Amount Of Resin Research Articles

Influence of the Amount of Resin in the Spent Furfuryl Mass on the Thermal Regeneration Process

Influence of the Amount of Resin in the Spent Furfuryl Mass on the Thermal Regeneration Process

Immobilization of Lecitase® Ultra for production of flaxseed oil-based diacylglycerols by glycerolysis and its operational stability

Lecitase® Ultra (LU) was immobilized by adsorption on a macroporous resin and characterized. Meanwhile, the obtained immobilized lipase LXTE-1000-LU was applied in diacylglycerol (DAG) preparation, and the glycerolysis catalytic stability was also investigated. At pH 7.0, resin amount 2.5 g, and adsorption time of 2 h, an immobilization efficiency (IE) of 89.98% could be achieved. The storage stability was promoted after immobilization, in which the lipase activity reached more than 85% after 60 days of storage at 4 °C and 25 °C individually compared to its initial state. Furthermore, 41.31% of flaxseed oil-based DAG was obtained after the glycerolysis reaction using LXTE-1000-LU as the catalyst. Under prolonged reaction, the lipase protein content decreased from 17.91 mg/g to 6.99 mg/g, and significant changes in the secondary confirmation of the protein were also observed, leading to the catalytic activity being reduced.

The co-pyrolysis of waste urea-formaldehyde resin with pine sawdust: co-pyrolysis behavior, pyrocarbon and its adsorption performance for Cr (VI).

Urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin is difficult to degrade and classified as hazardous organic waste. To address this concern, the co-pyrolysis behavior of UF resin with pine sawdust (PS) was studied, and the adsorption properties of pyrocarbon were evaluated with Cr (VI). Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that adding a small amount of PS can improve the pyrolysis behavior of UF resin. Based on the Flynn Wall Ozawa (FWO) method, the kinetics and activation energy values were estimated. It was observed that when the amount of UF resin exceeded twice that of PS, the activation energy of the reaction decreased, and they acted synergistically. The characterization of pyrocarbon samples showed that the specific surface area increased with the increase of temperature, while the content of functional groups showed the opposite trend. Intermittent adsorption experiments showed that 5UF + PS400 achieved 95% removal of 50mg/L Cr (VI) at 0.6g/L dosage and at pH 2. The adsorption process was consistent with the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetics, and the maximum adsorption was 143.66mg/g at 30 ℃. Furthermore, the adsorption process consisted of electrostatic adsorption, chelation, and redox reaction. Overall, this study provides a useful reference for the co-pyrolysis of UF resin and the adsorption capacity of pyrocarbon.

Optimization of Mechanical Properties of Bonded Particle Boards Produced From Agricultural Waste Wood Chips

The aim of this research work was to optimize the production of particle boards from agricultural waste (wood chips). The mechanical properties investigated were the modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR). The production of particle boards was investigated under the following conditions: stacking time (14-21days), resin loading (386-463 g) and amount of agro residue (154-185 g) using Box-Behnken design. Statistically significant models (p<0.05) were developed to represent the relationship between the responses (MOE and MOR) and the independent variables. Both models showed significant fit with experimental data with R2 values of 0.99 and 0.97 respectively. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) results showed that MOE and MOR were influenced by the stacking time, amount of resin and agro residue used. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the MOE and MOR and the optimization results showed that the maximum MOE and MOR values of 1114.09N/mm2 and 9.34 N/mm2 were respectively obtained at the optimum production conditions of stacking time, resin loading and amount of agro residue (i.e. 21days, 462.82g and 185.00 g respectively). The particle board produced at the optimized conditions satisfied the American National Standard Institute ANSI/A208.1-1999 specification for general purpose particle boards.

Fe ion extraction in patchouli oil with ion exchange using resin

Patchouli is the largest non-oil export commodity among essential oil exports in Indonesia. However, the quality of patchouli oil in Indonesia is considered to be very low. Traditional patchouli oil distillation is carried out in a small capacity and uses a simple distillation method based on a large difference in boiling points or one of the volatile components. This process produces poor quality patchouli oil such as acid number more than 8, dark oil, patchouli alcohol less than 30%, and high water content. This is evidenced by the large amount of Fe metal contained in patchouli oil. Patchouli oil produced contains a lot of iron in its yield, so it needs further processing to reduce the Fe content in patchouli oil. The use of resin as an adsorbent for Fe metal is one way to reduce the Fe metal content. Resin weighing 50, 150 and 250 grams was added to 200 ml of patchouli oil. Then the stirring process was carried out with a stirring speed of 200 rpm with time variations of 30, 60 and 90 minutes. The results obtained showed the best adsorption process with Fe content in patchouli oil of 1.42 mg/Kg, contact time of 90 minutes and amount of resin of 250 grams with the largest percentage of removal of 87.5%.

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERISATION OF ABRASIVE MATERIALS PRODUCED FROM SNAIL SHELLS AND SILICA

Surface finishing operation is a very vital aspect of the manufacturing process and would not fully be achieved without abrasives such as emery paper. Some materials used in the production of abrasives like alumina (Al2O3), and Boron Carbide (B4C) are expensive thereby limiting their usage. This work is aimed at producing abrasive materials from snail shells, silica (SiO2), and epoxy resin while melamine formaldehyde acts as a hardener. The raw materials used were sieved according to ASTM E11-20 standard to obtain an average particle size of 400 µm. The composites were produced by varying different amounts of the epoxy resin as well as the other materials. The samples were analysed using physical, mechanical, and microstructural characterization techniques. An analysis of the results showed that as the content of the epoxy resin in the composite increased, the hardness values increased. The wear rate of the samples containing snail shell powders are higher than those containing only silica. The morphology of the samples obtained through microstructural tests revealed that the silica-based abrasive has better interfacial bonding which helped to confer strength. Therefore, silica can be used to produce abrasives with the required mechanical properties comparable to those of conventional abrasives.

Measuring cannabis quantities in online surveys: A rapid review and proposals for ways forward.

Cannabis use quantities are relevant for determining cannabis-related harms. This research aims to provide an overview of the available methods to assess quantities through self-report. A rapid review of various strategies to collect information on cannabis use quantities through self-report. Two independent literature searches resulted in n=38 studies included for review. A total of n=14 studies employed methods for collecting cannabis use quantities that are not suitable for online surveys (e.g., rolling a fake joint). Of the remaining n=24 studies with items that are suitable for online surveys, the quantity assessment was performed in three different ways. The data collection was either carried out by asking (a) for the total number of joints (i.e., crude joint method), (b) for the total weight (i.e., crude weight method), or (c) for specific products separately, for example, for the amount of flower and resin (i.e., product-specific method). In only n=8 studies, cannabis use quantities were ascertained by providing visual aids (e.g., illustration of various amounts of flower). The crude joint method and the product-specific method are the two most promising methods to collect information on cannabis use quantities. Using visual aids may potentially improve the accuracy of those methods.

APPLICATION OF MAMDANI FUZZY METHOD TO PREDICT THE AMOUNT OF PINE RESIN PRODUCTION

PT. Inhutani IV Aceh District needs to plan the right production in order to achieve maximum profit. Therefore, the company needs to develop a system that can predict the amount of pine resin that can be produced. This study uses data from PT. Inhutani IV Aceh District which is engaged in the production of raw pine resin. This study uses the mamdani fuzzy method to predict the amount of latex production based on demand data, supply data and latex production data per month in 2019-2020. Based on the results of calculations that have been carried out, with the input variable demand in January 2021 of 91,404 kg and supply in December 2020 of 71,466 kg, with the fuzzy mamdani method, the prediction results of the pine resin that the company can produce is 191,763 kg in January 2021 and based on the results of calculations using the MAPE accuracy measure, the fuzzy mamdani method has a MAPE value of 45.69 % so it can be concluded that the mamdani fuzzy method is pretty good for predicting the production of pine resin at PT. Inhutani IV Aceh District.

Development of hybrid resin to reduce silica in borated water

Amberlite IRN-78 resin was incorporated with iron to make a hybrid resin for the removal of silica from the borated water of nuclear power plants. The hybrid resin contained 0.84 wt % iron compounds upon pyrolysis. In batch experiments carried out at room temperature, 1 g of the hybrid resin removed ∼60 μg silica from 1 ppm borated water in ∼120 min. The efficiency of the hybrid material increased with the resin quantity, decreased with silica concentration, and remained unchanged at different pH values. Freundlich and Temkin isothermal adsorption dominated the silica removal process and followed the pseudo-first-order and intra-particle diffusion mechanism simultaneously. The concentration of the leached iron remained appreciably under the safe limits of 200 μg/l during the experiments. This detailed study suggests the use of hybrid resin for the removal of silica from borated water streams and other similar systems.

The effects of resin rate (wt-%) on different temperature performance of newly designed friction composites for automobile brake lining applications

ABSTRACT Choosing the amount of binder resin in a brake lining composition is important in terms of avoiding structural deterioration of the brake lining composite and resisting mechanical and thermal stresses at different temperatures. This study evaluated the performances of new brake lining composites with 15% and 20% novolac resin additives by performing wear tests in different temperature environments. Friction wear tests were performed according to ASTM G99 using pin-on-disc test devices at temperatures of 23°C, 150°C and 300°C. The hardness and density of the samples increased by 2.4% and 3.7%, respectively, with the increase of the novolac resin ratio in the composition. In general, it was observed that the friction coefficient, thermal conductivity and vibration increased in parallel with the resin ratio. In addition, increasing the test temperature led to an increase in the friction coefficient.

Expanded graphite (EG)/Ni@Melamine foam (MF)/EG sandwich-structured flexible bipolar plate with excellent electrical conductivity, mechanical properties, and gas permeability

The bipolar plate is an important component of the fuel cell. Composite graphite-based bipolar plates with adjustable properties are potential candidates to realize the high performance of the cell. However, simultaneously improving the electrical and mechanical properties of the plate is always the focus and difficulty of the research since they tend to behave with mutual inhibition. Here in this work, we report a laminating strategy to prepare composite bipolar plates with the (EG)/Ni@Melamine foam (MF)/EG sandwiched structure. The highly porous MF sponge provides enough space for epoxy immersion and the Nickel plating improves the electrical conductivity. Both the electrical conductivity (320 S/cm) and the flexural strength (56 MPa) are improved compared to the original EG plate. The enriched resin amount in the intermedium layer also ensures lower gas permeability (2.16 × 10−9 cm3cm−2s−1). In addition, owing to the residual resin on the surface of the developed plate, there is a smaller, indicating better wettability. Further practical performance tests proved that the developed plate has favorable performance under actual working conditions compared to commercialized carbon graphite plate.

An analytical method to quantitatively determine the amount of polyamide epichlorohydrin (PAE) in paperboard and white water

Polyamide epichlorohydrin (PAE) is a permanent wet strength resin. When applied to paperboard, some amount of resin is retained in the sheet, and some is lost to the white water. An analytical method for quantifying the amount of PAE retained in the sheet and lost into the white water has been developed. This method hydrolyzes the PAE to adipic acid, which in turn is derivatized to diethyl adipate and quantified by pyrolysis gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (pyGCMS). In addition, the hydrolysis conditions of the PAE were studied by the Taguchi approach, and PAE material balances around the dry sheet and white water for 3 and 6 lb/ton PAE applications have been performed. The PAE resin recovery was 95.4% with 65.0% in the sheet for the 3 lb/ton PAE-charged paper-board, and the recovery was 96.7% with 36.1% in the sheet for the 6 lb/ton PAE-charged paperboard.

Influence of In Situ Formed Nickel- and Cobalt-Containing Catalysts on the Mechanism of Conversion of Heavy Oil Asphaltenes

The influence of the amount of precursors of cobalt and nickel oxides on the composition and structure of catalytic cracking products of heavy oil from the Zyuzeevskoye field was studied. It was found that an increase in the amount of a loaded precursor led to the destruction of a larger amount of resin–asphaltene components and the yield of an IBP–360°C fraction. It was established that nickel-containing catalysts facilitated the destruction of 66% high-molecular-weight components, and cobalt-containing catalysts contributed to a low yield of by-products. The structural group analysis of initial oil asphaltenes and those formed after thermal and catalytic cracking was studied. A possible mechanism of the reactions was presented based on the experimental data.

Bioinspired Sandwich Structure in Composite Panels

The phenomenon of separation into constituent layers connecting the core and laminate of a composite sandwich complex is a vital complication that leads to early failure of such material. The direction of the sandwich construction's exfoliation rigidity is increased between interlaminar low fiber augmentation. The bioinspired technique of hybrid material layers was used on an aluminium face sheet with an interlayer composition of PET foam core and glass fabric of a material that appears to have greater potential as a flimsy substitute for materials currently used in automotive, aeronautical, and marine applications. This examination seeks to develop the making of such material along the retardation in fibre supplements. Fibre bridging has been recognized as an important appliance in the progress of this operating procedure. Consequently, this method points to promoting the event of fibre bridging by differing aggregates, including the mass and extent of augmented fibres and the quantity of epoxy resin applied. A few advancements were made to the production methods, and though the outcomes for the resisting ability of specimens were found to be indecisive, it was found that the layer separation hardness had even improved. This was confirmed through the operation of scanning electron microscopy and also predicted the mechanically peeled material surfaces which identified the adhesive strength variations with respect to the face sheet surface modified with the sand blasting process. The analysis also revealed the need for further research into optimizing the attachment between aluminium sheet and pet foam and glass fabric based hybrid sandwich panels.

Preparation and properties of a novel waterborne epoxy resin modified emulsified asphalt

Waterborne epoxy resin is one alternative to enhance bond strength and storage stability for waterproof adhesive layer. Grafting copolymerization is selected in this paper as one experimental case to investigate its properties and also a feasible innovative preparation. The impact of the preparation process on the grafting rate of acrylic monomer was also considered. Moreover, the effect of the amount of acrylic monomer on the centrifugation stability and particle size of the emulsions was studied, where the infrared spectra were used to verify that hydrophilic groups incorporated into the main body of the aqueous epoxy resin. Main tests for modified emulsified asphalt are designed as it pulls out strength and storage stability under various temperature. The results showed that the highest grafting rate of acrylic monomer was achieved at the grafting temperature of 110℃ and grafting time of 2 h. The centrifugal stability of the emulsion was optimum when the amount of acrylic monomer reached 30%, at this time, the median particle size of the emulsion was 160 nm; the infrared spectrum showed that the epoxy resin main chain successfully introduced hydrophilic group (–COOH) at 1720 cm−1. When the amount of water-borne epoxy resin exceeded 40%, the pull-out strength of waterborne epoxy resin modified emulsified asphalt increased significantly at 25℃ and 40℃, and its storage stability was optimized when the content of waterborne epoxy resin reached 50%. The waterproof adhesive layer material prepared in this study has potential application value for improving the quality of bridge deck pavement and construction projects.

Bulk Polymerization of Thermoplastic Shape Memory Epoxy Polymer for Recycling Applications.

Conventional epoxy polymers are thermo-set and difficult to recycle and reuse. In this study, a series of linear thermoplastic epoxy polymers (EPx) with shape memory properties were prepared by using a bifunctional monoamine diglycolamine (DGA) as a curing agent and an equivalent amount of bifunctional rigid epoxy resin (E-51) and bifunctional flexible epoxy resin (polypropylenglycol diglycidyl ether, PPGDGE) in a bulk polymerization reaction. The results showed that these samples can fully react under the curing process of, 60 °C/2 h, followed by 80 °C/2 h, followed by 120 °C/2 h. The introduction of different contents of PPGDGE can adjust the Tg of the material to adapt to different environmental requirements, and can significantly increase the fracture strain of the material and improve its micro-phase separation structure. Thus, Rf of the material is close to 100%, and Rr is increased from 87.98% to 97.76%. Importantly, this linear chain structure allows the material to be easily recycled and reprocessed by dissolving or melting, and also means the material shows potential for 3D printing or other thermoplastic remolding.

Shaping Ability of Protaper Gold and Protaper Ultimate in Simulated Root Canals: A Comparative Study

This study aimed to compare the shaping ability of ProTaper Gold (PTG) and the newly developed ProTaper Ultimate (PTU) systems in artificial S-shaped canals. Both files are manufactured via gold thermal treatment methods and have variable taper along their working part. Thirty-Two S-shaped canals in clear resin blocks were prepared up to an apical size of 25 using PTU and PTG instruments (n = 16 canals/group). Resin blocks were filled with ink and photographed before & after instrumentation to develop composite images by superimposition. The amount of removed resin was measured perpendicularly to the canal surface in 18 points, in addition to the canal transportation and centering ratio. Statistical analysis was performed by using Manne-Whitney U-test (α = 0.05). No broken files or aberrations were recorded during instrumentation. PTG significantly removed a higher amount of resin at 4, 6, 8, and 9 mm from the apex, but at 1 mm PTU significantly cut a higher amount (p < 0.05). Concerning transportation & centering ability, both files deviated from the center and at 3 mm PTU yielded significantly higher deviation, while at 4 mm PTG recorded a higher value (p < 0.05). In conclusion, PTU produced more conservative preparation than PTG especially in the coronal third, while for maintaining the original canal curve, PTG caused lesser deviation at the beginning of the apical curvature.

Aquivion® PFSA-based spray-freeze dried composite materials with SiO2 and TiO2 as hybrid catalysts for the gas phase dehydration of ethanol to ethylene in mild conditions.

Aquivion PFSA resin, a perfluorinated ion-exchange polymer, has been used as a heterogeneous strong acid catalyst for a range of reactions; however, the activity of this material is limited due to the extremely low surface area of the polymer. In this paper we described the one-step synthesis of Aquivion® PFSA-based hybrid materials using heterocoagulation and spray-freeze-drying of sols containing the precursor of the active phases. The intimated encapsulation of different nano-oxides, such as TiO2 and SiO2 in the superacid resin matrix was easily obtained using this technique and compared with similar catalysts prepared by the impregnation conventional route. The approach led to the preparation of porous micro-granules characterised by a high homogeneity in the phase distribution and high surface area. The prepared materials were active and selective for the gas phase dehydration of ethanol to ethylene in mild conditions. The increase of the porosity improved the activity of the composites, compared to the pure Aquivion® PFSA, and allowed to reduce the amount of the superacid resin. Moreover, the type of encapsulated oxide, TiO2 or SiO2, modified the improved performance of the catalysts, having TiO2 the higher efficiency for ethanol conversion and selectivity in ethylene at very low temperature.

Synthesis and optimization for shape memory behaviour of 4D printed GNPs reinforced shape memory photopolymer composite

PurposeShape memory materials are functional materials having a good number of applications due to their unique features of programmable material technology such as self-stretching, self-assembly and self-tightening. Advancements in today’s technology led to the easy fabrication of such novel materials using 3D printing techniques. When an external stimulus causes a 3D printed specimen to change shape on its own, this process is known as 4D printing. This study aims to investigate the effect of graphene nano platelet (GNPs) on the shape memory behaviour of shape memory photo polymer composites (SMPPCs) and to optimize the shape-changing response by using the Taguchi method.Design/methodology/approachSMPPCs are synthesized by blending different weight fractions (Wt.%) of flexible or soft photopolymer (FPP) resin with hard photopolymer (HPP) resin, then reinforced with GNPs at various Wt.% to the blended PP resin, and then fabricated using masked stereolithography (MSLA) apparatus. The shape memory test is conducted to assess the shape recovery time (T), shape fixity ratio (Rf), shape recovery ratio (Rr) and shape recovery rate (Vr) using Taguchi analysis by constructing an L9 orthogonal array with parameters such as Wt.% of a blend of FPP and HPP resin, Wt.% of GNPs and holding time.FindingsSMPPCs with A3, B3 and C2 result in a faster T with 2 s, whereas SMPPCs with A1, B1 and C3 result in a longer T with 21 s. The factors A and B are ranked as the most significant in the Pareto charts that were obtained, whereas C is not significant. It can be seen from the heatmap plot that when factors A and B increase, T is decreasing and Vr is increasing. The optimum parameters for T and Vr are A3, B3 and C2 at the same time for Rf and Rr are A1, B3 and C1.Research limitations/implicationsFaster shape recovery results from a higher Wt.% of FPP resin in a blend than over a true HPP resin. This is because the flexible polymer links in FPP resin activate more quickly over time. However, a minimum amount of HPP resin also needs to be maintained because it plays a role in producing higher Rf and Vr. The use of GNPs as reinforcement accelerates the T because nanographene conducts heat more quickly, releasing the temporary shape of the specimen more quickly.Originality/valueThe use of FPP and HPP resin blends, fabricating the 4D-printed SMPPCs specimens with MSLA technology, investigating the effect of GNPs and optimizing the process parameters using Taguchi and the work was validated using confirmation tests and regression analysis, which increases the originality and novelty.

Elimination of free fatty acid from palm oil by adsorption process using a strong base anion exchange resin

Deacidification is one of the important processes to obtain a suitable raw feedstock for the production of bio-transformer oil. This work proposed an alternative process for reducing the acidity of refined palm oil by adsorption of the free fatty acids (FFAs) using anion exchange resins (AER). The effect of the types of functional groups (tertiary amine and quaternary ammonium group) and the resin structure (gel and macroporous structure) of the commercially available resins were characterized and investigated for their adsorption ability. The adsorption kinetic and experimental conditions such as adsorption time, the moisture content in resin, and resin amount were studied. The gel-type strong-base anion exchange resins exhibited the best performance for the FFAs removal. This result suggests that the quaternary ammonium functional groups in the resin have a high dissociation capacity for anion exchange and the gel-type resins easily access by the FFAs molecules. The effect of types of functional groups is stronger than that of the resin structure. The adsorption mechanism mainly occurred via an ion exchange equilibrium rather than the hydrogen bond complex. The FFAs adsorption on the resins conformed to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Under optimum conditions (room temperature, atmospheric pressure, resin dosage of 0.4 wt%, and 8 h adsorption time), the Pall Tec PTA304 resin reduced the acidity in palm oil from 0.5 to 0.02 mg KOH/g with the adsorption capacity at the equilibrium of 589.5 mg/g, achieving approximately 95 % FFAs removal. The negative values of ΔGads0 and ΔHads0 demonstrated that the FFAs adsorption on the Pall Tec PTA304 resin was a spontaneous and exothermic process. This study provides an insight into the interactions between FFAs and anion exchange resins that is useful for further development of palm based bio-transformer oil.