Amount Of Gallic Acid Research Articles

Antioxidant Activity of Hydrogel Lens Applied with Gallic Acid

Purpose : To produce a hydrogel contact lens (Hy) having an antioxidant functionality, a method of applying gallic acid (GA) into Hy without phase separation is studied, and the effects on the physical properties and antioxidant activity of the lens applied with gallic acid are investigated. Methods : The Hy were produced by a thermal polymerization method in a lab. Chitosan (Cs) used for bonding with GA was used in two types with molecular weights of 100~300 kDa(CL), 600~800 kDa(CH), and was added to Hy by an IPN (Interpenetrating polymer network) method. The optical transmittance was measured in a wavelength range of 300 to 800 nm, and the water content was measured by a gravimetric method. The binding of GA was confirmed by an amide bond formation using FT-IR, and the amount of the GA was quantified by the UV absorbance measured at 298 nm. The antioxidant activities of the lens were assessed using DPPH(2,2-diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay. Results : The optical transmittance was 95% in Hy, 91% in Hy-CL-GA and Hy-CH-GA. The water content is 50.5±1.2%, 52.4±0.7% and 55.6±0.6% in Hy, Hy-CL-GA and Hy-CH-GA, respectively. The amount of GA bound to lens was 0.30 mmol/cm2 in Hy-CL-GA and 0.37 mmol/cm2 in Hy-CH-GA. The antioxidant effect was 48.23% in Hy-CL-GA and 58.32% in Hy-CH-GA, which showed high antioxidant activity in both lenses with GA. Conclusion : The functional hydrogel contact lenses with high optical transmittance, water content and antioxidant activity were produced using Cs and GA. As the amount of GA bound to the lens increased, the water content and antioxidant activity increased. By suggesting the method employing polysaccharides and polyphenols to the contact lens, it is expected to contribute to the production of multifunctional contact lenses with protein inhibition, improved wettability, and antioxidant activity.

Quantitative Estimation of Gallic Acid and Rutin of Non-Gilled mushrooms Collected from North-Western Himalayas by HPTLC

To carry out the quantitative estimation of Gallic acid and Rutin from the methanolic extract of four non-gilled mushrooms by high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) method. Material and method: Four non-gilled mushrooms (Auricularia auricula-judae, Auriuclaria polytricha, Ganoderma lucidum and Trametes elegans) were collected from North Western Himalayas during the rainy season. Stationary phase for this study was TLC aluminium sheets precoated with silica gel 60 F254 and mobile phase was Toluene: Ethyl acetate: Formic acid (3:6:1v/v) and Chloroform: Ethyl acetate: Methanol: Formic acid (3.5:5:0.5:1 v/v) for Gallic acid and Rutin respectively.The detection and quantification of Gallic acid and Rutin were performed at 280 nm and 254 nm respectively. Results: Rf value of Gallic acid and Rutin were recorded to be (0.43) and (0.70) respectively. Both HPTLC peak areas for standards Gallic acid (6467.8) and Rutin (16592.4) were compared with corresponding peak areas of four non-gilled mushroom extract and the amount of Gallic acid was calculated. All the four non-gilled mushrooms extracts showed the good concentration of Gallic acid and Rutin. But the amount of Gallic acid was higher in comparison to Rutin. Conclusion: This study results showed that the four non-gilled mushrooms extracts are potential sources of antioxidant activity.

Antimicrobial Activity of Quercus infectoria Gall and Its Active Constituent, Gallic Acid, against Vaginal Pathogens

Vaginal infections are one of the most common reasons a woman visits a gynecologist. The increased resistance to conventional antibiotics is one of the main reasons for searching and developing new antimicrobial agents, especially those of natural origin. In traditional Persian medicine, the gall of Quercus infectoria has been claimed to eliminate vagina and cervix from excessive discharge. So, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract of Quercus infectoria gall as well as its active constituent, gallic acid, against some vaginal pathogens. In this study, the ethanolic extract of Quercus infectoria gall was obtained by maceration and standardized based on amount of gallic acid. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of this extract as well as its active compound, gallic acid, were determined against Candida spp., Gardnerella vaginalis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Trichomonas vaginalis and Lactobacillus acidophilus. The results demonstrated remarkable activity of ethanolic extract of Quercus infectoria gall against investigated pathogens with MIC and MBC in the range between 0.125 mg/ml and 16 mg/ml. The most inhibitory and bactericidal activity was observed on Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus. The effects of gall dried ethanolic extract on Trichomonas vaginalis showed 100 % inhibition of the parasitic growth with concentration of 800 µg/ml after 24 h incubation. The antimicrobial and anti-trichomonas activity of extract was more than gallic acidIt seems that ethanolic extract of Quercus infectoria gall could inhibit the growth of vaginal pathogens. Further preclinical and clinical studies are required to confirm the efficacy of this natural extract in vaginitis.

Highly Augmented Antioxidant and Anticancer Effect of Biocompatible MIL-100(Fe)@SiO2-Immobilized Green Tea Catechin

Green tea catechins have attracted much attention in the areas of biomedicine due to their natural antioxidant activity and numerous beneficial therapeutic effects. However, the chemically unstable in neutral and alkaline aqueous solutions have hindered their development. In this work, a nanosized non-toxic porous Fe-based metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) nanocomposites with a MIL-100(Fe) core and a silica shell was fabricated and applied for the loading of a typical green tea catechin, gallic acid (GA). The amount of GA loaded in the sample is shown to be 0.23 g g−1, and it took as long as 85 h to complete the GA release in PBS at 37 °C. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity results show that MIL-100(Fe)@SiO2-GA can highly enhance the antioxidant activity in PBS solution. Moreover, the obtained biocompatible MIL-100(Fe)@SiO2-GA displayed highly augmented anticancer effect on C6 cells. This work demonstrates that the prepared MIL-100(Fe)@SiO2 nanoparticles are potential green tea catechins carriers in terms of their good biocompatibility and effective performance in the antioxidant and anticancer activity.

Modulation of electroosmotic flow in capillary electrophoresis by plant polyphenol-inspired gallic acid/polyethyleneimine coatings: Analysis of small molecules

Plant polyphenols can form functional coatings on various materials through self-polymerization. In this paper, a series of modified capillary columns, which possess diversity of charge characteristics for modulating electroosmotic flow (EOF), were prepared by one-step co-deposition of gallic acid (GA), a plant-derived polyphenol monomer, and branched polyethyleneimine (PEI). The physicochemical properties of the prepared columns were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), UV–Vis spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The magnitude and direction of EOF of GA/PEI co-deposited columns were modulated by changing a series of coating parameters, such as post-incubation of FeCl3, co-deposition time, and deposited amounts of GA and PEI with different relative molecular mass (PEI-600, PEI-1800, PEI-10000, and PEI-70000). Furthermore, the separation efficiencies of the prepared GA/PEI co-deposited columns were evaluated by separations of small molecules, including organic acids, polar nucleotides, phenols, nucleic acid bases and nucleosides. Results indicated that modulating of EOF plays an important role in enhancing the separation performance and reversing the elution order of the analytes. Finally, the developed method was successfully applied to quantitative analysis of acidic compounds in four real samples. The recoveries were in the range of 73.5%–85.8% for citric acid, benzoic acid, sorbic acid, salicylic acid and ascorbic acid in beverage and fruit samples, 101.6%–104.9% for cinnamic acid, vanillic acid, and ferulic acid in Angelica sinensis sample, while 84.6%–97.8% for guanosine-5′-monophosphate, uridine-5′-monophosphate, cytosine-5′- monophosphate and adenosine-5′-monophosphate in Cordyceps samples. These results indicated that the co-deposition of plant polyphenol-inspired GA/PEI coatings can provide new opportunities for EOF modulation of capillary electrophoresis.

OPTIMIZATION OF EXTRACTION PARAMETERS FOR FUCOXANTHIN, GALLIC ACID AND RUTIN FROM NITZSCHIA THERMALIS

Recently, microalgae have become important in their health, and cosmetic applications since they are viewed as new sources of carotenoids. Fucoxanthin is also a type of carotenoid. The anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, anti-cancer, and antioxidant properties of fucoxanthin have been widely reported. Since these valuable properties, they also represent a valuable resource of nutraceuticals for functional food applications. This study aims to determine the amount of fucoxanthin, gallic acid, and rutin in Nitzschia thermalis obtained from the Ege University Microalgae Culture Collection. The extraction parameters have been optimized using response surface methodology. The extraction temperature (25, 35, and 45°C), the extraction time (10, 20, and 30 min) and the biomass/solvent ratio (0.005, 0.001, and 0.015 g ml-1) have been assessed as response variables in the Box – Behnken design. The amount of fucoxanthin was determined by the C30 column at 450 nm, while both the amount of gallic acid and rutin were separated in the C18 column at 275 nm by HPLC-DAD. In the present study, the optimum extraction conditions providing the maximum amount of fucoxantin, gallic acid, and rutin were selected by applying the “desirability” function approach in response surface methodology. Finally, the temperature has been determined to be 27.30°C, the extraction time 10 minutes, and the biomass ratio 0.05 g ml-1. Under these conditions, the optimum fucoxanthin level has been determined as 5.8702 mg g-1, the gallic acid level as 0.0140 mg g-1, and the rutin level as 0.0496 mg g-1. The findings are in good agreement with international published values for fucoxanthin content. In addition, response surface methodology was shown to be an effective technique for optimising extraction conditions for maximum fucoxanthin yield. In conclusion, these findings may be applied in the development of extraction methodologies for value added microalgea products as well as can serve as a reference for the extraction of fucoxanthin having high gallic acid and rutin from other brown microalgae, and therefore it could potentially be applied in both pharmaceutical and food industries.

Effect of location on some physico‐chemical properties of prickly pear (Opuntia ficus‐indicaL.) fruit and seeds

Total phenolics, β-carotene, and ascorbic acid contents of cactus fruits varied between 490.74 and 932.87 mg/100 g, 40.93 and 130.76 µg/kg, and 124.82 and 240.25 mg/kg, respectively. K and Ca values of prickly pear fruits changed between 1,908.10 and 3,981.90 mg/kg, and 136.79 and 1,224 mg/kg, respectively. Amounts of gallic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, catechin, 1,2-dihydroxybenzene, syringic acid contents of prickly pear fruit pulps ranged from 0.86 to 166.02 mg/kg, 2.17 to 4.75 mg/kg, 3.29 to 15.55 mg/kg, and 1.63 to 14.14 mg/kg, respectively. Palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids values of seed oils changed between 11.22 and 11.77%, 2.97 and 3.23%, 13.61 and 15.46%, and 60.94 and 63.38%, respectively. Effect of location on seed oil, brixo, saccharose, raffinose, total phenolic content, β-carotene, ascorbic acid values of prickly pear fruits and oleic acid, linoleic acid, erusic acid contents of seed oils is significant in p < 0.01 level. Practical applications Prickly pears grown in limited quantities in Turkey can be used as fresh fruit, juice, jam, and marmalade due to rich in total phenol, phenolic constituents, mineral contents, and antioxidant activity. Because, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 1,2-Dihydroxybenzene, gallic acid, catechin, quercetin, resveratrol, isorhamnetinreadily absorbable carbohydrates, minerals, vitamin C, and soluble fibers are main components of prickly pear fruits. Their seeds considered as waste material during fruit processing can be used as industrial oil due to fatty acid compositions. Prickly pear fruits due to mineral contents can provide tonic effect.

Gallic acid‐loaded electrospun cellulose acetate nanofibers as potential wound dressing materials

Gallic acid (GA)–loaded cellulose acetate (CA) nanofiber mats with 10 to 40 wt.% GA contents (based on the weight of CA) were fabricated by electrospinning. The effects of GA contents and applied potential on the morphology and the average diameters of fibers were studied. The electrospun fiber mats containing 20 and 40 wt.% GA were investigated for their potential use as carrier of GA in wound dressing application. The GA‐loaded CA films were prepared by solvent casting technique for use in comparative studies. Determination of the release characteristics of GA from the GA‐loaded fiber mats and films was carried out by the total immersion and the transdermal diffusion through a pig skin method in acetate buffer solution (pH 5.5) or normal saline (pH 7.0) at either 32 or 37°C, respectively. In the total immersion method, the maximum amounts of the GA released from the fiber mats containing 20 and 40 wt.% GA in the acetate buffer were approximately 97% and 71% (based on the weight of initial GA), while those of the GA released into the normal saline were approximately 96% and 81%, respectively. Lower values were observed in the experiments of the transdermal diffusion through a pig skin method. The corresponding GA‐loaded CA films showed the lower amounts of GA released into media. The as‐loaded and the as‐released GA remained its antioxidant activity as investigated by 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Lastly, the GA‐loaded CA fiber mats exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, which showed the potential for use as wound dressing materials.

Identification of Flavonoids from the Leaves Extract of Mangrove (Rhizophora apiculata)

A fast and specific reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was used for the immediate identification of flavonoids (gallic acid, rutin, quercetin, ascorbic acid, and kaempferol) in the leaves extract of Mangrove (Rhizophora apiculata). The R. apiculata has lots of valuable medicinal properties including antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant, vascular antitumor activity, and enzyme inhibition; however, the activity of antioxidant is perhaps the greatest studied property attributed to flavonoids. Magnetic stirrer was used for the pretreatment process of sample with methanol by using a temperature of 50°C for 40 min, followed by separation on column size 250 mm x 4.6 mm (5 μm) Hypersil Gold C18 (Thermo Electron Corporation) with water–methanol–acetonitrile (45:40:15 v/v/v) containing acetic acid 1.0% as a mobile phase. Moreover, 254-nm wavelength was used to detect the extract. The standard retention times (Rt) of gallic acid, rutin, ascorbic acid, quercetin, and kaempferol were found to be 2.610, 2.875, 3.150, 5.789, and 8.983, respectively. The existence of gallic acid, rutin, ascorbic acid, kaempferol, and quercetin in Mangrove leaves extract was found matching according to the standard retention time. In Mangrove leaves, gallic acid was found to have the retention time at 2.538, rutin at 2.873, quercetin at 5.796, and kaempferol at 8.976. However, the ascorbic acid was not identified. The amount of rutin, gallic acid, quercetin, and kaempferol was calculated by using the assay formula. In Mangrove leaves, the amount of gallic acid, rutin, quercetin, and kaempferol is 3.024, 5.485, 5.144, and 8.361%, respectively.

Simultaneous Identification of Phenolic Compound from the Honey of Stingless Bee by Using HPLC

Apitherapy is a branch of alternative medicine that uses honey bee products including honey, propolis, pollen, bee venom, and royal jelly. Stingless bee honey reportedly has many medicinal and therapeutic uses and excellent potency. This study aimed to identify the phenolic compounds using a fast and specific reversed-phase HPLC method in the extract of stingless bee honey. A magnetic stirrer was used for the pretreatment process of a sample with methanol at a temperature of 50°C for 40 min, followed by separation on a column size of 250 mm x 4.6 mm (5μm) hypersil gold-C18 (Thermo Electron Corporation) with water–methanol–acetonitrile (45:40:15 v/v/v) containing acetic acid 1.0% as a mobile phase. A 254-nm wavelength was used to detect the extract. The standard retention times of the gallic acid, rutin, ascorbic acid, quercetin, and kaempferol were found to be at 2.610, 2.875, 3.150, 5.789, and 8.983 min, respectively. The existence of gallic acid, rutin, ascorbic acid, kaempferol, and quercetin in the stingless bee honey extract was found to match according to the standard retention time. In the stingless bee honey, the retention times of gallic acid, rutin, ascorbic acid, quercetin, and kaempferol were found to be at 2.613, 2.866, 3.157, 5.790, and 8.966 min, respectively. In the stingless bee honey, the amounts of gallic acid, rutin, ascorbic acid, quercetin, and kaempferol were 1.426%, 2.533%, 16.922%, 1.851%, and 13.773%, respectively. According to the results, it is concluded that stingless bee honey is rich in phenolic acids and flavonoid compounds that have strong antioxidant properties.

Bark of the Stem of Libidibia Ferrea Associated with Mycorrhizal Fungi: An Alternative to Produce High Levels of Phenolic Acids

Background: The use of microorganisms such as Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) may represent a sustainable biotechnological alternative for the cultivation of medicinal plants to facilitate plant growth, in addition to increasing the production of secondary compounds. These fungi are associated with Libidibia ferrea, a species which produces gallic and ellagic acid, compounds with preventive properties against cancer and diabetes complications. Objective: The objective of this paper was to verify whether the stem bark of L. ferrea concentrates higher amounts of gallic and ellagic acids when inoculated with Claroideoglomus etunicatum, Gigaspora albida and Acaulospora longula. Methods: The extractive methanolic solutions from the barks of L. ferrea were analyzed by RP-HPLC in order to establish the contents of gallic and ellagic acids. Results: The application of fungus Claroideoglumus etunicatum was more efficient at increasing the concentration of gallic acid (18%) and ellagic acid (45.2%) in the stem bark of L. ferrea in comparison to the control. In contrast, plants inoculated with Acaulospora longula benefited only with the increase in the amount of gallic acid if compared with the non-inoculated plants. Conclusion: The mycorrhizal technology may be an alternative to the cultivation of L. ferrea with higher concentrations of both gallic and ellagic acids in the stem bark, providing a promissory strategy to produce high quality herbal materials for the production of herbal medicines.

Use of potato by-products and gallic acid for development of bioactive film packaging by subcritical water technology

Interest in the development of bioactive packaging has been rising due to environmental concerns, regulations and the need to extend food shelf life. The objective of this study was to produce bioactive films from potato by-products using subcritical water (SCW) technology with(out) gallic acid added. Different potato peel/cull ratios and glycerol/cull starch ratios were first evaluated. Then, different amounts of gallic acid were added to improve film antioxidant activity. All bioactive films produced were characterized by physical, chemical and functional properties. Films added with potato peel had less tensile strength (0.9–7.8 MPa) with increasing plasticizer concentration (0.5–2.0 g glycerol/g starch). Water activity of all films varied from 0.0671 to 0.0893, which are ideal to avoid microorganism growth. The film antioxidant activity reached up to 1899.1 mg Trolox equivalent/g starch at 0.3 g gallic acid/g starch. Therefore, SCW is a powerful technology to produce bioactive films made of potato by-products.

Gallic acid, a common dietary phenolic protects against high fat diet induced DNA damage

PurposeAim of the study was to find out if gallic acid (GA), a common phenolic in plant foods, prevents obesity induced DNA damage which plays a key role in the induction of overweight associated cancer.MethodsMale and female C57BL6/J mice were fed with a low fat or a high fat diet (HFD). The HFD group received different doses GA (0, 2.6–20 mg/kg b.w./day) in the drinking water for 1 week. Subsequently, alterations of the genetic stability in blood and inner organs were monitored in single cell gel electrophoresis assays. To elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms: oxidized DNA bases, alterations of the redox status, lipid and glucose metabolism, cytokine levels and hepatic NF-κB activity were monitored.ResultsHFD fed animals had higher body weights; increased DNA damage and oxidation of DNA bases damage were detected in colon, liver and brain but not in blood and white adipose tissue. Furthermore, elevated concentrations of insulin, glucose, triglycerides, MCP-1, TNF-α and NF-κB activity were observed in this group. Small amounts of GA, in the range of human consumption, caused DNA protection and reduced oxidation of DNA bases, as well as biochemical and inflammatory parameters.ConclusionsObese animals have increased DNA damage due to oxidation of DNA bases. This effect is probably caused by increased levels of glucose and insulin. The effects of GA can be explained by its hypoglycaemic properties and indicate that the consumption of GA-rich foods prevents adverse health effects in obese individuals.

Microencapsulation of gallic acid through the complex of whey protein concentrate-pectic polysaccharide extracted from Ulmus davidiana

Abstract The objectives of this study were to (1) prepare gallic acid loaded microcapsules coated with single whey protein concentrate (WPC) and complexes of WPC-pectic polysaccharide extracted from Ulmus davidiana (UDP) using spray dryer and (2) evaluate structural, physicochemical, and storage properties of these microcapsules. To produce complexes of WPC-UDP, three different concentrations (1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 g UDP per 30 g WPC) of UDP were used. Results showed that microcapsules coated with WPC-UDP had significantly higher encapsulation efficiency than microcapsules coated with WPC. The moisture contents of microcapsules ranged from 0.30 to 2.64% and decreased with an increase in UDP concentration in wall materials. The particle morphology of each microcapsule became smoother and more spherical, when the concentration of UDP was increased. The increased particle sizes of microcapsules coated with complex of WPC-UDP were indicated by creating a thicker layer by the formation of electrostatic interactions between anionic reactive sites of UDP and small cationic reactive sites of WPC. The electrostatic interactions between wall materials were confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy spectra analysis. Microcapsules coated with WPC-UDP complexes showed higher stability with lower release of encapsulated compounds when they were stored at different temperatures (4, 20, and 40 °C) for 20 days than microcapsules coated with WPC. The release profiles of gallilc acid showed that microcapsules coated with WPC-UDP complexes released less amounts of gallic acid than microcapsules coated with single WPC in gastrointestinal conditions (pH = 1.2).

DETERMINATION OF ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY AND GALLIC ACID CONTENT IN ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF PUNICA GRANATUM L. LEAF

Objective: The present research work was carried out to evaluate the antioxidant potential of ethanolic extract of Punica granatum leaf (EPGL) that belongs to the family of Punicaceae and determine its gallic acid (GA) content using chromatography method.Methods: Six complementary test systems, namely, 1,1-diphenyl 2-picryl hydrazine (DPPH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide (SO), nitric oxide (NO), hydroxyl (OH) radical scavenging, and reducing power activities were analyzed for determining antioxidant activity of EPGL. The simple and novel chromatography techniques such as thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used for the detection and quantification of GA in EPGL.Results: IC50 values of EPGL were found to be 136 μg/ml for DPPH, 88.5 μg/ml for H2O2, 16.8 μg/ml for SO, 96.5 μg/ml for NO, and 143 μg/ml for OH. The ascorbic acid (AA) and GA were used as standard compounds. The absorbance of EPGL in reducing power assay was found to be 0.18 at 100 μg/ ml, while AA and GA absorbance was found to be 0.24 and 0.4 at the same concentration. The amount of GA in EPGL was found to be 1.189 mg/g.Conclusion: These findings suggested that EPGL could be a potential source of natural antioxidant, and HPLC method used for the determination of GA is simple, precise, accurate, and suitable for routine analysis of GA in EPGL.

Gallic Acid Improves Health-Associated Biochemical Parameters and Prevents Oxidative Damage of DNA in Type 2 Diabetes Patients: Results of a Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study.

Oxidative imbalance plays a key role in cancer induction and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The aim of this study is to find out if gallic acid (GA) prevents oxidative stress in diabetic patients. Therefore, we investigate its impact on oxidation of DNA bases and on other health-related macromolecules. We perform an intervention study (n=19) with GA and monitored alterations of the DNA stability in single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assays in lymphocytes. Furthermore, a panel of health-related biomarkers is measured before and after consumption of GA (15mgp-1 d-1 ) for 7 d. Significant reduction of oxidized purines (by 31%, p<0.001, effect size 0.404) and pyrimidines (by 2%, p<0.022, effect size 0.089) is observed in SCGE assays. Furthermore, the plasma concentrations of oxidized-LDL and C-reactive protein are reduced after the intervention by 24% (p=0.014, effect size 0.384) and 39% (p<0.001, effect size 0.686), respectively. No alterations of other biomarkers are found. A small amount of GA (in the range of daily consumption in Central Europe) prevents oxidative DNA damage and reduces markers which reflect inflammation and increased risks of cancer and CVD.

해당화(Rosa rugosa Thunb.) 부위별 열수추출물의 항산화 활성 분석

In this study, the antioxidant activities of hot water extracts of Rugosa rose (Rosa rugosa Thunb.) were evaluated. Total phenolic compounds (TPC) and total flavonoid compounds (TFC) were the highest in the leaf extracts at 107.29 mg/g and 24.28 mg/g, respectively. The DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt) radical scavenging activity was in the following order: flower extract &gt; leaf extract &gt; seed extract &gt; fruit extract. The IC50 values for DPPH and ABTS of the flower extract were 0.87 mg/mℓ and 0.27 mg/mℓ, respectively. The amount of gallic acid was higher in the flower (4.51 mg/g) and leaf extracts (0.97 mg/g) than in the other extracts. Among the fraction (A-F) of each extract, antioxidant activity was the highest in the C fraction of flower extract. It is due to high TPC (3305.43 mg/g) and TFC (878.42 mg/g). Statistical analysis revealed a strong correlation between TFC (or TPC) and radical scavenging activity at p-value &lt; 0.001. Collectively, these results suggest that the hot water extracts of rugosa rose have potential antioxidant effects, and can be used in food, cosmetics, and the pharmaceutical industries.

SCREENING OF TOTAL PHENOL AND FLAVONOID CONTENT IN DIFFERENT CYTOTYPES OF TWO SPECIES OF ACHYRANTHES LINN. FROM WESTERN HIMALAYA, INDIA

Objective: Genus Achyranthes Linn. belonging to family Amaranthaceae consists of six species. The present study was undertaken to screen the phenolic components in the different cytotypes of two species of Genus Achyranthes Linn. growing in western Himalaya, India.Methods: Methanol extract of leaves was used to determine the total phenol and flavonoid contents in different cytotypes of A. aspera Linn. and A. bidentata Blume by spectrophotometric method. Total phenol content was expressed as mg gallic acid g-1phenol and total flavonoid content as mg quercetin g-1flavonoid using the standard curves. Further, gallic acid content in methanol extracts of leaves was determined by RP-HPLC method using C-18 column, employing 0.01% (v/v) orthophosphoric acid: acetonitrile (98:2 v/v) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 ml/min with ultraviolet (UV) detection at 272 nm.Results: Hexaploid plants of A. aspera Linn. possess the higher amount of phenol (9.16±0.84 mg/g) and flavonoid (78.36±1.63 mg/g) constituents in the methanol extract of leaves as compared to its dodecaploid counterparts (7.86±0.08 mg/g and 70.20±1.81 mg/g respectively). Similarly, phenol and flavonoid content is found to be more in the methanol extract of leaves of hexaploid plants of A. bidentata Blume (11.93±0.59 mg/g and 115.92±1.32 mg/g respectively) as compared to its dodecaploid counterparts (9.46±0.75 mg/g and 107.76±0.94 mg/g respectively). Further, RP-HPLC analysis of gallic acid revealed that higher amount of gallic acid is present in dodecaploid plants of A. aspera Linn. (1.04±0.02 mg/g) and A. bidentata Blume (1.34±0.03 mg/g) as compared to hexaploid counterparts (1.01±0.01 mg/g and 1.22±0.05 mg/g respectively).Conclusion: The present investigation revealed that A. aspera Linn. and A. bidentata Blume plants show immense intraspecific variability in their phenolic components. Hence there is need to evaluate germplasm to select superior genotype for medicinal and conservation purpose.

Potential Application of Nanoemulsions for Skin Delivery of Pomegranate Peel Polyphenols.

Pomegranate peel and seeds have demonstrated to possess antioxidant compounds with potential application to protect the skin against the ultraviolet radiation damage. However, the photoprotection activity is dependent on the amount of these compounds that reach the viable skin layers. In this paper, we describe the in vitro skin permeation and retention of the major pomegranate peel polyphenols using Franz diffusion cells, after entrapping a ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) from Punica granatum peel extract into nanoemulsions (NEs) prepared with pomegranate seed oil (PSO) or medium chain triglyceride oil (MCT). The in vitro skin permeation of gallic acid (GA), ellagic acid (EA), and punicalagin (PC) was evaluated using a HPLC-DAD validated method. After 8h of skin permeation, all polyphenol compounds were mostly retained in the skin and did not reach the receptor compartment. However, a 2.2-fold enhancement of the retained amount of gallic acid in the stratum corneum was verified after EAF-loaded NEs are applied, when compared with the free EAF. GA and EA were delivered to the viable epidermis and dermis only when nanoemulsions were applied onto the skin. The mean retained amounts of GA and EA in the EP and DE after applying the EAF-loaded PSO-NE were 1.78 and 1.36μgcm-2 and 1.10 and 0.97μgcm-2, respectively. Similar values were obtained after applying the EAF-loaded MCT-NE. The skin permeation results were supported by the confocal microscopy images. These results evidenced the promising application of nanoemulsions to deliver the pomegranate polyphenols into the deeper skin layers.

Phenolic Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Melon (Cucumis Melo L.) Seeds from Pakistan

Phenolic composition of different extracts of honeydew melon seeds and their antioxidant activity was determined for the first time. Phenolic compounds were identified using a reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) method. Results showed the identification of five phenolic compounds in water extract namely gallic acid and its derivative, hydroxybenzoic acid and catechin derivatives and caffeic acid. There were nine phenolic compounds identified in methanol–water extract, which are caffeic acid, two vanillic acid derivatives, ellagitanins, quercetin-3-rutinoside, derivatives of syringic acid and ellagic acid. The amounts of gallic acid, caffeic acid and catechin were higher among all phenolic compounds. Total phenolic compounds and radical scavenging activity were higher in water and methanol–water extract than their corresponding methanol extracts. In conclusion, melon seeds are a good source of natural antioxidants with significant biological functions and may serve as food ingredients and as fortifying material for maintaining shelf life.