Amoxicillin In Aqueous Solution Research Articles

Boosting photocatalytic performance of silver phosphate via coupling with P-doped carbon for amoxicillin degradation

Amoxicillin (AMX) could result in risks to ecosystems and organisms in the environment, and photocatalysis is regarded as an effective technology for catalytic degradation of antibiotics. In this study, for the first time, we doped element P into ultra-thin three-dimensional carbon nanosheets to prepare P-doped carbon materials (PCs), and then coupled them with Ag3PO4 to prepare Ag3PO4 @PC composites successfully. The novel composite catalyst was used for photocatalytic degradation of AMX in aqueous solution. Results showed that the photocatalytic performance and cycle stability of Ag3PO4 @PC were much better than that of Ag3PO4 monomer. Under visible light conditions, the degradation efficiency of AMX by the composite catalyst under 3 min of light irradiation could reach 100%, and the corresponding apparent rate constant of AMX degradation was 0.0251 s−1. The DFT calculation results indicated that there was a large built-in potential well at the interface between PC and Ag3PO4, which can effectively reduce the internal recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs and improve the photocatalytic performance of the composite catalyst. This study provides an efficient visible light catalyst, and could be referred for appropriate design of innovative visible light photocatalysts.

Electrooxidation of amoxicillin in aqueous solution with graphite electrodes: Optimization of degradation and deciphering of byproducts using HRMS

Contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) such as antibiotics have become a matter of worry in aquatic environments worldwide. Their presence in the environment has been increasing due to the inability of conventional wastewater and water treatments to annihilate them. Hence, attempts have been made to remove CECs using electrochemical oxidation (EO). Present study employed the low cost, active carbon based graphite sheet electrodes as anode and cathode to oxidize and degrade Amoxicillin (AMOX)- a β-lactum thiazolidine antibiotic. Optimization studies found pH 9, 45 mA cm−2, 81 cm2 electrode surface area, 6 mM electrolyte concentration and 60 min treatment time to be optimal for AMOX removal. Studies with varying concentrations of AMOX (20 mg L−1, 30 mg L−1 and 40 mg L−1) found that increase in concentrations of AMOX require higher current densities and treatment time for better TOC removal. High performance liquid chromatography photo diode array (HPLC-PDA) studies found 94% removal for 40 mg L−1 of AMOX at optimal conditions with 90% COD and 46% TOC removal. High resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) studies using Ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight-mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-ToF-MS) identified major degradation mechanisms to be hydroxylation, β-lactum ring cleavage, breakage of thiazolidine ring chain from the aromatic ring and piperazinyl ring formation. The final byproducts of AMOX oxidation were carboxylic acids.

An advanced photo-oxidation process for pharmaceuticals using plasmon-assisted Ag-CoFe2O4 photocatalysts

The discharge of amoxicillin (AMX) from pharmaceutical intermediates has adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems. The elimination of AMX requires advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) that utilize high-performance photocatalysts. Furthermore, the design of highly visible light photocatalysts for AOPs demands both cost-effectiveness and efficiency. In this work, a plasmon-assisted visible light photocatalyst of 2D Ag-CoFe2O4 nanohybrids was successfully synthesized and characterized with several analytical tools to degrade AMX in aqueous solutions through advanced AOPs. The results showed that the Ag-CoFe2O4 nanohybrids had excellent photocatalytic activity and stability, which could efficiently reduce the AMX concentration by 99% within 70 min under visible light irradiation. In particular, CoFe2O4 and Ag have an interfacial contact that prevents electron-hole pair recombination more effectively than pure CoFe2O4, which results in electrons in its conduction band (CB) migrating to metallic Ag sites. Thus, charge transfers between the two materials are more efficient, leading to higher photocatalytic oxidation of AMX. Furthermore, the surface plasmon of Ag nanoparticles are excited by their plasmonic resonance, which increases the absorption of visible light. The plasmon-assisted visible light photocatalyst could replace expensive and energy-intensive advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). AOPs pathways associated with AMX have been discussed in detail. The HPLC chromatogram clearly showed AMX was oxidized by four-membered B-lactam ring opening and hydroxylation with •OH. 2D Ag-CoFe2O4 heterostructure was found to be efficient, selective, and cost-effective for the degradation of several pharmaceutical compounds. Additionally, it was found to be eco-friendly and sustainable, making it a viable alternative to AOPs.

The application of a new recyclable photocatalyst γ-Fe2O3@SiO2@ZIF8-Ag in the photocatalytic degradation of amoxicillin in aqueous solutions.

This pilot study synthesized the γ-Fe2O3@SiO2@ZIF8-Ag nanocomposites via the hydrothermal method to study its potential use in amoxicillin degradation as a novel photocatalyst in aqueous solutions under visible light radiation. Various diagnostic methods were used to determine the morphology and functional structure of the photocatalyst, and the results confirmed its proper formation. Complete degradation of AMX was obtained at a pH of 5, catalyst dosage of 0.4g/L, AMX concentration of 10mg/L, and reaction time of 60min. The efficiency of the degradation was diminished when anions were present in the reaction medium, and the order of their effect was SO42-< Cl- < NO3-< HCO3-. Biodegradability (BOD5/COD ratio) increased from 0.20 to 0.68 after 120min of photocatalytic treatment, with a COD removal of 87.54% and a TOC removal of 74.88%. Through the experimental trapping of electrons, we found the production of reactive species, such as hydroxyl radical (•OH), superoxide (O2•-), and holes (h+), in the photocatalysis reactor and that •OH was the predominant species in AMX photodegradation. Comparative experiments emphasized that the oxidation process occurs with the adsorption of pollutants on the surface of the catalyst, and the photocatalyst has the potential to be activated by various light sources, including visible light, UV light, and sunlight, with an AMX decomposition above 88%. The synthesized particles can be recovered after five consecutive cycles with minimal reduction in the degradation rate (< 4%). γ-Fe2O3@SiO2@ZIF8-Ag can be considered a promising photocatalyst for use in AMX degradation due to its recyclability, easier activation by different light sources, and excellent mineralization.

Removal of amoxicillin in aqueous solutions by a chemical activated carbons derived from Jujube nuts: adsorption behaviors, kinetic and thermodynamic studies

Removal of amoxicillin in aqueous solutions by a chemical activated carbons derived from Jujube nuts: adsorption behaviors, kinetic and thermodynamic studies

CuBi2O4 Synthesis, Characterization, and Application in Sensitive Amperometric/Voltammetric Detection of Amoxicillin in Aqueous Solutions.

CuBi2O4 synthesized by thermolysis of a new Bi(III)-Cu(II) oxalate coordination compound, namely Bi2Cu(C2O4)4·0.25H2O, was tested through its integration within carbon nanofiber paste electrode, namely CuBi/carbon nanofiber (CNF), for the electrochemical detection of amoxicillin (AMX) in the aqueous solution. Thermal analysis and IR spectroscopy were used to characterize a CuBi2O4 precursor to optimize the synthesis conditions. The copper bismuth oxide obtained after a heating treatment of the precursor at 700 °C/1 h was investigated by an X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The electrochemical behavior of CuBi/CNF in comparison with CNF paste electrode showed the electrocatalytic activity of CuBi2O4 toward amoxicillin detection. Two potential detections, with one at the potential value of +0.540 V/saturated calomel electrode (SCE) and the other at the potential value of −1.000 V/SCE, were identified by cyclic voltammetry, which were exploited to develop the enhanced voltammetric and/or amperometric detection protocols. Better electroanalytical performance for AMX detection was achieved for CuBi/CNF using differential-pulsed and square-wave voltammetries than others reported in the literature. Very nice results obtained through anodic and cathodic currents recorded at +0.750 V/SCE and −1.000 V/SCE in the same time period using a pseudo multiple-pulsed amperometry technique showed the great potential of the CuBi/CNF paste electrode for practical applications in amoxicillin detection in aqueous solutions.

Degradation of Amoxicillin in Aqueous Solution by Nano-MgO/UV Photocatalytic Process

Degradation of Amoxicillin in Aqueous Solution by Nano-MgO/UV Photocatalytic Process

Application of response surface methodology in electrochemical degradation of amoxicillin with Cu-PbO2 electrode: Optimization and mechanism

In this study, Cu doped PbO2 electrode was prepared by electrodeposition and used for electrochemical oxidation degradation of amoxicillin (AMX), which showed that the effect of Cu doped PbO2 electrode was better than that of undoped PbO2 electrode in degrading amoxicillin. An optimized model was setup with the help of response surface method (RSM). The optimal values of experimental parameters and the interactions between the parameters were explored, including current density, pH and initial AMX concentration. The combustion efficiency was calculated in the electrochemical oxidation of amoxicillin in aqueous solution and the enhancement was found with Cu doped PbO2 electrode. The enhanced mechanism with Cu doped PbO2 electrode was discussed based on the analysis of hydroxyl radicals and the combustion efficiency. The mechanism of amoxicillin degradation was discussed. This paper can provide basic data and technique reference for amoxicillin pollution control.

Sensitive detection of amoxicillin in aqueous solution with novel fluorescent probes containing boron-doped carbon quantum dots

The antibiotic amoxicillin (AMX) was detected sensitively by a novel fluorescence probes composed with boron-doped carbon quantum dots (B-CQDs). B-CQDs with a 5:1 molar ratio of C atom versus B atom can be synthesized first by mixing citric acid with boric acid as a B source on suitable hydropyrolysis condition. The AMX in an aqueous solution was detected via fluorometry. Results showed that the as-prepared B-CQDs had nattier blue fluorescence, a narrow diameter range, a mean particle size of 2.3 nm, a multigraphite phase structure, and a quantum yield of 30.85%. The B-CQDs as probes can sensitively detect AMX in aqueous solution, and the fluorescence signal of the B-CQDs-AMX system was strengthened linearly with the increase in AMX concentration when in the antibiotic concentration range of 1.43–429.12 μmol·L−1 with limit of detection of 0.825 μmol·L−1. B-CQDs detected AMX mechanism as follows: the probes can be combined with antibiotic via primary hydrogen bond between them, and their combining abilities were enhanced by increasing the temperature of this sensing system in the range of 288–313 K.

Mechanism of Amoxicillin Degradation in Water Treated by Atmospheric-Pressure Air Microplasma

Amoxicillin (AMX) is one of the most widely used antibiotic drugs, which plays an effective role in eliminating bacterial and fungal diseases. However, on account of its poor biodegradability, AMX often leads to water pollution. In this study, the AMX in water was oxidized by atmospheric-pressure air microplasma (APAM). The degradation pathway of AMX in aqueous solution was studied at the molecular level by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). The results show that AMX can be rapidly removed by APAM. Meanwhile, eight intermediate and two final degradation products were detected. The reactivity of the AMX with different active species generated by APAM can be described in the following sequence: hydroxyl radical (·OH) > hydrogen peroxide (H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> ) > ozone(O3). The APAM treatment is a promising way to oxidize AMX in the aqueous solution into CO, CO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> , and H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O.

Electrochemical removal of amoxicillin using a Cu doped PbO2 electrode: Electrode characterization, operational parameters optimization and degradation mechanism

This work investigated the electrochemical degradation of amoxicillin (AMX) in aqueous solution with Cu-PbO2 electrode. The main influence factors on the degradation of AMX, such as Na2SO4 concentration, initial AMX concentration, current density and initial pH value, were analyzed in detail. Under the optimal conditions, the removal rates of AMX and chemical oxygen demand (COD) reached 99.4% and 46.3% after 150 min treatment. The results indicated that the electrochemical degradation of AMX fitted pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics. Compared with undoped PbO2 electrode, Cu-PbO2 electrode had a smaller crystal size, more proportion of hydroxyl oxygen species, greater AMX and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency, higher average current efficiency (ACE) and lower electrical efficiency per log order (EE/O). Electrochemical oxidation using Cu-PbO2 electrodes was an effective way to eliminate amoxicillin in aqueous solution. Moreover, a possible degradation pathway including ring open and mineralization was proposed by intermediate products determined by GC-MS method. This paper could provide basic data and technique reference for the amoxicillin wastewater pollution control.

Oxidative Degradation of Amoxicillin in Aqueous Solution by Thermally Activated Persulfate

Antibiotic residues and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) pose a great threat to public health and food security via the horizontal transfer in the food production chain. Oxidative degradation of amoxicillin (AMO) in aqueous solution by thermally activated persulfate (TAP) was investigated. The AMO degradation followed a pseudo-first-order kinetic model at all tested conditions. The pseudo-first-order rate constants of AMO degradation well-fitted the Arrhenius equation when the reaction temperature ranged from 35°C to 60°C, with the apparent activate energy of 126.9 kJ·mol−1. High reaction temperature, high initial persulfate concentration, low pH, high Cl− concentration, and humic acid (HA) concentration increased the AMO degradation efficiency. The EPR test demonstrated that both ·OH and SO4·− were generated in the TAP system, and the radical scavenging test identified that the predominant reactive radical species were SO4·− in aqueous solution without adjusting the solution pH. In groundwater and drinking water, AMO degradation suggested that TAP could be a reliable technology for water remediation contaminated by AMO in practice.

Moringa-functionalized rice husk ash adsorbent for the removal of amoxicillin in aqueous solution

Lack of stringent policies requiring water treatment facilities to combat occurrence of residual antibiotics in effluents critically impairs the resiliency of low-income communities to drug-resistant pathogens. In an attempt to mitigate the effects of residual drugs in aqueous media, we investigate the extent to which rice husk ash (RHA) functionalized by Moringaoleifera protein (MOP) sequestrates amoxicillin in solution. A semi-factorial design was implemented to evaluate the influence of initial amoxicillin concentration, initial MOP functionalized RHA dosage, and contact time on the removal on amoxicillin in water. Results of our experiments have shown that MOP functionalization enhanced RHA by doubling its rate to sequestrate amoxicillin molecules in solution. This strongly indicated that MOP adhered on the surface of RHA significantly improved its capacity to remove amoxicillin contamination in aqueous solution. Statistical analysis employed further supported our results by implying a significant difference between the performance of MOP-functionalized and bare RHA. In conclusion, our results strongly suggest that MOP functionalization can be a potential practical solution to alleviate the vulnerability of communities to emerging antibiotic pollution.

Electro-photocatalytic degradation of amoxicillin using calcium titanate

AbstractThe electro-photocatalytic degradation of amoxicillin in aqueous solution was investigated using single factor test by the potassium permanganate method for measuring the values of chemical oxygen demand (CODMn). Batch experiments were carried out successfully under different conditions, including initial amoxicillin concentration, calcium titanate dosage, pH, UV irradiation time, electrolyte and temperature. The experimental results show that there is a great difference between electro-photocatalytic and photocatalitic degradation. The maximum electro-photocatalytic degradation efficiency can increase to 79% under the experimental conditions of 200 mL amoxicillin solution (100 mg L-1) with 0.5 g calcium titanate by pH=3 for 120 min irradiation and 0.058 g sodium chloride as electrolyte at 318.5K. In addition, the reaction rate constant of 0.00848~0.01349 min-1, activation energy of 9.8934 kJ mol-1 and the pre-exponential factor of 0.5728 were obtained based on kinetics studies, indicating that the electro-photocatalytic reaction approximately followed the first-order kinetics model.

Hybrid sonocatalysis/electrolysis process for intensified decomposition of amoxicillin in aqueous solution in the presence of magnesium oxide nanocatalyst

In the present study, amoxicillin (AMX) solution was treated by the combination of sonocatalysis (ultrasound/MgO nanoparticles) with electrolysis (Pt anode/graphite cathode). The reaction rate of the combined process (5.29×10−2min−1) was over two orders of magnitude higher than that of the sonocatalysis (2.45×10−2min−1). AMX was decomposed synergistically by the hybrid process (synergy percent of about 16%). On the basis of the applied mathematical modeling, an AMX removal efficiency (%) of more than 93% was achieved at Na2SO4 concentration of 0.13M, current intensity of 0.04A, MgO nanoparticles dosage of 1.8g/L and AMX concentration of 11mg/L.

Caracterización de carbón activado sintetizado a baja temperatura a partir de cáscara de cacao (Theobroma cacao) para la adsorción de amoxicilina

El objetivo de la presente investigación fue sintetizar y caracterizar carbón activado obtenido a baja temperatura a partir de la cascara de cacao (Theobroma cacao), la cual se modificó con cloruro de zinc (ZnCl2) para su uso en la remoción de amoxi­cilina. La biomasa fue caracterizada mediante análisis elemental y el carbón activado mediante microscopia electrónica de barrido (SEM), difracción de rayos X (DRX) y análisis de área superficial (BET) con el fin de determinar la composición química, las características morfológicas y estructurales. En los ensayos de adsorción molecular de amoxicilina se utilizó una solución acuosa con una concentración de 20ppm del contaminante a pH 6 y 9, a la cual se le agregó 5g del material adsor­bente impregnado con Cloruro de zinc a relaciones 1:3 y 1:4. Para los carbones activados 1:3 y 1:4 se alcanzaron áreas super­ficiales de 287,5 m2/g y 205,4 m2/g respectivamente, con tamaños de poro promedio de 3 a 4 nm. El porcentaje de remoción de amoxicilina se vio influenciado por el pH de la solución a tratar, alcanzándose los mayores porcentajes a pH ácidos, los valores de remoción alcanzado para el carbón activado 1:3 fueron de 75,4% y 67,2%, mientras que para el carbón activado 1:4 fueron 65,2% y 56,7% para las soluciones pH 6 y 9, respectivamente. Se concluye que el carbón activado obtenido a baja temperatura es un buen material para remover amoxicilina en solución.

Sono-synthesis of Novel Magnetic Nanocomposite (Ba-α-Bi2O3-γ-Fe2O3) for the Solar Mineralization of Amoxicillin in an Aqueous Solution

In this study, a novel magnetic nanocomposite (Ba-α-Bi2O3-γ-Fe2O3) was successfully synthesized through a combination of ultrasound and co-precipitation method under mild conditions. The structure of the synthesized nano-composite as a visible light photocatalyst was investigated by the XRD, TEM, HRTEM, UV-vis and FT-IR. The HRTEM confirmed that the nano-magnetic composites are rods with diameters of 10–12 nm and lengths of 100–200 nm. The photocatalytic activities of Ba-α-Bi2O3-γ-Fe2O3, α-Bi2O3-γ-Fe2O3, α-Bi2O3, and γ-Fe2O3 were compared by the degradation efficiency of amoxicillin as an antibiotic drug under solar light. Based on the results, amoxicillin in aqueous solution was more efficient photodegraded using Ba-α-Bi2O3-γ-Fe2O3 as nanocomposite under solar light irradiation. The degradation reached to 99% and the mineralization reached to 55% within 2 h under sunlight. In addition, the results of degradation were fitted to the first-order kinetics model and the kinetic constant was 0.017 min-1 with a half-life time of 40 min. Based on the performed experiments, the photogenerated electrons played an important role in the decomposition process. In addition, it was confirmed that the formation of oxidative kinds, such as singlet oxygen and superoxide radical in the presence of oxygen were the major factors in the destruction.

Removal of Amoxicillin in Aqueous Solution by a Novel Chicken Feather Carbon: Kinetic and Equilibrium Studies

Chicken feather, which is consisted of keratin, has always been abandoned as solid waste. The utilization technologies of waste keratin have been developed in electric zones and materials fields so far. Recently, numerous new types of adsorbents have been used for antibiotic removal. The chicken feather carbon is supposed to be a potential one. In this study, an activated feather carbon (AFC) was developed as the absorbent of amoxicillin (AMOX) in simulated wastewater. The micropore structures of AFC were detected by the scanning electron microscope (SEM). X-ray photoelectron spectrum (XPS) was recorded and analyzed. A BET surface area, as high as 1838.86 m2/g, was measured in this study. At the meantime, a rapid adsorption (5∼7 min) and high removal efficiency (99.63%) could be observed. The kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamic studies indicated that the adsorption of AMOX by AFC was an exothermic physic-adsorption. The interaction between AMOX and AFC surface was supposed to be a multiple-layer adsorption process for it is well fitted with the Freundlich model. The adsorption behavior could be described by pseudo-second-order model almost perfectly in kinetic studies. In addition, effect of pH, ionic strength, and reusability properties were also discussed in this paper. The AFC was proved to be the most rapid, efficient, and economically absorbent for AMOX removal, which was effective enough under various temperatures and saline circumstances. It was also proved useful, convenient, and renewable in dealing with the tough antibiotic pollutant problems and rebuilding of antibiotic sewage treatment facilities.

Potentiometric, UV and 1H NMR study on the interaction of Cu2+ with ampicillin and amoxicillin in aqueous solution

A potentiometric, UV and 1H NMR study on Cu2+-ampicillin [(2S,5R,6R)-6-([(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetyl]amino)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid] and -amoxicillin [(2S,5R,6R)-6-{[(2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-acetyl]amino}-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-24-carboxylic acid] systems in NaCl aqueous solution at I=0.15molL−1 and t=25°C is reported. On the basis of potentiometric results two speciation models were proposed for each system. It was found that spectrophotometric and 1H NMR measurements are essential for selecting the most reliable speciation models. They included ML, MLOH and ML(OH)2 species in both systems and, only for Cu2+-ampicillin, also MLH species. The stability constants obtained by UV and 1H NMR titrations were comparable to the ones calculated by potentiometry. The sequestering ability of the ligands under study towards Cu2+ by pL0.5 empiric parameter (ligand concentration required to sequester 50% of the metal cation present in traces) at several pH values was calculated as well. For ampicillin and amoxicillin, pL0.5=7.19 and 6.67, respectively, at physiological pH, I=0.15molL−1 and t=25°C were obtained.

Comparison of different advanced oxidation processes for the removal of amoxicillin in aqueous solution

ABSTRACTAmoxicillin (AMX) is a widely used penicillin-type antibiotic whose presence in the environment has been investigated. In this work, the degradation of the AMX in aqueous solutions by ozonation, ozonation with UV radiation (O3/UV), homogeneous catalytic ozonation (O3/Fe2+) and homogeneous photocatalytic ozonation (O3/Fe2+/UV) was investigated. The performance results have been compared in terms of removal of amoxicillin and total organic carbon (mineralization efficiency). In all processes, complete amoxicillin degradation was obtained after 5 min. However, low mineralization was achieved. For the best available process, the potential toxicity of AMX intermediates formed after ozonation was examined using a Fish Embryo Toxicity test. Results reveal that O3 in alkaline solution and O3/Fe2+/UV provide the highest mineralization rates. Ecotoxicity showed that no acute toxicity was observed during the exposure period of 96 h.