Abstract
Herein, the polyphenolic content in extracts of Ruppia cirrhosa (Petagna) Grande and Ruppia maritima L.was fully characterized for the first time. High amounts of the main compound chicoric acid (CA) (≤30.2 ± 4.3 mg/g) were found in both Ruppia species. In addition, eight flavonoids, namely the 3-O-glucopyranosides and 3-O-galactopyranosides, as well as malonylated 3-O-glycosides of quercetin and isorhamnetin, were isolated and identified. The antioxidant activity of Ruppia cirrhosa extracts and isolated compounds was investigated spectrophotometrically by a 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH·) radical scavenging assay. IC50 values were 31.8–175.7 μg/mL for Ruppia cirrhosa extracts and 12.1–88.4 μg/mL for isolated flavonoids. Both individual and total phenolic and flavonoid content were quantified in crude extracts using analytical HPLC. The relative high amount of total flavonoids ranged from 5.9 to 14.7 mg/g in both species, with concentrations of individual flavonoids ranging from 0.4 to 2.9 mg/g dry weight. The content of chicoric acid was twofold more in Ruppia maritima than in Ruppia cirrhosa. Seasonal variation of the quantitative content in Ruppia cirrhosa was examined. Total flavonoid content ranged from 8.4 mg/g in October to 14.7 mg/g in August, whereas the highest concentration of chicoric acid was observed in March (29.2 mg/g).
Highlights
IntroductionThe marine environment is a potential source for a wide variety of nutritional natural products.Seaweeds are used as human food or as raw materials for the production of compounds of nutritional interest [1]
The marine environment is a potential source for a wide variety of nutritional natural products.Seaweeds are used as human food or as raw materials for the production of compounds of nutritional interest [1]
The polyphenolic content of Ruppia cirrhosa and Ruppia marittima was characterized for the first time using NMR-spectroscopy, HRLC-MS and HPLC-UV
Summary
The marine environment is a potential source for a wide variety of nutritional natural products.Seaweeds are used as human food or as raw materials for the production of compounds of nutritional interest [1]. The marine environment is a potential source for a wide variety of nutritional natural products. Marine angiosperms, such as seagrasses, are known for their content of secondary metabolites [2,3]; these are very little exploited to find commercially valuable natural products. In Norwegian coastal waters, two Ruppia species have been found, namely Ruppia maritima L. and Ruppia cirrhosa (Petagna) Grande, the latter occasionally synonymized under R. spiralis L. ex Dumort. Both species can be found in single populations with no other vascular plants present, and they are hardly ever found together.
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