Amount Of Total Flavonoids Research Articles

Phytochemical Screening, Acute Toxicity , Analgesic And Anti-Inflammatory Effects Of Apricot Seeds Ethanolic Extracts

The aim of present study was to investigate the phytochemical screening, acute toxicity and some pharmacological activities of ethanolic extract 70 % and 99.9% of apricot seeds. The phytochemical screening was done for determination of total phenolic compounds by Folin–Ciocalteu method, total flavonoids by aluminum chloride colorimetric method and total carotenoids by colorimetric method. The acute toxicity was done for determination of LD50 in mice by oral administration of upgraded doses of the extracts. The anti-inflammatory activity was done in vivo by formalin-induced paw edema in rats. The analgesic activity was carried out in mice by writhing test and hot plate method. Phytochemical screening revealed that the amount of total phenolic compounds was 179.4 and 191.2 µg gallic acid equivalent / g dry extract and the amount of total flavonoids was 226.18 and 509.34 µg rutin equivalent / g dry extract and the amount of total carotenoids was 0.145 and 0.156 mg/g dry extract for 70 % and 99.9% ethanolic extract, respectively. The acute toxicity revealed that both extracts had no toxic symptoms in rats and no mortalities appear by upgraded doses of 1 g to 10 g / kg b.wt. The 70% and 99.9% ethanolic extracts exhibited significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activites in a dose of 100 mg/kg b.wt. of both extracts. These results suggest that apricot seed extracts contain significant level of safe non-toxic phytochemical substances that have significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities.

Estimation of Phenolic and Flavonoid Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Spent Coffee and Black Tea (Processing) Waste for Potential Recovery and Reuse in Sudan

This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant power associated with spent coffee and black tea processing waste. Ethanolic extracts from the samples were prepared in order to determine the quantities/concentrations of the phenolic and flavonoid compounds, polyphenols, and associated levels of antioxidant activity. The results showed that both the spent coffee and black tea waste had high amounts of phenolic compounds and high antioxidant activity rates. The total phenolic and flavonoids content was found to be significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the spent black tea than in the spent coffee. The total phenolic content was found to be 152.8 and 97.87 mg of gallic acid equivalent/g, while the total amount of flavonoids was found to be 47.40 and 34.32 mg catechin/g in spent black tea and coffee, respectively. However, the spent coffee had a significantly higher (p < 0.05) antioxidant activity than that detected in the spent black tea (57.83%). Consequently, the results revealed that the waste residue of spent coffee and black tea may be considered as natural sources of bioactive compounds and that there may be potential for recycling these waste products, which could be applied in different industries to further develop functional foods.

Effects of enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation, water deficit, and their combination on UV-absorbing compounds and osmotic adjustment substances in two different moss species.

A simulation experiment was conducted to explore the influence of enhanced ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation, water deficit, and their combination on UV-absorbing compounds and osmotic adjustment substances of mosses Bryum argenteum and Didymodon vinealis isolated from biological soil crusts (BSCs) growing in a revegetated area of the Tengger Desert, China. Four levels of UV-B radiation and two gradients of water regime were employed. Compared with their controls, amounts of total flavonoids, chlorophyll,carotenoids, soluble sugars, and soluble proteins significantly decreased (p < 0.05), but proline content significantly increased (p < 0.05), when exposed to either enhanced UV-B or water deficit. The negative effects of enhanced UV-B were alleviated when water deficit was applied. There were increases in UV-absorbing compounds and osmotic adjustment substances when exposed to a combination of enhanced UV-B and water deficit compared with single stresses, except for the proline content in D. vinealis. In addition, our results also indicated interspecific differences in response to enhanced UV-B, water deficit, and their combination. Compared with B. argenteum, D. vinealis was more resistant to enhanced UV-B and water deficit singly and in combination. These results suggest that the damage of enhanced UV-B on both species might be alleviated by water deficit. This alleviation is important for understanding the response of BSCs to UV-B radiation in future global climate change. This also provides novel insights into assessment damages of UV-B to BSC stability in arid and semiarid regions.

The evaluation of antioxidant and anticancer effects of Lepidium Sativum Subsp Spinescens L. methanol extract on cancer cells.

In recent years, there is an increased research interest for plants which are natural sources of antioxidants. Lepidium sativum Subsp spinescens L., commonly found in South West Asia, is a plant known as a healthy nutritional source containing bio-molecules that carry anti-hypertensive, hypoglycemic, anti-asthmatic, antispasmodic, hepato-protective, chemoprotective, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects. In this study, we aimed to investigate the antioxidant content and activity of Lepidium sativum Subsp spinescens L. methanol extract on cancer cells. Methanol extract of dried Lepidium sativum Subsp spinescens L. was prepared. Total amount of phenolic compounds was determined by Slinkard and Singleton method using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Total flavonoid amount was determined according to Zhishen method. Antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated by CUPRAC and ABTS radical scavenging activity assays. Cytotoxic effects of the plant extract on colon and endometrium cancer cells, and human peripheral lymphocyte cells were investigated in vitro by MTT and neutral red assays. Furthermore, the plant extract was investigated for necrotic effects by LDH assay; apoptotic activity by DNA ladder fragmentation, ELISA and acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining; and genotoxic effect by comet assay methods. Methanol extract of Lepidium sativum Subsp spinescens L. was found to have a high content of phenolic and flavonoid compounds. The extract showed significant antioxidant activity and also cytotoxic activity on colon and endometrium cancer cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Apoptotic activity and genotoxic effects were significantly increased, especially with 200 μg/ml concentrations at 48 hours incubation. In conclusion, it was determined that the extract evaluated in this study could be a natural source of antioxidants. Further molecular studies explaining chemo-preventive and chemotherapeutic effects on cancer cells are required to support anticancer efficacy of the plant.

A STUDY OF BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION ON SOPHORA FLAVESCENS SOLAND

The purpose of the present study was to determine plant first metabolites: is dry matter, general acidity, an ash, protein, oil, cellulose, and ascorbic acid, citrine and enzymes: catalase, polyphenoloxidase and extractive substances, plant secondary metabolites : is coumarin, total amount of flavonoids, saponin, total amount of alkaloids in natural plant’s root of Sophora flavescens Soland.

THE TOTAL PHENOL, FLAVONOL AMOUNTS, ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY AND ANTIRADICAL ACTIVITY OF SOME THYME SPECIES GROWING IN TURKEY

Total phenolic substance, flavonol amounts, antioxidant capacity and antiradical activity values of Karabas thyme extract were determined as 74.52-163.10mg GAE/g,773.62-1006.69 μg RE /g, IC50=572.60-1035.6 μg/ml and 42.31-101.52mg/ g AAE, respectively.Total phenolic contents and amounts of flavonols of S.cuneifolia were found between 121.17 and 198.93mg GAE/g and 1050.17-1562.21 μg RE/g found and maximum amounts was obtained with U3 application. The total phenolic substance, flavonoid amounts, antioxidant capacity and antiradical activity of black thyme extracts values were found between 82.97 and 115.09mgGAE/g,657.68-999.44 μgRE /g,IC50=388.24-701.23μg / mland91.14-123.34mg AAE/ g, respectively. Total amount of phenolic substance of S.hortensis was found low quantities in all extracts, highest amount obtained with U3 application71.13mgGAE/g.The highest total phenolic and total flavonoid amounts of C.capitatus were found between 104.94 mgGAE/ g and 568.32 μgRE /g, respectively.

Flavonoids profile and antioxidant activity in flowers and leaves of hawthorn species (Crataegus spp.) from different regions of Iran

ABSTRACTThis study was undertaken to determine the total quantity of phenolic and flavonoids, as well as to find out about the HPLC quantification of some individual phenolic compounds (i.e. chlorogenic acid, vitexin 2”-O-rhamnoside, vitexin, rutin, hyperoside, quercetin, and isoquercetin) in flowers and leaves of 56 samples of different hawthorn species (Crataegus spp.) collected from different geographical regions of Iran. The amount of total phenolics ranges from 7.21 to 87.73 mg GAE/g in dry weight of the plant, and the total amount of flavonoids varied amongst species and in different plant organs ranging from 2.27 to 17.40 mg/g dry weight. Chlorogenic acid, vitexin, and vitexin 2”-O-rhamnoside were found to be the most abundant phenolic compounds in the extracts of hawthorn leaves. Meanwhile, chlorogenic acid, hyperoside, and rutin were the most abundant phenolic compounds in the extracts of hawthorn flowers in most genotypes. The antioxidant activity widely varied in species and in different organs of each individual plant, ranging from 0.9 to 4.65 mmol Fe++/g DW plant, calculated through the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method. Thus, this could provide valuable data for developing breeding strategies and plans; it can also help us in selecting genotypes with high phenolic contents for producing natural antioxidants and other bioactive compounds beneficial for food or the pharmaceutical industries.

Qualitative and Quantitative Evaluation of Total flavonoids Extracted from Mentha arvnesis Aerial Parts

Mentha arvnesis is an important medicinal plant that contains many groups of secondary metabolites that have extensive biological activity. The flavonoids were extracted from the aerial parts of the mature plant by using reflex extraction, and the aglycan fraction was isolated with ethyl acetate. The flavonoids of the extract were detected qualitatively with TLC technique. The total amount of flavonoids derived from the plant was estimated using a colorimetric method and the total value was calculated using the straight line equation of the standard flavonoid curve (Rutin). The plant was found to be rich in flavonoids, especially rutin, quarrecetin, kaempferol, luteolin and low concentration of coumarin. Total flavonoids were about 0.78 mg for each gm. powdered aerial parts.

Influence of Cooking Methods on Bioactive Compound Content and Antioxidant Activity of Brussels Sprouts.

The effects of different cooking methods on total bioactive compound content were determined, and in vitro antioxidant activity in 80% ethanolic extracts of Brussels sprouts was evaluated by spectrophotometric methods. Compared to uncooked, steamed, and microwaved Brussels sprouts extracted with 80% ethanol contained higher amounts of total polyphenols. Uncooked Brussels sprouts contained the highest amounts of total flavonoids. Microwaved Brussels sprouts contained the highest amounts of total carotenoids (0.35 mg/g) and chlorophylls (3.01 mg/g), followed by steamed and uncooked samples. Uncooked fresh Brussels sprouts showed the highest antioxidant activity followed by microwaved and steamed sprouts. Antioxidant activity was measured with the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), and hydroxyl racial scavenging assays as well as the reducing power activity assay, and antioxidant activity was found to increase in a concentration-dependent manner. Based on these results, cooking or heat treatment may decrease antioxidant activities, although their effect on bioactive compound content remains controversial.

Characterization of Polyphenolic Content in the Aquatic Plants Ruppia cirrhosa and Ruppia maritima -A Source of Nutritional Natural Products.

Herein, the polyphenolic content in extracts of Ruppia cirrhosa (Petagna) Grande and Ruppia maritima L.was fully characterized for the first time. High amounts of the main compound chicoric acid (CA) (≤30.2 ± 4.3 mg/g) were found in both Ruppia species. In addition, eight flavonoids, namely the 3-O-glucopyranosides and 3-O-galactopyranosides, as well as malonylated 3-O-glycosides of quercetin and isorhamnetin, were isolated and identified. The antioxidant activity of Ruppia cirrhosa extracts and isolated compounds was investigated spectrophotometrically by a 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH·) radical scavenging assay. IC50 values were 31.8–175.7 μg/mL for Ruppia cirrhosa extracts and 12.1–88.4 μg/mL for isolated flavonoids. Both individual and total phenolic and flavonoid content were quantified in crude extracts using analytical HPLC. The relative high amount of total flavonoids ranged from 5.9 to 14.7 mg/g in both species, with concentrations of individual flavonoids ranging from 0.4 to 2.9 mg/g dry weight. The content of chicoric acid was twofold more in Ruppia maritima than in Ruppia cirrhosa. Seasonal variation of the quantitative content in Ruppia cirrhosa was examined. Total flavonoid content ranged from 8.4 mg/g in October to 14.7 mg/g in August, whereas the highest concentration of chicoric acid was observed in March (29.2 mg/g).

Determination of Antioxidant Properties of Dry Rose Tea

The rose takes part the fragrant plant section used in the field of medicinal and aromatic plants. It has an important role in food, perfumery and cosmetic industry. For this purpose, tea made by using 3 different dried bud roses and 3 different dried rose leaf purchased in Isparta and Izmir, were investigated in terms of antioxidant properties. The roses were kept in boiled water at 98 °C for 5 minutes and filtered at the end of the time. Total phenolic content by Folin-Ciocalteu method, antioxidant capacity by TEAC method and total flavonoid determination were done in the samples which arrived at room temperature. When the results of the analyses were examined, the total amount of phenolic material 5,24-166,36 mg GAE/200 mL tea, the total amount of flavonoids 2,02-14,83 mg CE/200 mL tea and the antioxidant capacity values 0.64-10.78 μM trolox /200 mL tea were found. In all analyzes, dry bud results were found to be lower than dry leaves. In addition, there was a statistically significant difference between the varieties (p˂0.05). Besides its pleasant smell and comfortable drink, it also has antioxidant properties that rose tea can be an alternative to other herbal teas, it is thought that the consumption can be widespread and the usage areas can be expanded with the works to be done.

Standardization, anti-carcinogenic potential and biosafety of Indian propolis

BackgroundPropolis from apiculture is known for wide range of medicinal properties owing to its vast chemical constituents including polyphenols, flavonoids and anticancer agent Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE). ObjectivesThe objective of the study was to extract and standardize Indian propolis (IP) with respect to selected markers by newly developed High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method, to evaluate in vitro and in vivo anticancer activity and biosafety of Indian propolis. Materials and methodsIP was extracted, optimized and standardized using a newly developed and validated HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of caffeic acid, apigenin, quercetin and CAPE. The standardised ethanolic extract of IP (EEIP) was screened for in vitro cytotoxicity using sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay, in vivo anti-carcinogenic effect against Dalton’s Lymphoma ascites (DLA) cells, hemolytic effect and pesticide analysis. ResultsThe EEIP was found to contain more amount of total flavonoids (23.61 ± 0.0452 mg equivalent of quercetin/g), total polyphenolics (34.82 ± 0.0785 mg equivalent of gallic acid/g) and all selected markers except caffeic acid compared to all other extracts. EEIP showed better anti-cancer potential than CAPE on MCF-7 and HT-29 cell line and significant (p < 0.01) in vivo anti-carcinogenic effects against DLA in comparison with 5-fluorouracil. EEIP was found to be non-hemolytic. ConclusionFrom in vitro cytotoxicity, in vivo anti-carcinogenicity and biosafety studies it can be concluded that the standardized EEIP is safe and can be considered for further development as a biomedicine.

Phenolic compounds, flavonoids, lipids and antioxidant potential of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) pomace fermented by two filamentous fungal strains in solid state system

BackgroundThe use of agricultural and food by-products is an economical solution to industrial biotechnology. The apricot press residues are abounding by-products from juice industry which can be used as substrates in solid state fermentation process (SSF), thus allowing a liberation and increase of content from various biomolecules with high added value.MethodsThe evolutions of phenolic levels (by colorimetric assays and high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC–MS) and antioxidant activities (by DPPH assay) during SSF of apricot pomaces with Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus oligosporus were investigated. The changes in fatty acid compositions of oils in apricot kernels during SSFs were also analyzed by gas chromatography (GC–MS).ResultsThe results showed that the levels of total phenolics increased by over 70% for SSF with R. oligosporus and by more than 30% for SSF with A. niger. A similar trend was observed in the amounts of total flavonoids (increases of 38, and 12% were recorded for SSF by R. oligosporus and A. niger, respectively). Free radical scavenging capacities of methanolic extracts were also significantly enhanced. The main phenolic compounds identified through HPLC–MS in fermented apricot press residues were chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, rutin, and quercetin 3-acetyl- glucoside. This work also demonstrated that the SSF with filamentous fungal strains not only helped in higher lipid recovery from apricot kernels, but also resulted in oils with better quality attributes (high linoleic acid content).ConclusionThe utilization of apricot by-products resulting from the juice industry as waste could provide an extra income and at the same time can help in solving solid waste management problemsGraphical abstractChanges in phenolic compositions, antioxidant activities and total lipid contents during solid state fermentation (SSF) of apricot pomaces from juice industry with Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus oligosporus

Influence of Culture Medium Composition and Light Conditions on the Accumulation of Bioactive Compounds in Shoot Cultures of Scutellaria lateriflora L. (American Skullcap) Grown In Vitro

Methanolic extracts from in vitro grown Scutellaria lateriflora shoots cultured on five Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium variants supplemented with different combinations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) under different light conditions (monochromatic light, white light and no light) were analysed by HPLC for three groups of metabolites: flavonoids (26 compounds), phenolic acids and their precursors (19+2) and phenylethanoid glycosides (2). The analyses revealed the presence of baicalein, baicalin, wogonin, wogonoside, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and verbascoside. There was clear evidence of the influence of plant growth regulators and light conditions on the accumulation of the analysed groups of secondary metabolites. The amounts of the compounds changed within a wide range—for the total flavonoid content, 30.2-fold (max. 1204.3 mg·100 g−1 dry weight (DW)); for 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, 5.5-fold (max. 33.56 mg·100 g−1 DW); and for verbascoside, 1.5-fold (169.15 max. mg·100 g−1 DW). The best medium for the production of most of the compounds was the Murashige and Skoog variant with 1 mg l−1 BAP and 1 mg l−1 NAA. For verbascoside, the best ‘productive’ medium was the MS variant supplemented with 0.5 mg l−1 BAP and 2 mg l−1 NAA. The accumulation of the metabolites was stimulated to the greatest extent by blue light, under which the extracts were found to contain the highest total amount of flavonoids and the highest amounts of flavonoid glucuronides, baicalin and wogonoside, as well as of verbascoside. Their amounts were, respectively, 1.54-, 1.49-, 2.05- and 1.86-fold higher than under the control white light.

TOTAL FLAVONOID QUANTIFICATION AND TO STUDY ANTIBACTERIAL POTENCY OF EXTRACTS OF BUTEA MONOSPERMA FLOWERS, NIGELLA SATIVA SEEDS AND VITEX AGNUS CASTUS LEAVES

Objective: An attempt has been made to develop a method for quantitative estimation of flavonoids in the crude extract of Butea monosperma flowers, Nigella sativa seeds and Vitex agnus castus leaves. Antibacterial activity is attributed to various phytochemicals present in these plants.Methods: The amount of total flavonoids was analysed using aluminium chloride colorimetric assay using rutin as standard. Plants studied were subjected to hydromethanolic extraction by using soxhlet apparatus. Flavonoids in extracts were quantified by U. V at a wavelength of 415 nm Antibacterial activities of extracts were evaluated on various bacterias like E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, S. pneumonie, P. acne. The in vitro antibacterial activities of these extracts were compared against standard drugs such as gentamycin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin.Results: Flavonoid content in the crude extract of Butea monosperma flowers, Nigella sativa seeds and Vitex agnus castus leaves was found to be 2.58 %w/w, 0.92% w/w and 1.6 % w/w respectively. The antibacterial study found that activity of Vitex extract against P. acne was better than the standard drugsConclusion: In the present study an attempt has been made to standardize the plant material in terms of its flavonoid content and the study indicated that this extract individually or in combination with other herbal drugs can be useful in treating diseases caused by the organisms mentioned above.

EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL, ANTITUMOR, ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES AND PHENOLIC CONSTITUENTS OF FIELD-GROWN AND IN VITRO-GROWN LYSIMACHIA VULGARIS L.

Background:Lysimachia vulgaris L. (Yellow loosestrife) is a medicinal plant in the family Myrsinaceae. It has been used in the treatment of fever, ulcer, diarrhea and wounds in folk medicine. It has also analgesic, expectorant, astringent and anti-inflammatory activities. Two different sources of the plant (field-grown and in vitro-grown) were used to evaluate the biological activities (antibacterial, antitumor and antioxidant) of L. vulgaris. In vitro-grown plant materials were collected from L. vulgaris plants that were previously regenerated in our laboratory.Materials and Methods:Plant materials were extracted with water, ethanol and acetone. For antibacterial test, disc diffusion method and 10 different pathogenic bacteria were used. Antioxidant activity was indicated by using DPPH method. The total phenol amount by using Folin-Ciocaltaeu method and the total flavonoid amount by using aluminum chloride (AlCl3) colorimetric method were determined.Results:Generally, yellow loosestrife extracts demonstrated antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis and Streptococcus pyogenes). Strong antitumor activity of yellow loosestrife was observed via potato disc diffusion bioassay. Nine different phenolics were also determined and compared by using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).Conclusion:Future investigations should be focused on fractionation of the extracts to identify active components for biological activity.

Effects of Potassium Sulfate [K2SO4] on The Element Contents, Polyphenol Content, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Milk Thistle [Silybum Marianum

Background:Silybum marianum L. (Milk thistle) is native to the Mediterranean basin and is now widespread throughout the world. It's sprout is used as a herbal medicine for the treatment of liver disease for centuries. The seeds of milk thistle contain silymarin, an isomeric mixture of flavonolignans [silybin, silychristin, and silydianin]. Silymarin acts as a strong anti-hepatotoxic.Objectives:The objective of this study was to evaluate the influences of potassium sulfate [K2SO4] fertilizer doses on polyphenol content, some nutrient elements, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of milk thistle at experimental fields of Ordu University in Turkey.Methods:The antimicrobial activities of seed ethanol extracts and seed oil were tested in vitro against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), Escherichia coli, (E. coli) Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Aspergillus niger (A. niger) and Candida albicans (C. albicans) using the disc diffusion method. Free radical scavenging activity of the ethanolic extracts of milk thistle was determined spectrophotometrically by monitoring the disappearance of 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH•) at 517 nm according to the method described by Brand-Williams et al.[17] The phenolic contents in the ethanolic extracts of milk thistle were determined according to the procedure described by Slinkard and Singleton[19] with a slight modification of using a Folin-Ciocalteu phenolic reagent. The amount of total flavonoid in the ethanolic extracts was measured by aluminum chloride [AlCl3] colorimetric assay. The ions in aerosol samples were determined by using Dionex ICS 1100 Series ion chromatography.Results:Seed and seed oils obtained from obvious doses of potassium sulfate [0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg ha -1 fertilizer applications showed antimicrobial activities against E. coli, A. niger and P. aeruginosa. The application of 90 kg ha -1 of K2SO4 on seed oil resulted in the highest antimicrobial activities. At 100 µg mL-1 and 200 µg mL-1, except the highest potassium application [120 kg ha -1 extract, all extracts showed high and similar DPPH scavenging activity. The highest phenolic compounds were obtained with 30 kg ha -1 of K2SO4, whereas the use of 60 kg ha -1 caused the highest total flavonoid content. This plant is a good source of K+, Ca+2, PO4-3, and Cl-1.Conclusion:In this study, increasing doses of potassium sulfate had significant effect on element, polyphenol content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the milk thistle.SUMMARY All tested extracts were active against all tested microbial species.All extracts have shown high and similar DPPH scavenging activity.There was a gradual increase in the biological properties of the milk thistle seeds with rising levels of potassium sulfate.The milk thistle seeds are rather rich sources of K+, Ca+2, PO4-3 and Cl-1 potentially bioavailable for human consumption. Abbreviations used: AlCl3: aluminum chloride, Ca+2: calcium, Cl-: chloride, Cr: chromium CE: catechol equivalents, DPPH: 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl, ABTS: 2,2’-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid, DAP: diamonyum fosfat, F-: fluoride, Fe: iron, K2SO4: potassium sulfate, K+ : potassium, Li+: lithium, Mg+2 : magnesium, NH4+ : amonyum, Na+: sodium, NO2-: nitrite, NO3-: nitrate, Ni: nickel, NaNO2: sodium nitrite, NaOH: sodium hidroksit. ND: Not detectable, PO4-3: phosphorus, Zn: zinc

Evaluation of Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Methanolic Extracts of Flavonoids Obtained from the Leaves of Solenostemma argel Plant Collected in the Region of Tamanrasset, Algeria

The objective of this study is to evaluate the antioxidant activity and antibacterial activity of the methanolic extracts obtained by using organic solvents with increasing polarity of leaves of Solenostemma argel, a medicinal plant of the traditional pharmacopeia of Tamanghasset (great Sahara) of Algeria. Initially, after extraction obtained by maceration of S. argel, the amount of total flavonoids isolated in the four extracts (ether, ethyl acetate, butanolic and aqueous extracts) was given, and by thin layer chromatography, profiles of each extract is obtained. The proportion of the flavonoids of these same extracts showed the wealth of this plant on total flavonoids. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by using 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPHi) radical scavenging assay and the antibacterial effect of these extracts was evaluated by using the agar diffusion method on three bacterial strains. The results reveal that, only the ether extract of the plant collected in the area of Adrian (AD) exerted a considerable antibacterial effect only against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with zones of inhibition (09 mm and 08 mm). With final, the extracts of S. argel have an excellent antioxidant activity and a weak antibacterial effect.

Optimization of the Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Flavonoids from Ampelopsis grossedentata and Subsequent Separation and Purification of Two Flavonoid Aglycones by High-Speed Counter-Current Chromatography.

The fermented leaf of Ampelopsis grossedentata has been used as a beverage and folk medicine called “vine tea” in the southern region of China. In this paper, the optimum extraction conditions for the maximum recovery amounts of total flavonoids (TF), dihydromyricetin (DMY), myricitrin (MYG) and myricetin (MY) from natural Ampelopsis grossedentata leaves subjected to ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) were determined and optimized by using response surface methodology. The method was employed by the Box–Behnken design (BBD) and Derringer’s desirability function using methanol concentration, extraction time, liquid/solid ratio as factors and the contents of TF, DMY, MYG and MY as responses. The obtained optimum UAE conditions were as follows: a solvent of 80.87% methanol, an extraction time of 31.98 min and a liquid/solid ratio of 41.64:1 mL/g. Through analysis of the response surface, it implied that methanol concentration and the liquid/solid ratio had significant effects on TF, DMY, MYG and MY yields, whereas extraction time had relatively little effects. The established extraction and analytical methods were successfully applied to determine the contents of the total flavonoids and three individual flavonoids in 10 batches of the leaf samples of A. grossedentata from three counties in Fujian Province, China. The results suggested the variability in the quality of A. grossedentata leaves from different origins. In addition, high purities of dihydromyricetin and myricetin were simultaneously separated and purified from the extract subjected to optimized UAE, by high-speed counter-current chromatography using a solvent system of N-hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (1:3:2:4; v/v/v/v). In a single operation, 200 mg of the extract were separated to yield 86.46 mg of dihydromyricetin and 3.61 mg of myricetin with the purity of 95.03% and 99.21%, respectively. The results would be beneficial for further exploiting the herbal products and controlling the quality of the herb and its derived products.

Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents of Three Onobrychis Species from Iran

Background: Plant phenolic compounds are a main group of plant natural products and flavonoids are the largest and best studied natural phenols. These substances possess a series of biological properties and act on biological systems as antioxidants. In present research, the aim is to determine in vitro total phenolics content and antioxidant activity of the methanolic extracts of three Onobrychis species belonging to the family Fabaceae, namely O. sosnovskyi Grossh., O. viciifolia Scop. and O. melanotricha Boiss. Furthermore, an attempt was made to identify any correlations between total phenolic content of the extracts with their antioxidant activities Methods: Total phenol and flavonoid contents of the extracts were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride methods, respectively. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by three different test systems, namely 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging (DPPH), metal-chelation activity and s-carotene/linoleic acid model. Results: Results indicated that O. viciifolia extract contains the highest total phenolic content (10.38 ± 0.33mg GAE/g of dry extract). However, the species are not remarkable different (P < 0.05) in total flavonoid amount. The Onobrychis species represent strong antioxidant activity in DPPH radical scavenging (IC50; 0.121 ± 0.005 to 0.129 ± 0.001 mg/ml), metal chelating (IC50; 1.10 ± 0.006 to 1.80 ± 0.003 mg/ml) and also β-carotene bleaching methods. In addition, a high correlation was found between different antioxidant assays and total phenol content of the extracts (R2 > 0.55 to 0.98). Conclusion: Our results showed that the examined Onobrychis extracts represent strong antioxidant activity; hence, they can be suggested as antioxidant agents for special use in future.