoint, when one is testing substances with photosynthesis inhibition as a mode of action. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;00:1-12. © 2024 The Author(s). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.

Electrically switchable metamaterial analogue to electromagnetically induced transparency

In this paper, we propose an active electromagnetically induced transparency-like (EIT-like) metamaterial to investigate the electrically switchable behaviors. The EIT-like metamaterial is constructed by a “bright” comb-line resonator side-coupled with a “dark” split-ring resonator. The “bright” and “dark” resonators are individually or simultaneously soldered with PIN diodes. The diodes are connected with DC voltage sources through conducting wires. By adjusting the bias voltage within the range of 0.0–1.2 V, the resistance of PIN diode can be changed from 9000 to 1 Ω, thereby dynamically modulating the EIT-like spectrum. Both simulation and experiment results indicate that this active configuration can generate remarkable multi-band amplitude modulations on the EIT-like spectrum, and a significant modulation depth of up to 18.3 dB was achieved on the tested transmission through the metamaterial. Moreover, the transformation of transparency-to-absorption and slow light on-to-off switching actions are also obtained via electric biasing the proposed sample. These findings resulted from the EIT-like mechanism, which may promote the development of actively controlled photonic devices.

Tunable optical matrix convolution of 20-Gbit/s QPSK 2-D data with a kernel using optical wave mixing.

Compared to its electronic counterpart, optically performed matrix convolution can accommodate phase-encoded data at high rates while avoiding optical-to-electronic-to-optical (OEO) conversions. We experimentally demonstrate a reconfigurable matrix convolution of quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK)-encoded input data. The two-dimensional (2-D) input data is serialized, and its time-shifted replicas are generated. This 2-D data is convolved with a 1-D kernel with coefficients, which are applied by adjusting the relative phase and amplitude of the kernel pumps. Time-shifted data replicas (TSDRs) and kernel pumps are coherently mixed using nonlinear wave mixing in a periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) waveguide. To show the tunability and reconfigurability of this approach, we vary the kernel coefficients, kernel sizes (e.g., 2 × 1 or 3 × 1), and input data rates (e.g., 6-20 Gbit/s). The convolution results are verified to be error-free under an applied: (a) 2 × 1 kernel, resulting in a 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) output with an error vector magnitude (EVM) of ∼5.1-8.5%; and (b) 3 × 1 kernel, resulting in a 64-QAM output with an EVM of ∼4.9-5.5%.

A robust OFDM IM-QAM NOMA scheme for URLLC and eMBB downlink service coexistence

This work introduces a non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) scheme suitable for low-rate ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) and enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) services multiplexing in downlink communication. Tailored to minimize mutual interference, URLLC information is conveyed via a modified index modulation (IM) scheme on top of quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) transferring eMBB traffic. Aiming at providing a proof of concept of the proposed scheme, we calculate the bit error rate of both services over Rayleigh fading with diversity, as well as the eMBB service achievable rate with typical multi-input multi-output (MIMO) configuration when the URLLC service utilizes space–time coding or diversity. The proposed scheme achieves a low bit error rate for the URLLC IM signal, at the cost of a lower information rate, while affecting the performance of the eMBB user mainly due to power sharing among the IM and QAM signals. To further investigate the feasibility of the proposed scheme, we calculate the transmission energy required by the base station to support both services over a typical cellular channel model, for various service requirements and user distances, in comparison to an orthogonal multiple access (OMA) puncturing scheme utilizing time-multiplexing of QAM for the eMBB traffic and BPSK for the URLLC traffic. Overall, our results show that the proposed scheme attains better performance compared to the puncturing scheme and offers a robust solution with easy user pairing for low-rate URLLC and typical eMBB downlink service multiplexing for 5G communications and beyond.