Amount Of Grains Research Articles

Consequences of the presence of toxicogenic mold fungi in grain

Goal. To study how the content of fusarium grains and the products of the vital activity of the Fusarium fungus in wheat changes during its storage. To establish within what limits the number of mycotoxins in wheat grains grown in the Vinnytsia region varies. Methods. Grains with signs of fusarium were identified in samples isolated from average samples using a magnifying glass (magnification 4.5 times) and a microscope of the MBS type (magnification 100–150 times) under sufficient lighting. The presence of mycotoxins was determined by the immunoenzymatic method, which involved the use of test systems and the Sunrise analyzer. Results. Among wheat grain samples examined in 2019, 45.2% were affected by the fusarium fungus, 71.4% of those examined in 2020, and 87.5% of those examined in 2021. That is, there is a tendency to increase the amount of grain affected by fungi of the genus Fusarium. But if in 2019 there were samples with a share of fusarium grain up to 11%, and in 2020 — up to 18, then in 2021 the maximum damage was 8.1%. That is, there are various factors influencing the spread of these mushrooms, and they must be studied. It was established that during the storage of wheat, which contained 0.7% of fusarium grain, its infection with the fungus increased — that was confirmed by the increase in the index of waste admixture. In such a grain, the mass fraction of protein decreased and the number of mycotoxins increased. Thus, the content of deoxynivalenone can increase to 2.92 mg/kg, i.e. 2.6 times, which significantly exceeds its permissible level (1–2 mg/kg) in fodder grain. The conducted studies, during which it was established that in wheat grain, which was put into storage and contained 0.5% of Fusarium grain, the content of deoxynivalenone increased by 3-4 times, zearalenone — by 7.3, and T2 toxin — by 30 times. Conclusions. Over the past three years, they observed an increase in the contamination of grain crops with Fusarium wilt and, as a result, an increase in the content of mycotoxins in it. It was established that in grain affected by 0.5% Fusarium wilt after 3 months, the storage may contain up to 3.51 mg/kg of deoxynivalenone, 3.51 of zearalenone, and up to 0.6 mg/kg of T2 toxin. It should be remembered that the grain that is put into storage and already contains mycotoxins will accumulate them in the future, therefore, control of such grain for the number of fungal by-products is mandatory.

Effects of Biodegradable Plastic Film on Carbon Footprint of Crop Production

Polyethylene film mulch (PM) is a kind of widely used technology to improve crop yields worldwide; however, because of a problem related with plastic residual pollution, it has gradually been replaced by biodegradable plastic film mulch (BDP). Although BDP has helped to solve the plastic residual pollution, its consequences in terms of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have rarely been revealed. Related knowledge is important for forming low-carbon development strategies for the plastic industry and agriculture. The objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of BDP on GHG emissions at different stages of its life cycle, and determine whether replacing polyethylene (PE) film with BDP film is a helpful way to reduce national GHG emissions. The results of this study suggest that the application of BDP improved the GHG emissions associated with agricultural inputs, but induced lower GHG emissions at the growing stage and the waste disposal stage, and resulted in lower total area-scale GHG emissions. Compared to the no mulch (NM) cultivation system, the yield-scale carbon footprint was reduced in both the PM and BDP cultivation systems, which meant that both PM and BDP produced lower GHG emissions than NM for the production of the same amount of grain. It was concluded that BDP is not only a measure to control the problem of plastic residue pollution in agriculture, but it can also mitigate the GHG emissions.

Effects of Macleaya cordata extract supplementation on digestive parameters of ponies

ABSTRACT High amounts of grains in the equine diet led to high starch intake, causing gut alterations. Aimed at reducing harmful effects, Macleaya cordata extract (MCE) is a phytogenic additive that stands out for its antibiotic and anti-inflammatory effects proven in different species. However, there is no useful information for horses. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different levels of the inclusion of commercial MCE on body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), total apparent digestibility (AD) of nutrients, faecal pH and fermentative products, on ponies fed a high-starch diet. Eight healthy gelding Mini Horse ponies were used. The study design was contemporary double Latin-square 4 × 4 in the experimental unit, with the animal inside each experimental period (n = 8 experimental units per group). The experiment was conducted over four 20-d periods. Basal diet attended 1.75% BW dry matter daily and starch intake was 2.2 g/kg BW/meal. The experimental groups were as follows: control – without food additive; S1–1 mg/kg BW MCE; S1.5–1.5 mg/kg BW MCE and S2–2 mg/kg BW MCE. The data were analysed by PROC MIXED of SAS (p < 0.05). Tendency was considered when 0.05 < p < 0.1. Our results showed higher ether extract (EE) AD for S2 group (63.75%) when compared with the control (54.55%) (p = 0.0377). Lactate was lower (p = 0.0391) in S1 (3.27 mmol/l) and S2 (3.24 mmol/l) groups, although pH was not different between groups. Iso-valerate was greater in S1 group (2.29 mmol/l; p = 0.0289), and a tendency of higher butyrate values was found for S1 and S2 groups (p = 0.0980). We concluded that MCE supplementation probably positively influences equine resident microbiota, improving EE AD and increasing iso-valerate concentration. It can also minimise harmful high-starch impact. We recommend further studies using MCE in horses for a better understanding of its local activity and possible benefits.

Pengaruh Padi Lokal Jambi dan Padi Unggul Nasional terhadap Pengaplikasian Biochar di Lahan Rawa Pasang Surut

This study aims to provide information on the effective and efficient provision of rice husk biochar and betel nut biochar for the growth and production of rice crops in tidal marshlands. The research was carried out in community rice fields located in Pembengis Village, Bram Itam District, Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency, Jambi Province with a height of 3 meters above sea level (masl). This study used a Randomized Group Design (RAK) with two factors, the first treatment factor is the rice plant variety consisting of local varieties of white works, high strong local varieties, high-yielding varieties of inpara 3 and superior varieties of inpari 32, the second treatment factor is biochar consisting of no biochar as a control, rice husk biochar and betel nut coir biochar. Each treatment is repeated 3 times. The variables observed were plant height, maximum number of saplings per clump, number of productive saplings, panicle length, amount of grain per panicle, percentage of hollowness per panicle, yield of milled dry grain, weight of 100 grains of grain, length of roots and amount of grain contents per panicle. The results showed that the application of biochar to superior and local rice plants had a significant influence on several variables. There was an interaction between high-yielding varieties and local varieties with the application of rice husk biochar and betel nut coir biochar in tidal marshlands.

Investigation of maize grains penetrating holes on a novel screen based on CFD-DEM simulation

Maize cleaning is one of the important processes in maize cleaning operations. To enhance the screening performance of the bionic screen further, the screening process of maize mixture was simulated by CFD-DEM, and the simulation results were validated experimentally. The behaviour of grains penetrating the bionic screen under different gestures was investigated. The grains that penetrate the screen holes by falling, rolling, and sliding account for 22.2%, 35.8%, and 42.0% of the total grains penetrating the screen holes. The results show that the grains exhibiting sliding and rolling behaviour are more easily able to penetrate the screen holes. The quantity of grains penetrating the screen holes in the plates 1–8 is gradually increased from 0 to 79, and the grains penetrate the screen holes better during the screen plates flattening upward. This study can provide a basis for designing a new screen and improving cleaning performance.

Insecticidal activity of the Mentha arvensis L. essential oil on stored grain pest Callosobruchus maculatus F.

Stored grain insect pests are becoming the foremost threat for reducing nutritional quality and quantity of grains in the storages worldwide. The pulse beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus F. is one the most serious post-harvest pest threat to stored legumes in tropical and subtropical regions. Today, for their control using eco-friendly and sustainable methods over the traditional chemical control are very crucial. In our study, an attempt was made to find the potency of the essential oil by two physical methods to control the beetle by using a common pulse grain – Vigna radiata L. (green gram). The repellency, fumigant and contact toxicity of the essential oil extracted from Mentha arvensis L. were checked by direct and indirect methods. Indirect method showed better results as the oil had prevented the pest from feeding on the grains. The Mentha arvensis essential oil was further screened for its chemical constituents by the technique of Gas Chromatography. The essential oil had high content of Menthol along with other constituents such as l-Menthone, Isomenthone, Menthol acetate, D-Limonene. Menthol which could all be responsible for the essential oil’s significant insecticidal property against Callosobruchus maculatus.

Syntheses and Characterization of Chitosan-Expired Amoxicillin/Natural Rubber Copolymers for Slow-Release Fertilizer

As the global population rises, so does the urgency with which the agricultural sector must increase crop output to keep up with demand. The spread of nutrient deficiencies in the soil led to economic losses and a significant decrease in nutritional quality and total quantity of grains for humans and livestock. Fertilizers can increase nutrient use efficiency through the slow release mechanism and targeted or controlled delivery. Coating fertilizers with polymers is one of the most important and effective aspects of slow-release fertilizers in the soil. In this study, urea fertilizer was coated with a grafted polymer prepared from chitosan and expired amoxicillin using condensation reaction and vulcanized with natural rubber using tetramethyl thiuram disulfide (TMTD) as catalyst. The expired amoxicillin improved the diffusion of the fertilizer. The FTIR results confirmed the presence of azomethine group in chitosan/expired amoxicillin. The swelling, water retention, slow release of urea, biodegradation and remoter tests of the chitosan/NR/expired amoxicillin compounds were characterized. The slow release rate of urea was decreased with the increase in the concentration of amoxicillin. The highest release percentage in soil media was 2.69 g/L for the B2 blend. The highest swelling ratio was 189.482 % for the C4 blend while the highest water retention was 75.69% for the B2 blend. It was also shown a good biodegradability, where the highest concentration of amoxicillin with chitosan gave the highest rate of biodegradation to be 14.63% for C4. The homogeneity of the mixtures was studied by FE-SEM technique. It was concluded that the C1-4 blends were the best for slow-release fertilizer application.

Waterproofing performance of polypropylene – concrete wall of underground silo under combined compressive stress and water pressure

Safe, economical and high-quality storage of huge amount of grain for a longer duration under COVID-19 is a challenge and underground storage is a good alternative due to stable temperature, less cooling consumption and better pest control effect. However, the underground silo has very high requirement of waterproof and the performance of underground silo under combined compression and water pressure was rarely studied. In this study, a new composite structure, polypropylene – concrete wall (PPCW) for underground silo was proposed. Total three PPCWs with different size were manufactured to test the waterproofing features under joint effect of compression and hydropower of water. The strains, lateral displacement and cracking conditions of PPCWs were investigated. According to the experimental results, the PP board and concrete presented very good performance of interaction working under compression. The maximum water pressure of the specimens with stud spacing of 250mm increased by about 15.7% compared with that of the specimens with stud spacing of 350mm. The welding and strength of PP board has the greatest influence on the ultimate performance of PPCW. Based on the empirical coefficient method of concrete flat-slab and tested results, a new modified method was proposed to predict the bending moment at mid-span of PPCW by using an adjustment coefficient, Rm. Considering this experimental case only, the adopting a Rm = 0.64 could control the relative errors between test and analysis under 15.6%.

Problems of cow health in dairy farming: known and unknown aspects

The article reflects the problematic aspects underlying the development of pathobiochemical processes, disorders of energy metabolism and pathophysiological conditions of cows. Currently, it is generally recognized that no feed sources can meet the high energy needs of high-yielding cows. Moreover, attempts to increase the energy capacity of feed by introducing a large amount of grain concentrates into the diet of high-yielding cows inevitably leads to a violation of the evolutionarily developed digestion. And not only. Orientation to the concentrate type of cow feeding, in which easily fermentable starch predominates, generates the problem of severe acidosis. The fact is that starch of grain concentrates causes a high rate of glycolysis with the formation of a large number of volatile fatty acids, among which the strongest lactic acid prevails [6,12]. Intensive acidification of the rumen also occurs due to the feeding of cows with acidic canned food, also containing a large amount of lactic acid. The result of such feeding is chronization or acute development of acidosis of the scar [6,12,14]. But that's not all. During acidification of the body, vital trace elements are poorly absorbed, and some of them, such as Ca, Na, K, Mg, Fe, are intensively excreted (hypomicroelementosis) [10,21]. The concentration of hemoglobin decreases (anemia syndrome). Oxygen transfer to organs and tissues worsens (hypoxia) [10]. In conditions of acute hypoxia, the final product of glycolysis - pyruvate - does not undergo decarboxylation and is not involved in the Krebs cycle. What is even worse turns into new portions of lactate [10]. The problems of reproduction and the loss of the genetic potential of high milk and meat productivity are closely related to the mass development of pathobiochemical processes. Currently, the average yield of calves per 100 cows rarely exceeds 70%. The above complex of problems requires from science and practice a qualitatively different approach to the issues of ensuring the health, preservation and realization of the genetic potential of high dairy productivity of cows. The profitability of modern dairy farming depends on whether veterinary science and practice can find a solution to these very serious problems.

Strong varieties are the basis to produce high-quality processing products of bread wheat grain

There have been studied new strong varieties of spring bread wheat of different maturity groups (‘Tarskaya 12’, ‘Omskaya 44’ and ‘Omskaya 42’) in comparison with the standards (‘Pamyati Azieva’, ‘Duet’ and ‘Element 22’) and foreign varieties in the conditions of the south of Western Siberia. The purpose of the study was to identify the advantage of the studied wheat varieties recommended for cultivation in the Omsk region to produce grain with high baking properties. The study was carried out based on the selection crop rotation of the laboratory for spring bread wheat breeding in the nursery of Competitive Variety Testing, as well as the department of seed production when sown on fallow (intense background) in the zone of the southern forest-steppe of the Omsk region of the FSBSI “Omsk ARC”. There has been conducted a bakery quality estimation and qualification of samples according to the methodologies and classification standards recommended by the State Commission for Variety Testing of Agricultural Plants. There was identified an advantage of the medium-early variety ‘Tarskaya 12’ according to the formation of gluten amount in grain (+3.2...4.2 %), dough dilution (–34...50 u.f.), dough resilience (+24...43 mm) and flour strength (+113...188 u); middle maturing variety ‘Omskaya 44’ on the formation of dough resilience, flour strength in comparison with the standards. The middle-late variety ‘Omskaya 42’ was distinguished by high baking characteristics in comparison with the standard ‘Element 22’. A comparative analysis of the technological properties of new varieties and foreign breeding has revealed the advantage of the studied domestic varieties in formation of protein in grain and flour strength.

Evolutions of microstructure and texture of Mg-Gd alloy wires processed by cold drawing

High-performance Mg-4.7Gd (wt%) alloy wires were prepared by large-strain multiple-pass cold drawing process. The maximum accumulative true strain (ATS) of Mg-4.7Gd alloy reached as high as 165%, indicating an excellent formability of Mg alloy at room temperature. Evolutions of microstructure and texture as well as mechanical properties of Mg-4.7Gd (wt%) alloy wires were studied in as-extruded and as-drawn condition. A small amount of grain with nano-sizes were observed by transmission electron microscope in the microstructure of as-drawn alloy wires with large ATS. The weak texture components with ∼45° to the transverse direction (TD) drawing direction (DD) instead of the basal texture formed in as-extruded Mg-4.7Gd alloy wire, which was beneficial to the subsequent cold drawing. As ATS increased, grains rotated around the DD and gradually approached the TD. And, the non-basal texture of G4.7 gradually increased with cold drawing due to the addition of Gd, constrained inclined compressive stress, twinning and large strain. This evolution in texture leaded to the formation of <101¯0> fiber texture with <101¯0> parallel to the DD and consequently contributed an extraordinary drawing deformability to Mg alloy.

The Effect of a Biostimulant Based on a Protein Hydrolysate of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) on the Growth and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).

The research object was the liquid protein hydrolysate “AGROMOREE” from the rainbow trout, which was provided by the company “Russian Aquaculture LLC”. The purpose of this study was the evaluation of the effect of the hydrolysate “AGROMOREE” as a biostimulant on the growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Biometric indicators of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth were determined in the laboratory and in field tests. In the laboratory, the liquid concentrated hydrolysate was dried to facilitate its use. “AGROMOREE” promoted an increase in germination of 2–4% in all samples compared to the control samples, as well as an increase in the length and number of wheat roots. The biostimulant “AGROMOREE” was introduced in the soil in liquid form at about 3000 L/ha and 4000 L/ha in the field tests. This study showed that “ARGOMOREE” contributed to an increase in the length and quantity of wheat ears, the quantity of grains in the ear and the seed weight. At the same time, the quantity of productive stems increased, so that the biostimulant “AGROMOREE” increased the productivity by 3.9–6.3% with respect to the control sample. In general, using the biostimulant “AGROMOREE” on spring wheat seeds from 2019 in the growing season of 2021 provided an increase in yield from 0.21 t/ha to 0.28 t/ha. The maximum value of raw gluten content in the seed was 5.2%, higher than the content in the control. The content of the mass fraction of protein in the seed was in the range of 12.33–12.56%, i.e., 2% higher than that of the control sample. Thus, according to qualitative and quantitative indicators and the total productivity indicators, the biostimulant «AGROMOREE» can be used to increase wheat productivity and reduce the use of nitrogen fertilizers.

Effect of cube texture on local softening of stationary shoulder friction stir welding for thick-plate Al-Li alloy

• Impacts of Cube texture on local softening of the joint are investigated. • High shares of maximum Schmid factor in 0.4–0.5 cause softening of the joint. • A higher fraction of Cube expresses higher softening tendencies. Based on stationary shoulder friction stir welding (SSFSW) tests results on a 12-mm-thick plate of 2195-T8 Al-Li alloy, the influence of Cube on the softening tendencies in different regions of the weld is explored by calculating the average (SF avg ) of the five maximum schmid factors (SF max ) for different crystal orientations. The interface (HAZ-TMAZ) between heat affected zone (HAZ) and thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ), the bottom of welding nugget zone (WNZ-B), and TMAZ have significantly higher proportions of SF max in 0.4–0.5. It indicates that quantities of grains with softening orientations in these regions are much larger and the softening tendencies are much serious. SF avg in the 12 groups of slip systems for Cube reaches 0.4082 and expresses the higher softening tendency. The fractions of Cube in HAZ-TMAZ, TMAZ and WNZ-B reach up to 4.0%, 3.3% and 13.0%, respectively. Therefore, these regions have more seriously softening tendencies. The hardness, yield strength, and ultimate tensile strength of these areas are 54%-58%, 46%-48%, and 63%-70% of the base metal (BM), respectively.

중화인민공화국 초기 농촌 ‘國家粮食市場’의 운영과 폐지(1953-1957)

This paper describes how the Unified Purchase and Sale of Grain Policy has affected the grain trade in China’s rural areas. In general, it was broadly accepted that rural grain markets closed down after the government implemented the policy. However, it can be shown that, according to the regulations concerning the Unified Purchase and Sale of 1953, the State Grain Market existed at that point. Then, what is the State Grain Market and how is it different from well-known the Free Market of 1956 in rural areas?BR The reason the State Grain Market has not been sufficiently dealt with academically is that the Unified Purchase and Sale Policy was initially recognized as a policy that operated contrary to the free market, leading researchers to focus on the mechanics of the Free Market that operated in 1956. Previous studies often explained the background and outcomes of the market policy without an accurate definition of the Free Market. As a result, it was easy to presume that there was no grain trade between individuals in rural areas except for smuggling after the Unified Purchase and Sale of Grain Policy.BR However, rural areas have seen constant supply problems in the process of purchasing grain by the state. The cause of these issues was that the government overlooked the role of the grain trade in rural areas. Farmers often sold grain to use as funds for rural sideline production and, therefore, they had to repurchase grain afterward. Their economic activities were the basis for increasing farm income and the revitalization of the rural market. Moreover, the grain trade was a major part of rural trade. Once the grain trade was banned, the market system in rural areas collapsed, and the flow of goods between urban and rural areas was interrupted. However, the private grain trade among farmers made it difficult for the state to predict the amount of grain it could secure. Facing such a dilemma, the government felt it was forced to open the State Grain Market to solve the issue.BR This paper examines in detail how the State Grain Market was operated in rural areas after the implementation of the Unified Purchase and Sale Policy. This study also discusses the difference between the State Grain Market and the Free Market of 1956, explaining the background, implementation, and limitations of the two distinct policies in order to show the specifics of what occurred in the rural areas as the Unified Purchase and Sale Policy developed. It will also demonstrate how the socialist ideals of China in the 1950s were embodied in the implementation of the socialist transformation policies, its problems, and the supplementary systems that caused further issues.

INFLUENCE OF AZOLLA WITH DIFFERENT LEVELS OF UREA IN RICE PRODUCTION IN SOUTH WEST BANGLADESH

A pot experiment was conducted on Satla soil series in Terokhada Upazilla, Khulna during the boro season (February to June) to see whether Azolla (biofertilizer) could be grown together with BRRI dhan 28 and to compare the effect of the recommended dose of N (100 kg N ha-1) with that of different combinations of urea and Azolla (all treatments having the recommended doses of P, K, S and Zn). The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 4 replications. Azolla pinnata applied 0.2 kg m-2 grew well with BRRI dhan 28. The highest amount of grain yield of 2.35 t ha-1 was produced by the application of 75 Kg N ha-1 with Azolla. One layer of Azolla with 50 kg ha-1 urea-N produced almost same amounts of grain. Thus the rate of 0.2Kg m-2 Azolla inoculums as N source along with 50-75% Urea-N ha-1 appeared to be a good practice in reducing the use of costly urea (chemical N source) fertilizer by about 25-50%.

Analysis Of Dietary Structure Of Chinese Volleyball Athletes By Dietary Balance Index Method

PURPOSE: In this study, dietary balance index method was used to analyze the dietary structure of Chinese volleyball athletes, from the perspective of dietary intake and dietary pattern analysis of athletes' dietary problems, combined with the actual situation to provide scientific theoretical basis and suggestions for the rational diet of volleyball athletes. METHODS: 50 professional volleyball athletes from Beijing Sport University (24 males, 26 females, 19-27 years old, national level 2 and above) will be selected. Dietary intake was investigated for 7 days (including weekends) using a 24-hour dietary review questionnaire. The Chinese Dietary Balance Index method (DBI-07) was used to calculate the higher bound score (HBS) and lower bound score (LBS) based on the single component score. The dietary pattern distribution of athletes was determined by comparing the 9 dietary patterns stipulated by DBI-07 to analyze the intake of different food types in each pattern with reference to the recommended intake in the Chinese Balance Dietary Pagoda. RESULTS: In general, athletes were distributed in 4 patterns, including pattern A (optimal pattern, N = 23), pattern B (mild underconsumption, N = 16), pattern D (mild overconsumption, N = 10) and pattern E (moderate and overconsumption, N = 1). Pattern A athletes mainly consumed insufficient dairy products (103.7 ± 74.2 g/d) and aquatic products (18.1 ± 24.2 g/d), and excessive meat (191.9 ± 78.7 g/d). The intake of fruit (69.8 ± 108.0 g/d), dairy (26.1 ± 36.5 g/d), beans (8.4 ± 9.0 g/d), aquatic products (4.7 ± 7.0 g/d) and eggs (28.0 ± 22.7 g/d) in pattern B athletes were significantly insufficient. Pattern D athletes mainly consumed excessive amounts of grain (707.6 ± 184.4 g/d) and meat (245.3 ± 117.3 g/d). Pattern E athletes' intake of grain (645.3 g/d, N = 1) and meat (274.9 g/d, N = 1) were significantly excessive, while that of milk (0.0 g/d, N = 1), beans (0.0 g/d, N = 1), aquatic products (8.3 g/d, N = 1) and fruit (66.7 g/d, N = 1) were insufficient. CONCLUSIONS: The diet structure of Chinese volleyball athletes is not reasonable and needs to be adjusted. Athletes are advised to increase the intake of fruits, dairy products and legumes, EP-10 Metabolism and Nutrition and reduce the intake of grains and meat.

Durum Wheat Response to Organic and Mineral Fertilization with Application of Different Levels and Types of Phosphorus-Based Fertilizers

The use of green compost is a suitable technology to recycle organic waste into environmentally friendly soil improvement mitigating the pressure on landfills and contributing to sustainability. Among the major nutrients, phosphorus (P) stands at a significant position for seed and fruit quality, photosynthesis, and metabolic function in plants. This work evaluates the effects of different doses of mineral/organic fertilizers on two durum wheat cultivars: Anco Marzio and Vespucci. The fertilization trials compared one unfertilized control test and six treatments performed with different types of fertilizers (four minerals and two organics, based on green compost). Grain yield, compared with the unfertilized control, increased with the mineral fertilization by 125.5% for Anco Marzio and 136.42% for Vespucci, while organic fertilization alone determined an increase of 25.52% and 30.92% for Anco Marzio and Vespucci, respectively. The contribution of a higher dose of phosphorus (140 kg ha−1), combined with nitrogen and potassium, favored a further increase in grain production (+9.34%), compared with 100 kg ha−1. The content of chlorophylls and carotenoids was highly increased (5%) in both the cultivars by all kinds of phosphate fertilization, whereas an increase in the phosphate content of caryopses resulted in Anco Marzio across the two years but not in Vespucci. Among the two cultivars of durum wheat, Vespucci produced a greater quantity of grains but with a less vitreous consistency and poorer in proteins than Anco Marzio. The fertilization management also influenced the wheat behavior to stripe yellow rust attack by showing the highest index severity with the compost-based fertilization. The best management of fertilizers associated with the use of more phosphorus-use-efficient genotypes, are essential for improving quality and for the development of a sustainable agriculture.

CREATION OF A MOBILE INSTALLATION FOR SORTING GRAIN IMPURITIES

The problem of the imperfection of the process of cleaning grain masses in time for refinement to basic quality indicators is considered. It is shown that grain waste contains a significant amount of grain and oilseed admixture. The state of waste generation at the enterprises of the elevator, grain processing and oil and fat industries is described. An analysis was made of the prospects for their processing as raw materials for the production of food products – cereals, vegetable oils and others. It is emphasized that in the conditions of the declared state of war in Ukraine, the allocation of "valuable fractions" from grain waste is financially relevant. A mobile plant for sorting grain waste has been developed and its production tests have been carried out. The rational productivity of such a machine is noted - no more than 48 tons per day (for grain waste). This will ensure the processing of sunflower waste up to 1000 tons of sunflower seeds per day, and the processing of grain crop waste – up to 800 tons of grain per day. It is shown that the developed sorting machine is advisable to use in small farms, where the volume of grain waste is 140-150 kg per hour, and sunflower waste and husks – 100-120 kg per hour. In the conditions of the Limited Liability Company Scientific and Production Enterprise "Sorting Machines" in the city of Dnipro, a study was made of the process of sorting grain waste on a developed mobile unit. The test results confirmed the productivity of the sorting machine. The design of the main unit of a mobile unit for sorting grain masses – a channel for sorting – is described. Improvements in the design of the sorting machine have been proposed and a package of computer programs has been developed for sorting sunflower, wheat, soybean, amaranth, hemp, and rapeseed waste. In the course of research, the necessity of using an anti-adhesive coating and a special form of a vibrating feeder of the developed machine was proved. This allows you to reduce the cleaning time of the feeder, eliminate the compaction of raw materials and eliminate areas of accumulation of grain material. In the program of the sorting unit, a separation channel cleaning module has been developed, which has two modes - the frequency and duration of the channel purge. The description and technical characteristics of the developed mobile machine for sorting grain waste are given.

Stress state of the grinding tool loaded with tangential force

Purpose. Determining the interaction mechanism of discrete grains through material that binds them in a tool for abrasive material processing in the case of its loading with a tangentially directed cutting force. Methodology. Development and analytical solution to a mathematical model formulated on the basis of static equilibrium of an abrasive grain as a system element of tool grains bound with a material with excellent mechanical characteristics. Findings. A mathematical model has been developed and an algorithm has been formulated to analytically determine the stress-strain state parameters of a tool for abrasive processing of materials, which is loaded with a discrete cutting force, tangential to its working surface. The nature of the dependence of stresses and deformations on mechanical parameters, the quantity of grains and the material binding them in an abrasive tool, loaded with a unit tangential force, has been determined. Originality. The loading of the extreme grains leads to greater displacements, tangents of the shear angles of the material binding the grains. They decrease with increasing quantity of grain rows in the tool or with increasing quantity of grains to the nearest tool edge. Practical value. The distribution of interaction forces of grains and stresses in the material binding them has been determined. The found distribution allows one in the process of developing the tool and technology, in which it is involved, to comprehensively assess the influence of tangential load value of the tool working grain on its stress state and the material containing the grains. The determined stress state makes it possible to predict the number of loading cycles until the simultaneous rational wear of the grain and the destruction of that part of the material that contains it. The linear formulation of the problem makes it possible to take into account the mutual influence of the tangential loads of several grains on the stress-strain state of the tool as a whole.

Impact of Rising Atmospheric Temperature on Wheat

Since the industrial revolution, temperatures have been steadily rising over the world at a pace of 0.15 to 0.17°Cevery decade. The productivity of agricultural crops is being impacted. To maintain crop output under increased temperatures, thermotolerance measures are therefore required. More than 80% of the world's population relies on wheat, a significant grain crop, as a source of essential protein and calories. Concerns about how rising temperatures could affect wheat output due to recent global climate change are spreading around the globe. Abiotic stressors such as heat and drought are what primarily limit wheat productivity. Under projected future climatic scenarios, extreme weather events (such as frost and heat shock), which presently pose a considerable burden to grain growers, are expected to get worse. The crucial physiological and biochemical processes of the plant are halted by heat stress. Stress brought on by high temperatures decreases the quantity of grains, photosynthetic activity, chlorophyll content, and endosperm starch synthesis. The high temperature has a negative impact on the phenology, growth, and development of the crop. The pollen viability, seed germination, and embryo development are all slowed down by the high temperature before anthesis. The accumulation of starch granules, stem reserve carbohydrates, and photosynthate translocation into grains are all reduced by the high postanthesis temperature. A temperature above 400°C prevents photosynthesis from happening by harming photosystem-I, photosystem-II, and the electron transport chain. The crop suffers significant oxidative damage when reactive oxygen species that have accumulated due to heat stress. In order to reduce the effects of heat stress, plants quickly synthesise heat shock proteins.