Ample Water Supply Research Articles

Effects of depth of fertilizer placement on wheat grown under three water regimes

Wheat was grown in reconstructed profiles of a sandy red-brown earth in pots 120 cm deep. Ammonium sulphate (40 mg nitrogen per pot) and/or monocalcium phosphate (75 mg phosphorus per pot) were placed either in the topsoil at 5 cm depth or in the subsoil at 25 cm. When the wheat reached ear emergence, water treatments were introduced to provide (a) dry topsoil and water shortage; (b) dry topsoil but ample water supply in the subsoil; or (c) an ample water supply with both topsoil and subsoil wet. The yield and concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in the wheat and the distribution of roots in the soil were measured at maturity. Water use by the plants was calculated. Drying of the topsoil decreased grain yield and uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus by the wheat, but the effects were small compared with those of water shortage per se. Placement of nitrogen and phosphorus at 25 cm produced higher grain yields than placement at 5 cm. There was no interaction between placement depth and the water treatments: this indicated that reduced availability of nutrients because of dry topsoil after ear emergence was not a major factor limiting yield. The fertilizer treatments affected the distribution of roots more than total root length. Root growth increased at the site of placement where nitrogen and phosphorus, and to a lesser extent nitrogen alone, were applied in the subsoil; there was little effect in other parts of the profile. Efficiency of water use was increased by the application of nitrogen.

Operational Characteristics of Meat Animals Part IV: Turkeys, Large White and Bronze

ABSTRACT THIS paper presents a mathe-matical model describing how Large White and Bronze turkeys ingest metabolizable energy, lose it to the environment, and use it for in-creased gain as they grow from poults to maturity in any given regime of ambient temperatures. The model assumes good health, balanced rations and ample water supplies. The theory for the model is based on curves proposed by Kleiber (1961). The utility of modeling is demon-strated by showing weights of torn and hen turkeys. Parts I, II, and III of this series on the operational char-acteristics of meat animals by Teter et al. (1973) describe the operational characteristics of swine, beef and broilers, respectively.

Aspects of the Effect of ABA on the Water Status of Barley and Wheat Seedlings

AbstractThe effect of abscisic acid on plant growth and survival during water deprivation was studied in barley and wheat seedlings. Under conditions of both limited and ample water supply, treatment with abscisic acid greatly reduced transpiration and, in addition, suppressed root growth. In water‐deprived seedlings, abscisic acid increased the total dry matter, reflecting improved efficiency in water‐use. In addition, the growth period and survival of water‐deprived seedlings were markedly prolonged. In field trials, however, abscisic acid had no significant effect on waterdeprived seedlings. Possible reasons for this lack of response are discussed.

EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENT ON RELATIONS BETWEEN EXTENSION AND CAMBIAL GROWTH OF POPULUS EUPHRATICA OLIV.

SummaryVariations in the xylem increment and vessel diameter were found among Populus euphratica Oliv. trees from habitats of different water regimes. Vigorous shoot growth under conditions of ample water supply was associated with wide annual xylem rings and diffuse porous wood. Restricted shoot elongation of trees on dry sites was associated with narrow annual rings and ring porous wood. The influence of environmental factors on xylem production appeared to be indirect and to be largely mediated through physiological activity of the shoot system.

R x : For a Quality Environment: Ingenuity and Imagination

Participation in this distinguished panel of the Kansas Academy of Science offers me the exhilarating opportunity to explore with you the provocations and puzzlements of man's environment . . . and the sobering opportunity to return to my own native environment to do so. Here, in the less hurried and harried geographical center of a nation that is suffering the frustrations of flux and change, perhaps we can find the common denominators of a balanced ecosystem where man helps nature help man create and sustain a quality environment. It is my rare opportunity to be involved in the efforts of a great state and its people, production and productivity to stave off the despoliating environmental conditions that threaten the quality of the land, water and air. In a sense, New York, with high densities of people and industries, is the bellwether of what may also occur to the ecology of man's environment in areas of this nation where time has not yet run out in man's fight against blight. Time is a priceless ingredient in stepped-up efforts to correct the effects of what we call civilization on our habitat-the polluting of water resources--the besmirching of the land-the befoulment of the air-the intrusion of our quiet peace. If, a few decades ago, we had used the imagination and perspective we now seem to be applying to the creation of a livable environment, we might have found that an ounce of prevention is worth far more than a pound of cure. Late as it is in the scientific revolution which creates things and produces threats to the people whom the things are intended, there is yet time to modify our methods so we may have progress without pollution. The prophets of doom see man's environment so seriously threatened that science must move with breakneck speed to protect our precious ecological balance. It is reassuring to return to Kansas to find that man's ability to have an ample supply of high quality water has been demonstrated by dynamic attacks on water pollution and an enlightened program of water planning and development. The lesson is clear: Haste to correct the effects of environmental waste can be wasteful. As Senator Henry Jackson of Washington has said, for too long government has reacted

南山形地区の被圧地下水に関する地球化学的研究

“South Yamagata District” occupies the left bank area of the Su-gawa River in the southernmost part of Yamagata Basin. This district is underlain by the confined aquifer in a moderate depth and therefore has received ample water supplies from flowing wells which can be drilled easily. In the present paper, the features of the ground water mentioned above are discussed from the geochemical point of view.Judging from the quality-of-water, the ground water here is characterized by the high content of sulfate ion. Stochastical calculations reveal that the confined aquifer here is supplied with the water of the Su-gawa River and the ground water under pressure flows northwards.

Aşıklı Hüyük—A Protoneolithic Site in Central Anatolia

The site of Aşıklı Hüyük lies in the vilayet of Niğde, ca. 25 km. south-east of Aksaray and ca. 1 km. south of Kızılkaya Köy, on the right bank of the Melendiz Çay. The existence of a mound here was first made known to the writer by Dr. Edmund Gordon who was examining the area for Hittite remains, and the site was visited by the writer several times during the summer and autumn of 1964 when the collection of obsidian implements discussed in this paper was made.Set in the narrow but very fertile valley of the Melendiz Çay beside the river, there is an ample water supply, and the sides of the valley are suitable for the growing of crops. The mound has been considerably eroded by the river, and in places six metre high sections have been laid bare. This erosion of the site is mainly responsible for the very large quantities of obsidian implements and small finds that were found. Originally a very large hüyük, the site is still very considerable, and it is impossible to tell how much has been destroyed by erosion. The size of the mound is also difficult to judge because the ground slopes up gently from the site to the hills which form the edge of the valley, and only by excavation can the limits of the occupied area be established.

HEALTH PROBLEMS IN RURAL AMERICA

A recent survey by the AMA Council on Rural Health of health educators and home economics leaders in 44 State cooperative extension services indicates that water pollution and sanitation are the primary rural health problems. Assurance of an ample supply of uncontaminated water for family and farm use is an increasing problem, not only in rural fringe areas near suburban developments but also in the more remote farm areas. Smaller towns have had less experience in dealing with such problems and are less likely to have well-developed planning and zoning programs. In addition, in many instances they fail to enforce existing zoning regulations without fully considering the consequences of such laxity. The need for health education was the second most urgent problem highlighted in the AMA survey. Health education can keep the people alert to medical developments and encourage the wisest use of these advances. Education can also develop willingness

THE IMPROVEMENT AND UTILIZATION OF FARM-LAND IN IZUMO PLAIN

Izumo Plain, situated on the coast of the Japan Sea, is the largest alluvial plain in the San-in District. In prewar times, dispersed settlement and a unique farming method under the large land-owner system made great features of the plain. In the end of last century, a farming method which required extremely hard labour was established on this plain. This method consisted in digging wet field deep, then heaping up the earth to make high ridges, upon which clovers (medicago denticulta) were planted for making green manure. Though it was hard for the farmers, this farming method was profitable on the part of the land-owners, so they had little intention to improve theirland. Their chief concern was to protect their land from frequent floods of the Hii River, and the energy of the farmers was directed to the river conservation works instead of land improvement. This is why this district has been so backward with respect to land-improvement. The conservation works of the Hii River were done from 1922 to 1944. After World War II, the first. attempt to improve the land was made on the lowest part of the plain on the coast of the lake. Encouraged by the successof this attempt coupled by the influence of the farm-land reform, farmers came to realize the importance of improving their land. So farm-land over 3, 200 ha was improved during the period from 1952 to 1957. First, dikes were formed along the lake coast, which prevented the salty lake water from coming into the fields. Then the water within was pumped away, and paddy fields were partitioned into 10 or 20 a. After the improvement, barley for beer-making is planted in some parts in place of clover which was commonly seen before the improvement, but this is not so widely known here. Orchards have shown a remarkable increase, but, when compared to the whole farm-land, they take only small part. Dairy in the wet fields, which is now being encouraged as a new type of agriculture, is experimentally adopted by a small number of farmers. Fodder culture is also restricted to only a small portion. In short, the rotation of rice and foddy culture does not go well. The commonest type of the utilization is single rice culture. Next to this, two-crop farming and horticulture are attempted in some place. The last one is dairy. These types, except the first one, are still on the experimental stage. This is caused by 1) farmers' inability to get accustomed to the new farming techniques (especially in raising milking cow), 2) lack of labourers, and 3) instability of the prices. For these reasons any effective utilization has not been observed. yet, though wet fields were changed into dry ones, except the only merit that the extremely hard labour of the farmers has been much reduced. For the future development of the land utilization, the following measures are to be desired. 1) The fields which still remain wet must be changed into dry ones by underground drainage. 2) For the ample supply of water and prevention of floods caused by the accumulation of sand, radical conservation works of the Hii must be performed. 3) A firm sale cooperative system directly connected with Osaka Metropolitan Market must be establi-shed. Both the agricultural cooperativeassociations and cooperative management of agriculture play agreat part for the realization of this purpose.

The Years Ahead–Resources, Plant, and Planning

This article discusses several measures of intense development of water resources that show the most promise for ensuring an ample water supply, including: building impounding reservoirs in humid areas of the country where flood flows are wasted; increased use of groundwater; water reuse; treatment of brackish waters or highly mineralized groundwater; developments in large‐diameter transmission mains; changes in water treatment techniques; and, developments in automation in the regulation of distribution systems and booster pumps, and in the adjustment of treatment to parallel automatically‐monitored raw water quality.

Water Resources and Conservation in Florida

Florida has more water above, below, and around it than any state in the union, and enjoys the fortunate position of having ample supplies of water to meet all foreseeable needs. This fortunate position can, however, be changed by unwise drainage practices and by overdevelopment without compensatory controls. The Central and Southern Florida Flood Control District is well started toward accomplishing control in the southeastern part of the state, but floods and droughts in recent years indicate that similar measures are needed in the west‐central and southwest sectors of the state. Studies indicate that opportunities for water control exist in the Green Swamp plateau in west‐central Florida, and efforts to take advantage of these opportunities are now being planned.

A surface energy‐balance computer

AbstractA surface energy‐balance computer is described. This is fed with such information as dry‐ and wet‐bulb temperatures and temperature differences in the vertical (in the form of fine wire thermocouple outputs) and wind speed differences. The psychrometric equation is solved automatically to yield a vapour‐pressure difference and the latent‐heat term is then computed on the basis of an aerodynamic equation. The sensible‐heat term is similarly made available. The net flux of radiation and the soil‐heat flux are also recorded. A determination of each of these four fluxes is made once per minute and the values are integrated and presented on counters which are photographed at desired intervals, the smallest interval so far used being 20 min. Results indicate that for periods of an hour or more the ‘positive’ and ‘negative’ terms in the surface‐heat balance equation so obtained, agree to about 10 per cent except when the heat storage in the first two cm of soil, of which no account is taken, is obviously changing. The only complete 24 hr observational period so far covered indicates a daily balance to a fraction of a mw hr cm−2. Over approximately 80 hr observations, which were not continuous but contained about an equal number of daylight and dark hours, a balance to better than 1 per cent was obtained. A further result, which requires additional confirmation, is that the daily water loss from the centre of an extensive short‐grass area which has an ample water supply may be obtained for all practical purposes by measuring the total net radiation and assuming that all is used in the evaporative process. It becomes obvious that if hourly mean values of the profiles of temperature, humidity and wind are used to compute the evaporation then, in general, the results will be in error by up to about 20 per cent, although daily totals may be more accurate than this. The machine as it stands is not reliable for continuous operation owing to the use of a number of electro‐mechanical devices which are required to work under conditions for which they were not designed. Some improvements will be required before reliable continuous operation becomes possible.

Preparation of Water for Injection Into Oil Reservoirs

Introduction The most important item in the injection of water into oil reservoirs is the water supply itself. Not only is a certain source of supply essential, but the quality of the water is also of great importance. Nature rarely provides chemically pure or bacteria free water in any substantial quantities. Water, whatever its source, ordinarily contains a variety of impurities which may be inorganic, organic, or both. Even though these impurities may be present in very minute quantities, their existence must be recognized in almost every water injection system. However, the taste, the odor, or the toxicity of the water, important items where water is to be used for human consumption, are relatively unimportant in oil field use. The two principal problems connected with the use of water to improve oil recovery are possible reaction with the reservoir and its contents, and whether the water will cause destruction of surface and subsurface equipment by corrosion. In the early days of secondary waterflooding operations in the Bradford and Allegany fields, little attention was given to the preparation of water, for an ample supply of fresh water of good quality was available from shallow aquifers and from surface streams. In the Southwest and particularly in Texas no such fortuitous conditions exist. In most parts of Texas, suffering as they have from recurring and progressively ruinous years of drought, the oil industry will have little call on the limited supplies of fresh water, and therefore must resort to water resources of inferior quality. In almost every case such waters will require some form of treatment before they will be suitable for injection into oil reservoirs. Consequently, the importance of proper conditioning of water to be used for such purpose is now rather generally accepted. The quantity of water that will be required for complete secondary recovery and pressure maintenance operations in the oil fields of Texas can be estimated in amounts of almost astronomical proportions. Studies recently completed by the Texas Petroleum Research Committee indicate some 10.5 billion bbl of oil that is physically recoverable by injection of water into the reservoirs. It is roughly estimated that approximately 15 billion bbl of water will be required for this purpose. The water that will be available for these operations will have to come largely from subsurface salt water-bearing formations and probably to some extent from the open sea.

Pictographs of the San Luis Rey Basin, California

The San Luis Rey River flows westward across northern San Diego County, California. The area from Henshaw dam down to and including the Bonsall post office can be described as the central San Luis Rey River basin. It includes a little less than half of the total watershed area but contains many tributary streams and probably accounts for more than half of the total runoff. The area is mountainous and wooded or brush covered and is dissected by numerous small streams, many of which originate in the higher elevations of the Agua Tibia and Palomar mountain ranges. Ample water supplies and favorable thermal zones which belt the area, coupled with a heavy growth of forest cover along the streams, provided both vegetal and animal food supplies which in turn resulted in more than average aboriginal population. The heaviest concentrations of population were in the areas now known as Pauma Valley, Rincon, The Potrero, and the La Jolla area, all of which still have sizable Indian populations living on reservations. In historic times, the region was occupied by Indians of the Luisefio stock (Kroeber, 1925, p. 648).

On a Relationship Between Evaporation and Evapotranspiration

Heat balance considerations indicate that the annual amount of evaporation from an extensive water surface is greater by some 33 percent than evapotranspiration from an extensive vegetation-covered land surface having an ample supply of water. The assumption is that the same amount of insolation reaches both surfaces. Turbulence theory is used to show that the above estimate leads to values of the friction velocity (or shearing stress) which are in close agreement with independent results for vegetation-covered land surfaces, indicating the correctness or approximate correctness of the above estimate. The assumption of the demonstration is that the geostrophic wind is the same over both surfaces. It is estimated that the annual amount of sensible heat transferred from the vegetation-covered land surface is some 5 to 10 percent of the insolation reaching that surface.

Meeting the Dallas Water Shortage

Dallas had a fairly ample supply of water and a well-balanced water system. Good planning had enabled the department to keep up with demands imposed by the growth of the city. In 1944-45 an engineering firm prepared a master plan of development for Dallas. At the same time, based on data provided by this firm, H. A. Hunter, then superintendent of the water department, worked out a long-range program of improvement for water supply and distribution from 1945 to 1970. His conclusion was that the ex-

THE COMPETITION BETWEEN BARLEY AND CERTAIN WEEDS UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITIONS III. COMPETITION WITH AGROSTIS GIGANTEA

The twitch grass Agrostis gigantea var. dispar occurs commonly as a serious weed on the light semi‐acid soils found on the lower greensand near Woburn, Beds. It spreads rapidly by means of rhizomes, rarely forming stolons. All the rhizome growth takes place within 6 in. of the surface: I g. dry weight of roots and rhizomes may occupy up to 260 C.C. of soil. A. gigantea is slightly more easily eradicated than Holcus mollis.When barley and this Agrostis are planted together, with abundance of water and nutrients for both, it is found that increasing the density of planting of the barley reduces the crop loss due to Agrostis competition, but the weed can, nevertheless, diminish the yield of close‐planted barley by about a quarter. In a sparse crop of barley, any increase in Agrostis growth is reflected in an almost equal reduction in yield of barley. In proportion to its relative density the barley secures a larger share of the soil nitrogen than does the Agrostis.Evidence is given suggesting that there is a marked effect of the one grass on the other even when there is no competition for root space and an ample supply of water and nutrients.

Artificial recharge of glacial sand and gravel with filtered river water at Louisville, Kentucky

Records obtained by the Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior, and the Geological Division, Kentucky Department of Mines and Minerals, indicate that industries at Louisville pumped about 62 million gallons of water per day from wells in 1943. This was over 20 million gallons a day more than the natural recharge to the glacial outwash sand and gravel from which the wells draw the water. The ground water is especially in demand because of its uniformly low temperature throughout the year. In order to stop the resulting serious decline of water levels and decrease in yields of wells, the pumpage is now gradually being reduced. Also, the recharge has been increased about 2 million gallons a day by introducing water into the aquifer through wells.During the spring of 1944 the Seagram and National distilleries helped solve a local shortage of ground water by recharging the underground reservoir with 1.7 million gallons a day of cold water from the municipal river-water supply. While this water was being added to the aquifer through several supply wells the plants were operated with additional city water, and the rest of the supply wells were kept idle. In this way, the large cone of depression in the water table that had been created by heavy pumping from the wells was practically filled with cold water from a combination of natural and artificial recharge. As a result, during the summer when the city water became too warm to be used in the plants, an increased and ample supply of cold water was available from the wells. It has been suggested that other industries at Louisville might adopt similar procedures for insuring adequate supplies of cold water during the summers.

Effects of Sulfur Dioxide on Plants and Animals

This document describes an experimental set-up based on the use of fumigation cabinets. Experimental apparatus, and experimental design are discussed in detail. Alfalfa was the plant species most extensively tested. Results were: plants were more resistant to SO/sub 2/ at temperatures below 40/sup 0/F than at higher temperatures; resistance to SO/sub 2/ decreased as relative humidity increased; plants with ample water supply were more susceptible to SO/sub 2/ injury; and susceptibility to SO/sub 2/ injury varies with age of the plant. Animal studies used guinea pigs, mice, grasshoppers and cockroaches. Differences in susceptibility were noted between life stages of different species and between vertebrates and invertebrates.

Mycenae

The plain of Argos is roughly triangular in shape. The base lies along the sea coast from Lerna to Nauplia and the apex is at Mycenae, which thus overlooks the Argive plain as Deceleia overlooks the Attic. The traveller, who, like Pausanias, approaches Argolis from the northeast by way of Corinth and Nemea and sees, as he emerges from the Tretos defile, the Argive plain opening before him to the southeast, will notice among the foothills to his left a rather inconspicuous, but isolated hill standing out between two steep and rocky conical peaks. This is the citadel of Mycenae. It owes its strength to its natural position, which is easily defensible, and it has an ample supply of fresh water from the spring Perseia running into an underground cistern reached by a secret passage. There were also three wells within the walls and at least one rain-water cistern. No enemy can hope to approach its walls in any force without being observed, and its distance from the coast precludes any danger of surprise from the sea. As a seat of power it is admirably placed. It dominates the Argive plain and it controls the routes that lead northeast to Corinth and the rich districts easily accessible thence, the fertile littoral of Achaia or the Boeotian coast with the central Greek plain behind. The site was thus naturally inhabited early in the Bronze Age, probably from the very beginning of that age on the Mainland of Greece about 2800 B.C., and round it on the outlying hills were neighbouring settlements so that the district even then must have been fairly well populated.