Amount Of Municipal Solid Waste Research Articles

Algorithm of the Software Modules Interaction for Managing the Collection and Transportation of Municipal Solid Waste

The article is devoted to research of automation of collecting and transporting municipal solid waste. The aim of the article is development of methodology for substantiating the selection and evaluation of the economic efficiency of the software for managing the collection and transportation of the municipal solid waste. The mathematical models, which are used to predict the type and amount of waste, are considered. A multiplicity of parameters, characterizing municipal solid waste collecting and transporting, was determined. The resulting multiplicity of parameters allows tracking the implementation of the municipal solid waste collecting and transporting cycle. The end of the cycle occurs at the balance between the amount of municipal solid waste, generated by multitenant apartment management organizations and the amount of municipal solid waste, unloaded from garbage trucks to sorting organizations. The composition and functionality of the software modules set for automation of collecting and transporting municipal solid waste was substantiated. Software modules set uses mathematical models to determine the routes for the garbage trucks movement, which corresponds to the minimum costs. The order of the software modules interaction and the conditions, under which the implementation of the software modules set will be cost-effective, are considered.

Development of models for the prediction of energy content of fresh municipal solid waste from an unsecured landfill in India.

The enormous quantities of municipal solid waste (MSW) generation in Indian cities has emerged as a serious concern. In order to reduce the negative environmental impacts of MSW accumulation in dumpsites or unsecured landfills across India, various measures have been proposed to facilitate conversion of MSW into a valuable resource. One such measure is the immense potential for utilization of MSW as a source of energy. In this study, a comprehensive estimation of the energy potential of freshly dumped MSW has been conducted at a large unsecured landfill site in Okhla, Delhi, which is the capital city of India. Multiple regression models were developed to predict gross calorific value (GCV) and net calorific value (NCV) of MSW in terms of physical composition, proximate analysis and ultimate analysis of the waste. The developed models were found to give a reasonably good prediction of energy content of freshly dumped MSW in the landfill. Food waste, inerts, textile and paper were found to be the prime constituents of fresh MSW arriving at the landfill site. Based on the statistical analysis, volatile matter content and oxygen content of MSW were found to be non-significant terms in the energy content models derived using proximate analysis and ultimate analysis, respectively. The models developed in this study can be used to predict energy content of MSW at other landfill sites in India under similar climatic conditions and disposal practices.

Integrated approach in municipal solid waste management in COVID-19 pandemic: Perspectives of a developing country like India in a global scenario

The COVID-19 pandemic has created a global emergency crisis in terms of socio-economic-environmental challenges. Such crisis has altered generation and disposal of wastes both in terms of qualitative as well as quantitative aspects and poses real challenges to the policy makers to arrive at decision to ensure sustainable management of environment. The present study tries to reflect the challenges faced by the existing waste management framework to combat huge waste generation. Developing country like India, ranks second among the COVID positive cases across world which results into an enormous hike in biomedical waste generation. Therefore, the present study has attempted to highlight and discuss all those newly generated problems in view of ongoing global pandemic with the necessity of chalking out strategies integrating different traditional, modern and newly proposed waste management strategies to tackle the deteriorating environmental problems especially in respect of generation, collection, disposition and recycling of huge amount of municipal solid wastes alongside assessing different guidelines as imposed by different Government agencies for handling of municipal solid wastes under this global crisis. Despite very limited literatures, the study has tried to emphasize the role of different existing processes as well as provide recommendations for improvement in waste management sectors in order to meet the challenges of ongoing and future crisis out of pandemic.

Nutrient Enriched Municipal Solid Waste Compost Increases Yield, Nutrient Content and Balance in Rice

Globally a huge amount of municipal solid waste (MSW) is being produced which is very difficult to dispose. Composting of MSW is one of the options of solid waste recycling, but its use by the farmers is limited because of its low nutrient status. This study has considered some organic amendments to increase nutrient status of MSW compost for its potential use as an organic fertilizer in rice cultivation. We prepared three types of amended compost by mixing 20% mustard oil cake (MOC) and 30% poultry manure (PM) or cow dung (CD) or sugarcane press mud (SPM) with 50% MSW compost. The inoculum of Trichoderma viride was used to accelerate the composting process. The use of different amendments improved the nutrient level of MSW compost. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the performances of amended MSW composts alone and in combination with chemical fertilizers on yield, nutrient content and balance in rice (var. BRRI dhan28). The experiment was conducted in 2018 at Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) farm, Mymensingh having silt loam texture, pH in water of 6.7 and 2.79% organic matter; the soil was Aeric Haplaquept under the order Inceptisols. There were 10 treatments consisting of chemical fertilizers (urea, triple superphosphate, muriate of potash, gypsum and zinc sulphate) and four types of MSW compost (three amended and one unamended). Based on the results of yield and N, P, K and S concentration of rice grain, the treatment containing 50% fertilizers +10 t ha−1 of amended compost (MSW + MOC + SPM in a ratio of 5:2:3) performed the best. There were apparent negative balances for N (11–45 kg ha−1) and K (6–48 kg ha−1), and positive balances for P (8–71 kg ha−1) and S (4–46 kg ha−1) in soils, across the treatments. Results of this study have significant value in fertilizer management strategies for rice cultivation in sub-tropical countries.

Site selection for waste vegetable oil and waste battery collection boxes: a GIS-based hybrid hesitant fuzzy decision-making approach.

The amount of municipal solid waste (MSW) has been increasing rapidly in the urban centres of developing countries during the last few decades; however, municipal solid waste management (MSWM) remains inadequate. One of the largest aspects of cost of the MSWM system is the collection of waste. This paper describes a methodology that combines geographic information systems (GIS), hesitant fuzzy linguistic term set (HFLTS), and the full multiplicative form of multi-objective optimization by ratio analysis (MULTIMOORA), to determine suitable locations for waste collection boxes (named AYPIKUT), which have been designed specifically for collection of domestic waste vegetable oil and waste batteries. It takes as case study, Atakum, a district of Samsun city, Turkey. As a solution to the problem, first, a total of 88 items have been identified for consideration by seven criteria elicited from the insights of experts, and spatial analyses were performed. Multi-criteria HFLTS was then used to determine weights of the criteria. Population density was the most significant criterion affecting the selection process, and proximity to housing complexes with more than 150 dwellings was the least important. According to the weights of the seven criteria, and three rules determined by the experts, 15 AYPIKUT locations were identified using GIS. As a final step, the alternative locations (A1-A15) were ranked with the MULTIMOORA method. A5 was the most suitable site, and A6 was the least suitable site for an AYPIKUT. The results indicated the ability of the proposed model to select the suitable locations for waste collection box.

Research on Classification and Recycling Technologies of Municipal Solid Wastes—A Case Study in Shanghai

With the improvement of people's living standard in China, the amount of municipal solid wastes (MSW) has been increasing year by year, and resulted in serious environmental issues. Developing diverse classification and recycling technologies for treating municipal solid wastes is an effective solution to such problem, which can maximizes the utilization of wastes, reduces the amount of waste disposal and improves the living environment. This paper analyzes the Shanghai municipal wastes sorting programmed and concludes the following reasons for its first-stage success, including a well-designed recycling structure, a high-value food wastes reduction and recycling system, a low value-added wastes re-utilization system, various treatment technologies and the corresponding policy supports.

Physicochemical Characteristics of Landfill Leachate from Simpang Renggam Landfill Site, Johor, Malaysia

The worldwide increasing amount of municipal solid waste causes a major problem in managing waste as well as requires an effective solution to manage the waste generation. In Malaysia, landfilling is the main alternative technique for managing solid waste. In the same way, the main advantage of having a landfill is that it is easy to operate and comparatively lower in cost. Thus, in Malaysia, total 296 municipal solid waste landfills are open to overcome this issue. Drawbacks of landfilling can includes; i) generation of noxious gases, ii) leachate wastewater contamination of both ground and surface water, iii) problems such as odor, noise, and dust, iv) attraction of disease vectors and, v) the requirement for considerable land area. This present research study focuses on the characterization of Simpang Renggam Landfill (SRLS) Site such as its organic constitutes (mg/L), Ammoniacal Nitrogen (mg/L), SS (mg/L), BOD5/COD, BOD5 (mg/L), and pH. All the analyzed results were compared with the past researchers’ researches and also were compared with Malaysian Environmental Quality Act 1974. From the results, it is concluded that the Simpang Renggam Landfill Site was characterized old (stabilized) landfill leachate wastewater with BOD5/COD > 0.1. For the SRL site, it is recommended that physical-chemical method is better fitted for the leachate wastewater treatment and the aerated lagoon technique does not support the treatment of aging leachate.

Forecasting municipal solid waste quantity using artificial neural network and supported vector machine techniques: A case study of Johannesburg, South Africa

Detailed prediction of the amounts of municipal solid waste (MSW) is very crucial for planning and management of MSW in a sustainable manner. Forecasting of MSW quantity is usually very challenging owing to unavailability of data in the low-income countries (LCs) and where data are available, they are often unreliable. The aim of this study is to forecast MSW generated in the City of Johannesburg (CoJ), South Africa with the projection period in continuing guesstimates by using machine learning approach. Two of machine learning algorithms namely: artificial neural network (ANN) and supported vector machine (SVM) were employed to forecast the quantity of MSW that would be generated in the CoJ. The forecast was based on historical data obtained from Statistics South Africa (STATS SA) and the projection was made up to 2050. The data pre-testing and incorporation structure was built in MATLAB simulation software to generate datasets having satisfactory information capacity and characteristic designed for modeling. From the result obtained, it was observed that machine learning algorithm is effective for the development of models for MSW forecasting. In the ANN models, the 10 neurons structure (ANN10) performed best with a determination coefficient (R2) of 99.9%, while in the SVM models, the linear model performed best with R2 of 98.6%. From the results obtained from the ANN10 model, the total amount of MSW generated per year in the City of Johannesburg is envisaged to get to 1.95 × 106 tonnes in 2050 with an average annual waste of 1.78 x 106 tonnes.

Greenhouse gas emission mitigation potential from municipal solid waste treatment: A combined SD-LMDI model

Fast urbanization and economic prosperity generate huge amount of municipal solid waste (MSW). It is therefore critical to identify the determinants of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from MSW treatment and prepare potential GHG mitigation measures. A combined System Dynamics - Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index model is developed to identify the driving forces of GHG emission generated from MSW treatment and explore the mitigation potentials. Shanghai, a typical megacity in China is selected as a case study. Results showed that economic development, population scale and emission intensity were driving forces to induce GHG emissions from MSW treatment, while generation intensity and treatment structure were the factors to mitigate GHG emissions from MSW during 2000–2017. Scenario analysis further revealed that landfill gas utilization and MSW separation improvement were the most effective measures in reducing GHG emissions from MSW treatment, leading to about 88.07% and 85.48% of reduction compared with the business-as-usual scenario in 2050. Scenarios of improving incineration rate, reducing per capita MSW generation and restricting population growth will reduce GHG emissions by 72.29%, 30.06% and 0.30%, respectively. Utilizing landfill gas, improving MSW separation and promoting green behaviors are suggested to mitigate GHG emissions from MSW treatment.

Overview of public-private partnerships in the waste-to-energy incineration industry in China: Status, opportunities, and challenges

To accommodate the rapidly increasing amount of municipal solid waste (MSW) sustainably and effectively, public-private partnership (PPP) waste-to-energy (WTE) incineration has achieved rapid growth in China. This study provides an insight into current practice and identifies key opportunities and major challenges in the further development of PPP implemented in China's WTE incineration industry. The results show that the public-private-partnership market is currently under a period of rapid expansion, with a large number of well-funded and highly professional public-private partnership suppliers emerging in recent decades, but at a level of market concentration that is significantly lower than in mature markets such as in the United States and Japan. Meanwhile, excellent market potential and preferential policies, as well as booming technological innovations, provide sufficient motivation for further development. However, the quality and quantity of municipal solid waste supplied, emerging public opposition, policy changes and the development dilemmas involved are major challenges to the sustainable and healthy development of the waste-to-energy incineration industry in China. These findings make strong contributions and have both theoretical and practical implications for researchers and practitioners, including policymakers and incineration professionals in the PPP WTE incineration industry.

Hiri-hondakinen balorizazioa digestio anaerobioaren bidez

Urtez urte mundu-mailan ekoizturiko hiri-hondakin solidoen (HHS) kantitatea handituz doa. Beraz, gaur egun hiri-hondakinen kudeaketa egokia gizartearen erronka nagusietarikoa da. Halaber, erregai fosilen erabilerak ingurumenean eragindako kalteak nabarmenak dira. Horrez gaiz, jakina da energia-iturri hau agortzen ari dela. Digestio anaerobioa (DA) hiri-hondakinak kudeatzeko erabiltzen den metodoa da, eta energia berriztagarri gisa hartzen da; izan ere, hiri-hondakinetatik energia-iturria (biogasa) ekoizten da. Lan honetan, hiri-hondakinen zati organikoaren balioztapenerako DAren metodoa aztertuko da. Lehendabizi, hondakin solidoen arazoa eta haiek balioztatzeko aukera desberdinak aztertuko dira. Ondoren, DAren oinarriak zehaztuko dira, eta udal-hondakinen DA prozesuko lau etapak aztertu. Amaitzeko, operazio-baldintzek eta digestio-sistema desberdinek duten eragina aztertuko da.

Municipal Solid Waste Quantity, Ingredients, and Site Disposal Problems in Pshdar District in Sulaimanyah: Iraqi Kurdistan Region, Iraq

Over the past years, the high generation of municipal solid waste has been identified as a considerable global environmental issue, due to population growth, economic development, and the industrial revolution. The present research study was conducted to evaluate the quantity, ingredients, and generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) in Pshdar district during winter and summer in 2019. The results revealed that the average of solid waste production in the district reached 94 tons/day and 0.761kg-capita/day. The most abundant MSW constituents are organic matter forming 75.71% of MSW of the district, followed by 13.18% of plastic content and the least ingredient is metal 0.93%. While the average ratio of paper and cardboard, textile and leather, and glass waste ingredients are 3.74%, 4.85%, and 1.66% respectively. The seasonal effect on solid waste content has been observed obviously in this research, more specifically in organic matter and textile & leather, as well as in waste generation rate. Organic matter increased from 70.73% to 80.68% from winter to summer, while, percentage of textile and leather significantly declined from 6.93% to 2.76% from winter to summer. Similarly, waste generation rate was reduced from wet to dry season from 0.846kg-cap/day to 0.676kg-cap/day.

Attitude of Chinese public towards municipal solid waste sorting policy: A text mining study

With the acceleration of urban development, the amount of municipal solid waste (MSW) has increased dramatically. In order to recycle MSW more efficiently, a compulsory policy of sorting MSW has been enacted in China. According to the existing literature, attitude is an important factor affecting public's MSW sorting behavior. To explore the Chinese residents' emotional tendency towards the MSW sorting policy, this study analyzed the data of Sina Weibo users and their comments on related popular posts. Meanwhile, text mining technology was employed to analyze the collected data. Results showed that although a large proportion of the Chinese public has a positive attitude towards the MSW sorting policy, the proportion of people with negative emotions reached nearly half. In addition, it was found that the Chinese people in different regions pay different attentions to the MSW sorting policy. Results further revealed that the main reasons for the public's negative emotions were fines, MSW sorting rules, fees, timing of throwing waste, and irregular recycling procedures. By providing the public sentiment analysis of MSW sorting, this study can serve as a policy guide for practitioners and policy-makers to link current research areas into social development.

The impact of incineration phase-out on municipal solid waste landfilling and life cycle environmental performance: Case study of Madrid, Spain

Reducing the amount of municipal solid waste (MSW) fed to incineration while enhancing source separation and biological treatments is being considered a mean to protect the environment and human health and promote recycling. However, such a strategy can compromises the landfill reduction targets while the associated environmental benefits remain so far unexplored and, in any case, any potential benefit should be evaluated for specific situations. In this study we applied material flow analysis (MFA) and life cycle assessment (LCA) to quantitatively evaluate the potential impact of phasing-out incineration in Madrid, Spain. The current MSW management system was assessed against future scenarios that describe the elimination of incineration as well as the increase of source separation, recycling, composting, and anaerobic digestion. The results revealed that incineration phase-out jeopardizes landfill reduction. However, phasing-out incineration can reduce the impact on acidification, terrestrial and marine eutrophication, photochemical ozone formation, human toxicity cancer effects, and ecotoxicity. The climate impact ranges from irrelevant to largely beneficial depending on how the biogenic carbon is considered. The transition towards a renewable electricity mix and the increase in source separation of biodegradable waste seriously compromise the climate benefits of incineration over landfilling. Overall, actions are required in order to align incineration phase-out with the landfill reduction objective, namely upgrading material recovery facilities to reduce rejects and seeking alternative pathways for the rejects that will always exist.

An analysis of renewable electricity generation potential from municipal solid waste: a case study (Khuzestan Province, Iran)

A consequence of urbanization and rapid economic development is a huge quantity of municipal solid waste (MSW), which could be considered as a promising source for renewable electricity generation. This study was aimed to assess the renewable electricity generation potential in Khuzestan Province from MSW through anaerobic digestion (AD) and gasification technologies. The results showed that Khuzestan Province has the potential to generate approximately 17,678 GW of MSW-based bio-power annually. As a result, in addition to earning about 167 thousand USD, around 6.7 thousand tons of CO2eq emission could also be avoided. Also, the GIS-based Fuzzy-AHP method was applied to select the most suitable location to construct MSW power plants. Approximately, 30% of the province’s area is suitable to construct such bio-power plants. The findings provide basic scientific evidence for the government to draw a roadmap toward reducing GHG emissions by converting MSW to renewable electricity in Khuzestan Province.

Increasing gaps between materials demand and materials recycling rates: A historical perspective for evolution of consumer products and waste quantities

Advancements in product design towards increasingly more compact and efficient systems have created challenges for recycling and materials recovery due to lack of appropriate infrastructure and mechanisms for collection as well as lack of appropriate materials recovery mechanisms and processes for discarded consumer goods. During the period from 1960 to 2015, the world population has increased from about 3 billion to over 6 billion. During the same period, the municipal solid waste quantities have more than doubled globally (from 1.5 million tons/day in 1960 to 4.0 million tons/day in 2015). Due to relatively short use times, especially for high tech consumer products, the number of obsolete products and waste quantities have been increasing exponentially. The American Chemical Society has identified 44 of the 118 elements in the periodic table as endangered and to become extinct in their ore forms within the next 80 years. Nine elements are in serious threat of extinction in the next 100 years, 7 are in rising threat from increasing use elements, and 28 are in future risk of supply. Some elements used in high tech products and industrial applications (e.g., cordless power goods, LCD displays, wind turbines, magnets, rechargeable batteries, smartphones) have shown significant oscillations in their prices during the last decade. Price oscillations for some elements are likely to occur more frequently and with increasing amplitudes in the coming decades as their availability is jeopardized due to increasing demand as well as political and economic challenges for materials supply. Mechanisms for establishing effective waste management and recycling infrastructures for discarded products, similar to that of supply chain management, are needed for sustainable use and management of available material ores on Earth's crust that can support the infusion of technology and use in consumer products.

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of municipal solid waste in Iran for implementation of best waste management practice: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

With the rapid growth of population, development of different industries, and production of several ranges of products, the generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) has been growing significantly in the recent years. However, if MSW is not managed properly, it can greatly contribute to an environmental crisis. In the present study, we aimed to examine the characteristics and quantity of MSW generated in Iran through a meta-analysis and systematic review. The major international and Iranian national databases including Science direct, Scopus, PubMed, Google scholar, and SID and Magiran were searched completely using appropriate keywords to identify the articles that have been published from 2003 up to November 2019 on the topic on interest. Based on the inclusion criteria, a number of 13 papers were found eligible to be reviewed in this study. The results showed that the amount of generated waste per capita in Iran is 839g/capita/day. Moreover, organic matters, paper and cardboard, plastics, glasses, textiles, rubber, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), metals (ferrous and non-ferrous), wood materials, and other wastes were found to be contributed to 65.85%, 8.79%, 8.39%, 2.73%, 2.74%, 1.18%, 1.07%, 2.83%, 1.20%, and 5.22% of total MSW in Iran, respectively. Due to the high level of organic waste in MSW stream in Iran, composting program is recommended as a practical and beneficial approach. Of note, the recyclable materials include plastic, PET, glass, metals, and paper and cardboard have accounted for 24.05% of total MSW in Iran.

Comparison of municipal solid waste treatment capacity in China: a tournament graph method

The amount of municipal solid waste generated has been increasing leaps and bounds in China over the years, causing widespread concern over the society’s capability to manage urban solid waste. Assessing the capacity for urban solid waste treatment has, therefore, become increasingly important. A pilot program focusing on municipal solid waste source-separated collection was launched in China’s eight major cities in 2000. Using the method of coefficient of variation to determine the appropriate index system weight, we developed a tournament graph method to assess and rank the capacity of municipal solid waste treatment across eight pilot cities. The results reveal the following ranking of solid waste treatment capacity: Shanghai, Beijing, Hangzhou, Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Nanjing, Xiamen and Guilin. Among the eight cities, Guilin appears the weakest in the capacity of solid waste treatment. The evaluation results are basically consistent with the present situation. In addition, this study found that differences in investment in treatment facilities led to a gap in the quality and quantity of waste treatment equipment, which resulted in widening differences in treatment capacity among the eight pilot cities. The tournament graph method helps identify and understand the strength of the top-ranked pilot cities in municipal solid waste treatment capacity.

The relationship between MSW and education: WKC evidence from 25 OECD countries

Nowadays municipal solid waste (MSW) has become a vital part of the economy, both as an output of human activities and as an input in the economy through material or energy recovery. Education has been shown to be closely related to the amount of MSW generated. The present research uses panel data obtained for 25 world counties for the years 1995–2016 and the examined variables include MSW, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and education level. Through econometric methods, the present paper accounts for the presence of cross section dependence and uses appropriate panel unit root tests to discover feasible cointegrated relationships. Also it strongly accounts for the interdependence between MSW, economic growth and education level. Based on these, the validity of the Waste Kuznets Curve (WKC) hypothesis is redefined. Specifically, an inverted U-shape relationship is observed both in the static and dynamic analyses for MSW. The calculated turning points although quite high they are in all cases within the sample. In all specifications the sign of education level is negative as expected. Therefore it is shown that education can act as an effective tool to enhance pro-environmental behaviour leading in turn to lower MSW arisings.

A stochastic frontier analysis of the efficiency of municipal solid waste collection services in China

Governments in many developing countries, such as China, are investing a lot of human, financial and material resources to ensure that as much of municipal solid waste (MSW) as possible is collected for centralized harmless treatment and disposal. This is regarded as an effective way to alleviate the “waste siege” problem in governance caused by the continuous enormous increase in MSW quantity. Therefore, how to improve the efficiency of MSW collection service system is an important governance issue because the inputs that can be utilized to manage MSW problem are limited due to budget and resource constraints. However, studies on MSW collection efficiency in developing countries like China are under-represented in the existing literature. This paper applies a stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) approach to evaluate the efficiency of MSW collection services in 30 provinces of China from 2008 to 2017, and explore the relative importance of several factors that might influence collection efficiency. The results indicate that there exists considerable room (62.8%) to enhance efficiency since its current efficiency value is merely 0.372. With regard to influencing factors, the proportion of population aged 15–64 appears to have the greatest positive impact on efficiency, along with per capita GDP, added value of tertiary industry and education level. This paper also explores spatial variations of MSW collection efficiency across the eastern, central and western regions. These findings have policy implications and can inform the related government departments how to formulate proper policies to improve collection efficiency.