Amount Of Polyethylene Glycol Research Articles

Microphase Arrangement of Smart Superhydrophilic Segmented Polyurethanes at Their Interface with Water.

Smart coatings have aroused a growing interest because of the performance of predefined surface functions upon reacting to external stimuli. Among them, responsive polymer coatings to water, which often benefit from the presence of a mobile hydrophilic material, are of great interest. Polyurethanes (PUs) are versatile materials with respect to the structure-property relationship. Therefore, the incorporation of hydrophilic segments in PUs is a rational way to produce water-sensitive smart coatings; however, having a considerable amount of hydrophilic material deteriorates the physical properties because of a large amount of water uptake. In this study, we have analyzed previously synthesized smart PUs, based on hydrophobic polycarbonate (PC) and hydrophilic polyethylene glycol (PEG) soft segments, in which only a limited amount of PEG is used. These coatings maintain, more or less, zero water contact angle, whereas the water uptake remains below 15 wt %. The combination of experimental analysis and coarse-grained molecular dynamics (CG MD) simulations reveals that PEG segments migrate to the coating/water interface and partially cover the surface, whereas the hydrophobic nature of the PC keeps the bulk of the coating intact when the coating is covered with water. Moreover, our CG MD simulations and experimental analysis suggest a reversible phase arrangement under wet/dry cycles on molecular and macroscopic scales.

Nb2O5/SiO2 monoliths with tailored porosity: the role of polyethylene glycol as pore modulating agent

The role of polyethylene glycol (PEG) as pore modulating agent was studied in the preparation of monoliths formed by Nb2O5 nanoparticles dispersed in a silica matrix obtained by the sol–gel process. The obtained monoliths were characterized by gas adsorption, SEM and HRTEM (EELS coupled). The silica and nanocomposite monoliths showed high specific surface area and pore size varying between micro and macropores, depending on the amount of PEG used. The silica monoliths were transparent due to the micro and small mesopores, the nanocomposites with 1 and 5% of PEG were translucid and the nanocomposite with 3% of PEG were opaque due to spinodal decomposition induced by the interaction between the polymer and the niobium pentoxide precursor (ammonium niobate oxalate hydrate), which made it a promising candidate for flow catalysis or chromatographic columns.

Electrochemical performance of Li4Ti5O12 anode material synthesised using polyethylene glycol as a template agent

Low capacity and rate performance are important factors restricting the development of Li4Ti5O12 (LTO). The addition of an appropriate amount of polyethylene glycol (PEG) is an effective method to increase the capacity and rate performance of LTO anode material. In this study, LTO anode material was synthesised by the sol–gel method using PEG as a template agent. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results show that the addition of PEG can improve the crystallinity of the material and retain the spinel lattice type of LTO. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results show that the addition of an appropriate amount of PEG can promote the formation of a more uniform and much finer morphology. The results of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) show that the material with PEG had good crystallinity. The charge and discharge data verify that the electrochemical performance of the material could be improved by adding PEG. P2-LTO exhibits a smaller particle size, largest capacity, best cycling performance and best rate performance. The capacity of P2-LTO at 0.2C can reach 224.3 mAgh−1, which is much higher than the theoretical specific capacity of LTO (175 mAgh−1). The discharge capacity of P2-LTO in the first cycle at 10C is 178.9 mAgh−1. The results of cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) show that the electrode polarisation and electrochemical impedance of P2-LTO were lower than that of pure LTO. Better capacity and rate performance can be obtained by adding PEG as a template agent to a LTO system. It is a simple and effective method to produce high-performance LTO anode materials.

Development of a Portuguese smell test: A novel hospital compounding formulation to improve diagnosis of olfactory dysfunction

AbstractAbout half of the population aged over 60 years mention they have an olfactory dysfunction. However, the diagnosis is challenging since the identification of odors is personal and cultural, conditioning the selection of effective olfactory tests. This study aimed to identify typical odors recognized by the Portuguese population in order to develop and characterize a smell test kit adapted to this specific population to be used to diagnose olfactory dysfunctions. For this, a national cross‐sectional survey with 348 healthy participants, allowed the identification of 22 characteristic odors for Portuguese population. The orange odor was chosen by 56% of the individuals that answered the survey and this fragrance was selected for pre‐formulation studies. Then, polyethylene glycol (PEG)‐based formulations were developed and characterized. It was observed that the type and amount of PEG and fragrances influenced the rheology, morphology, texture and crystalline structures of the formulations. Based on the results obtained, structure characterization and sensorial analysis responses, compounding and processing, a formulation was selected. Then, the kit was assembled with 22 fragrance PEG‐based formulations and one odorless (control).Practical applicationThis study aimed to identify 22 odors among different categories recognizable by the Portuguese population in order to develop a suitable smell test kit to diagnose olfactory dysfunctions of this specific population. This Portuguese smell test, for containing formulations with rheological and sensory characteristics adapted to the Portuguese population, allows the physician to use it as a method of diagnosis in patients with suspected impaired olfactory perception, such as anosmia total or partial. Nowadays, this kit is being used in otorhinolaryngology medical consultation of the hospital involved in the study to diagnose olfactory disorders.

Preparation of a versatile polyethylene glycol-bonded stationary phase based on silica monolith particles and its application in multi-modal separation in high performance liquid chromatography

Silica monolith particles with sizes of 2-5 μm and pore sizes of 20-60 nm were obtained by grinding, flotation, pseudomorphic transformation, and hydrothermal treatment of the silica monolith prepared by the sol-gel method. The pseudomorphic transformation was performed with a dual micellar templating system consisting of Capstone FS-66, a partially fluorinated anion surfactant, and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), a commonly used cation surfactant. Hydrothermal treatment with a sodium carbonate solution was adopted to further expand the pore size. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images and N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm measurement results of the silica monolith particles before and after the treatments clearly demonstrated the changes in morphology caused by these treatments. Afterward, a long-chain polyethylene glycol (PEG) containing silane was bonded on the surface of the as-prepared particles, and the resulting products were characterized by elemental analysis and FT-IR spectroscopy analysis, and evaluated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Elemental analysis and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the bonded stationary phase revealed that the bonding amount of PEG on the silica surface is about 8%. It has been shown that silica monolith particles can be treated and modified for the separation of proteins in size exclusion chromatography mode. It is also demonstrated that the bonded stationary phase can be used for the separation of ribonuclease A and lysozyme in hydrophobic interaction chromatography mode, and for the separation of highly polar compounds (picolinic acid, levodopa, melamine, and catechol) in hydrophilic interaction chromatography mode. The results indicate the versatility of the PEG-bonded stationary phase and its promising application to multi-modal separation in HPLC.

Reforming paper structure using an ionic liquid treatment to improve the specific surface area, moisture retention, and hydrophobicity

A method for treating cellulose paper using the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([BMIM]Cl) was developed. The treatment was intended to reform the paper structure. Filter paper was immersed in 20 g of molten [BMIM]Cl at 80 °C for 20–80 s and then washed with ethanol and distilled water. The treated paper was then immersed in tert-butyl alcohol before drying in a freeze dryer for 30 min. Next, polyethylene glycol (PG) and trichloromethylsilane were fixed to freeze-dried paper. The paper treated with [BMIM]Cl had a higher specific surface area than that not treated with [BMIM]Cl, and the specific surface area increased as the treatment time increased. The amount of PG fixed to the paper increased as the specific surface area of the paper increased, and PG improved moisture retention. The degree to which the moisture retention was improved was therefore related to the increase in the specific surface area caused by [BMIM]Cl treatment. Addition of trichloromethylsilane to the paper treated with [BMIM]Cl improved the hydrophobicity, and this was caused by the [BMIM]Cl treatment. Overall, [BMIM]Cl treatment was effective for reforming the paper structure and this improved the amount of functional material that could be fixed to the paper.

Effect of PEG on Performance of NiMnO Catalyst for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction.

Solvothermal method is a very common synthetic method in the preparation of catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) of H2O decomposition. Since a certain surfactant can be added to the solvothermal solvent, the crystal particle growth process can be changed to obtain catalysts with different morphologies. We synthesized a series of nickel-manganese oxides (NiMnO) by adding different amounts of Polyethylene glycol (PEG) using the solvothermal method. Structure characterizations exhibit that NiMnO catalyst prepared with different PEG additions have different morphologies. The NiMnO catalyst prepared by adding 3 g of PEG possesses abundant petal-like scales, it brings a large specific surface area, high reaction efficiency, and has the best electrocatalytic activity in alkaline media.

Graphene-CoO/PEG composite phase change materials with enhanced solar-to-thermal energy conversion and storage capacity

Composite phase change materials (PCMs) with excellent light adsorption and high thermal conductivity have great potentials in the efficient solar-to-thermal energy utilization. In order to improve the light absorption and solar-to-thermal conversion efficiency, reduced graphene oxide nanosheets decorated with CoO nanoparticles (rGO@Co) were used as support for polyethylene glycol (PEG) PCMs. The hierarchical structure composed of rGO nanosheets provides a large space to impregnate a high amount of PEG with good shape stability during the solid-liquid phase transition. Meanwhile, CoO nanoparticles and rGO nanosheets with high light absorption can provide rGO@Co with enhanced light absorption capacity and solar-to-thermal conversion capacities. In addition, the well distributed CoO nanoparticles on rGO nanosheets could contact PEG chains better, act as heat transfer intermediate and reduce the interface thermal resistance for the thermal energy transfer between rGO and PEG during the thermal energy storage/release process. Therefore, the prepared rGO@Co/PEG composite PCMs exhibit enhanced thermal conductivity with 51.79%~152.46% increasement as compared with pure PEG, high energy storage densities (131.94 J/g), good shape stability and high solar-to-thermal energy storage/release rates. Hence, the light-driven composite PCMs have great potentials for the efficient utilization of sustainable solar energy.

Poly (butylene succinate) and derivative copolymer filled with Dendranthema grandiflora biolarvicide extract.

Dengue is the most important infectious disease in the world and is a severe public health problem. The chikungunya is an arbovirus, in many cases, increased, which is transmitted by the same transmitter dengue vector, Aedes aegypti. The symptoms of both diseases are similar, and infections can be lethal. Although there is no preventive vaccine against any of the two diseases, therefore, it is extremely important to control the mosquito. The eggs of A. aegypti are very resistant and hatch into larvae, which later give rise to mosquitoes in any container with water. Natural plant extracts have come from active substances with larvicidal activity against A. aegypti. However, they tend to be highly hydrophobic and need some strategy to improve its affinity for water. Because of these factors, this research aims to synthesize and characterize polymeric materials with properties suitable for the release of hydrophobic principles with larvicidal action. The synthesized polymers are poly (butylene succinate) (PBS) and PBS block copolymer with polyethylene glycol (PEG). The synthesized polymers were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance, thermal analysis simultaneous, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and diffraction of X-rays analysis. The analysis results showed that the synthesized materials have chemical composition and properties suitable for use in the controlled release of actives substances. Systems were prepared using the Dendranthema grandiflora extract, which has larvicidal activity was incorporated via fusion to polymers, to evaluate its release in aqueous media. The results proved that higher amounts of PEG in the copolymer chain speed up the delivery of the larvicidal extract. Besides that, the larvicidal extract concentration required to cause death larvae of A. aegypti was achieved from the first minutes of dissolution tests, indicating that the materials developed are promising tool to fight dengue and chikungunya. This new system is a vital tool for eliminating vectors, potentially contributing to saving millions of lives worldwide.

In vivo Evaluation of Fluvoxamine Maleate Mouth Dissolving Films by Design of Experiment

Fluvoxamine, an antidepressant belonging to serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI) class, exhibits maximum absorption through the oral route of administration. The objective of current research is to formulate mouth dissolving fluvoxamine films by employing super disintegrants. The central composite design (CCD), employed to examine the effects of amount of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) E15 (A), amount of eudragit RL 100 (B), amount of polyethylene glycol (PEG 4000) (C) on response variables tensile strength, disintegration time and cumulative % drug released. A 27 formulations prepared according to CCD and evaluated for physicochemical parameters and in vitro dissolution studies. Fluvoxamine mouth dissolving films formulated by employing solvent-casting method using HPMC E15, eudragit RL100, and PEG 4000. CCD is employed to optimize the effective dosage of formulation superdisintegrants. FF15 with a maximum tensile strength of 55.63 ± 1.37 mg, least disintegration time of 10 ± 1.85 seconds, and highest drug release of 98.29 ± 1.87 % is chosen as an optimal formulation with maximum content uniformity and folding endurance. From in vivo bioavailability studies, Cmax and Tmax of the fluvoxamine optimized mouth dissolving film formulation were significant (p is less than 0.05) compared to the fluvoxamine marketed product formulation. AUC0-∞ infinity for the optimized formulation was higher (733.84 ± 2.04 ng.h/mL) than the fluvoxamine marketed product formulation (485.67 ± 1.54 ng.h/mL). Statistically, AUC0-t of the optimized mouth dissolving film formulation was significantly higher (pis less than 0.05) than fluvoxamine marketed product formulation. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies in rabbits confirmed the quick release and increase in bioavailability for fluvoxamine from optimized mouth dissolving film formulation as compared to the fluvoxamine marketed product formulation.

Preparation of GdBa2Cu3O6+x (GdBCO) precursor powder by spray‐drying a nitrate solution containing PEG

AbstractSeveral precursor powders, obtained after precipitation from metal nitrate solution containing polyethylene glycol (PEG) (inside a Pyrex glass reactor or by spray‐drying), and their thermal evolution to GdBa2Cu3O6+x (GdBCO) were analyzed by thermogravimetry, differential thermal analysis, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffraction. The amount of PEG had a crucial role in the BaCO3 content of the “Kjeldahl precursors,” but a minor effect on the degree of transformation to GdBCO at 900°C, which did not reach completion after 1 hour. In contrast, a low‐PEG spray‐dried powder led to almost 100% GdBCO in only 5 minutes. The high degree of cation dispersion reached by spray‐drying and the coexistence with a liquid phase can explain this short reaction time. The spray‐dried powder compares favorably with the mechanical mix of metal oxides and Ba carbonate that is commonly used as precursor powder for the synthesis following a solid‐state reaction.

Spin Coated CuO with Different Additives (PEG) Value Thin Film: Physical, Structural, Optical and Electrical Characteristics of CuO/PEG

This study presents an investigation on copper oxide (CuO) composited with polyethylene glycol (PEG) thin film. The main objective for this compositing thin film is to explore and determine the characteristic of the thin film when the value of PEG is varied. In this study, PEG plays a role as phase change material (PCM), where this type of material has the capability to absorb and release heat based on its surrounding condition. Due to this characteristic, the amount of PEG is vary from 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 ml to confirm its influence towards CuO thin film. As for comparison, CuO thin film without PEG is also fabricated. Both of the materials used were prepared using sol-gel route and deposited onto indium tin oxide (ITO) substrate using spin coating method. The influences of the PEG values on CuO thin film were investigated using field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), ultra-violet visible microscope (UV-Vis), and current-voltage (IV) measurement. Based on the investigation conducted, the characteristics of CuO thin film produced in this study are affected with the different value of PEG.

Chemical activation of porous diatomite ceramic filter for the adsorption of TMA, H2S, CH3COOH and NH3: Isotherm and kinetic studies

Air pollution is a major concern due to its toxicity. A porous diatomite ceramic filter (PDCF) was prepared and modified with H3PO4 and NaOH for the adsorption of TMA, H2S, CH3COOH and NH3. In this study, the effects of filter preparation conditions were investigated; (1) sintering temperature, (2) molding pressure, (3) amount of PEG (polyethylene glycol), (4) H3PO4 and NaOH. The best PDCF was obtained at 1100 ℃ and 2 MPa, which exhibited sufficient compressive strength (20 MPa), and density (1.1 g/cm3). Acid and base modification greatly altered surface properties by increasing surface area and porosity with a large number of reactive sites and functional groups, resulting in the improved adsorption capacity (62.0, 36.0, 62.0 and 17.0 mg/g for TMA, H2S, CH3COOH and NH3 respectively.) Isotherm and kinetic studies showed that Langmuir was the best fitted model for TMA, H2S, CH3COOH and NH3 adsorption. The adsorption of TMA, CH3COOH and NH3 followed the pseudo-second order model whereas the adsorption of H2S obeyed the pseudo-first order model. The spent PDCF can be successfully regenerated and had certain reusability. Finally, this study was expected to expand the utilization of diatomite as an acid and base modified PDCF for the adsorption of air pollutants.

Design of Dense Brush Conformation Bearing Gold Nanoparticles as Theranostic Agent for Cancer.

Dense brush conformation-bearing theranostic agents are emerging as drug delivery systems due to their higher ability to escape from reticuloendothelial system uptake which prolongs their in vivo circulation time. With the aim of developing dual therapy agent, 13-nm gold nanoparticles' (AuNPs) surfaces were coated with different amounts of polyethylene glycol (PEG) (SH-PEG-NH2) to obtain dense brush conformation-bearing theranostic agents. Among the 14 different theranostic agent candidates prepared, the one hosting 1819 PEG per particle was selected as the most promising theranostic agent candidate based on structural conformation, stability, size, zeta potential, hemocompatibility, cell inhibition, and cell death pathway towards MCF-7 cell line. To test drug delivery efficiency of the developed PEGylated AuNP and to improve efficacy of the treatment, apoptotic peptide (AP) was covalently conjugated to NH2 terminus of the PEG in various ratios to yield AuNP-AP conjugate. Among the prepared conjugates, the one having 1nmol of peptide per milliliter of AuNP yielded the most promising results based on the same criteria as employed for PEGylated AuNPs. Besides, incorporation of AP to AuNP returned in superior efficacy of AP since it was possible to achieve 50% cell death with 1000 times less amount of AP alone.

Efficient Quantification by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Thermogravimetric Analyses of the One-Pot Grafting of Two Molecules on the Surface of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles.

In this study, Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) were functionalized in one pot with two organic molecules. Firstly, polyethylene glycol (PEG) was mixed for 46 hours to improve steric stability and then, two hours before the end of the reaction, dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) was added to provide negative charges and thiol groups for post-functionalization. Three different molecular weights of PEG were used (550, 2000 and 5000 g mol-1). The main goal of this study was to characterize and quantify accurately the surface of SPION functionalized with two organic molecules. We demonstrated the advantages of coupling thermogravimetric and X-ray photoelectron spectrometry analyses to distinguish accurately the covering of SPION's surface. Thanks to the combination of these two techniques we were able to distinguish the amount of DMSA and PEG on SPION regarding the length of the polymer. We also showed that the length of the PEG influenced the quantity of DMSA adsorbed. With the smallest PEG (550 g mol-1) the presence of DMSA is almost ten times higher than with the two other PEG used proving that long polymers prevent the adsorption of small molecules on the surface of SPION.

Varying PEG density to control stress relaxation in alginate-PEG hydrogels for 3D cell culture studies

Hydrogels are commonly used as artificial extracellular matrices for 3D cell culture and for tissue engineering. Viscoelastic hydrogels with tunable stress relaxation have recently been developed, and stress relaxation in the hydrogels has been found to play a key role in regulating cell behaviors such as differentiation, spreading, and proliferation. Here we report a simple but precise materials approach to tuning stress relaxation of alginate hydrogels with polyethylene glycol (PEG) covalently grafted onto the alginate. Hydrogel relaxation was modulated independent of the initial elastic modulus by varying molecular weight and concentration of PEG along with calcium crosslinking of the alginate. Increased concentration and molecular weight of the PEG resulted in faster stress relaxation, a higher loss modulus, and increased creep. Interestingly, we found that stress relaxation of the hydrogels is determined by the total mass amount of PEG in the hydrogel, and not the molecular weight or concentration of PEG chains alone. We then evaluated the utility of these hydrogels for 3D cell culture. Faster relaxation in RGD-coupled alginate-PEG hydrogels led to increased spreading and proliferation of fibroblasts, and enhanced osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Thus, this work establishes a new materials approach to tuning stress relaxation in alginate hydrogels for 3D cell culture.

Physicochemical characterization of PEG-modified PbO2 coatings electrodeposited from a methanesulfonate bath

This study explores the preparation and application of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified PbO2 electrodes. The PEG-modified PbO2 coatings were electrodeposited on a Ti/SnO2-Sb substrate from a methanesulfonate electrolytic bath containing different amounts of PEG. Structural and morphologic characterization was carried out for the deposited electrodes. The presence of PEG in the deposition bath represses the nucleation process and grain growth process in PbO2 deposition. Increasing PEG addition results in an increased [Formula: see text]-PbO2 content and decreased crystallite size. At a limited PEG addition [Formula: see text]4 g/L, a rough and pyramidal surface morphology is presented in the PbO2 coatings. A higher PEG addition at 6 g/L leads to a dense and smooth coating surface yet with less uniformity. Electrochemical characterization reveals a great electrocatalytic activity for the modified PbO2 electrodes when the PEG addition is [Formula: see text]4 g/L.

Polyethylene glycol–modified molybdenum oxide as NIR photothermal agent and its ablation ability for HeLa cells

Molybdenum oxide, as one of the important transition metal semiconductor materials with photothermal property, has received increasing attention in the field of catalysis, sensing, energy storage, and clinical biomedicine. To improve its certain limitations such as poor biocompatibility and easy agglomeration during application as biomaterials and promote its performance as photothermal agent in biomedical fields, polyethylene glycol (PEG)–modified molybdenum oxide was synthesized and the synthesis conditions during the hydrothermal process, including the pH values and the amount of PEG added, were adjusted. Owing to the reduction function of PEG, as-obtained PEG-MoOx showed good photostability and colloidal stability, which were beneficial to its application in long-term clinical photothermal therapy. In addition, cell experiments indicated that PEG-MoOx particles exhibited low cytotoxicity and ability of photothermal killing for HeLa cells. With the increase PEG-MoOx particles in solution, the photothermal ablation ability of PEG-MoOx particles for the HeLa cells was enhanced under an 808-nm NIR laser irradiation. Hence, PEG-MoOx particles have great potential in the photothermal treatment of diseases.

Rheological and mechanical properties of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene/high density polyethylene/polyethylene glycol blends

Abstract Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) possesses many excellent properties, but poor processability. There are many ways to improve the processability of UHMWPE, but most of which will compromise its other outstanding properties. The effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) on the rheological and mechanical properties of UHMWPE were investigated in this paper, and the UHMWPE blends were prepared by twin screw extruder. The addition of PEG can remarkably improve the processability of UHMWPE, so the UHMWPE/PEG (100/4) blends can be steadily extruded from the capillary. In addition, the apparent shear viscosity, storage modulus, loss modulus and the complex viscosity decrease with the increasing amount of PEG. However, the mechanical properties of UHMWPE/PEG blends decrease as the PEG content increase. The incorporation of HDPE can further improve the processability of the UHMWPE/PEG blends and reduce its apparent shear viscosity, storage modulus, loss modulus and complex viscosity. Mechanical properties test reveals that the best ratio of UHMWPE/HDPE is 60/40. Compared with UHMWPE/PEG (100/4), the tensile strength, flexural strength, and flexural modulus of UHMWPE/HDPE/PEG (60/40/4) increase by 13.8%, 25.7%, and 32.5%, respectively.

Use of artificial neural networks for analysis of the factors affecting particle size in mebudipine nanoemulsion

In this study, a nanoemulsion containing mebudipine [composed of ethyl oleate (oil phase), Tween 80 (T80), Span 80 (S80) (surfactants), polyethylene glycol 400, ethanol (cosurfactants), and deionized water] was prepared with the aim of improving its bioavailability for an effective antihypertensive therapy. Particle size of the formulation was measured by dynamic light scattering. Then, artificial neural networks were used in identifying factors that influence the particle size of the nanoemulsion. Three variables, namely, amount of surfactant system (T80 + S80), amount of polyethylene glycol, and amount of ethanol as cosurfactants, were considered as input values and the particle size was used as output. The developed model showed that all the three inputs had some degrees of effect on particles size: increasing the value of each input decreased the size. Furthermore, amount of surfactant was found to be the dominant factor in controlling the final particle size of nanoemulsion.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma