Abstract
Recently, microalgae have become important in their health, and cosmetic applications since they are viewed as new sources of carotenoids. Fucoxanthin is also a type of carotenoid. The anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, anti-cancer, and antioxidant properties of fucoxanthin have been widely reported. Since these valuable properties, they also represent a valuable resource of nutraceuticals for functional food applications. This study aims to determine the amount of fucoxanthin, gallic acid, and rutin in Nitzschia thermalis obtained from the Ege University Microalgae Culture Collection. The extraction parameters have been optimized using response surface methodology. The extraction temperature (25, 35, and 45°C), the extraction time (10, 20, and 30 min) and the biomass/solvent ratio (0.005, 0.001, and 0.015 g ml-1) have been assessed as response variables in the Box – Behnken design. The amount of fucoxanthin was determined by the C30 column at 450 nm, while both the amount of gallic acid and rutin were separated in the C18 column at 275 nm by HPLC-DAD. In the present study, the optimum extraction conditions providing the maximum amount of fucoxantin, gallic acid, and rutin were selected by applying the “desirability” function approach in response surface methodology. Finally, the temperature has been determined to be 27.30°C, the extraction time 10 minutes, and the biomass ratio 0.05 g ml-1. Under these conditions, the optimum fucoxanthin level has been determined as 5.8702 mg g-1, the gallic acid level as 0.0140 mg g-1, and the rutin level as 0.0496 mg g-1. The findings are in good agreement with international published values for fucoxanthin content. In addition, response surface methodology was shown to be an effective technique for optimising extraction conditions for maximum fucoxanthin yield. In conclusion, these findings may be applied in the development of extraction methodologies for value added microalgea products as well as can serve as a reference for the extraction of fucoxanthin having high gallic acid and rutin from other brown microalgae, and therefore it could potentially be applied in both pharmaceutical and food industries.
Highlights
Formulation of the problemMicroalgea are strong candidate in the biofuel industry due to their high growth rates, high diversity and nutrient use efficiency
The calculated amount of fucoxanthin (FX), gallic acid (GA) and rutin (R) in N. thermalis were assessed as the response variables when a Box – Behnken design was used
One of the problems that has gained importance in recent years is determining the kinds and concentrations of carotenoids contained in food products and important for human health
Summary
Microalgea are strong candidate in the biofuel industry due to their high growth rates, high diversity and nutrient use efficiency. Carotenoids have a tetraterpene (C40) backbone and are classified as belonging to terpenoid pigments [6] They have been usually known for their colours (brilliant yellow, orange, and red) and used mostly in food and cosmetics. Fucoxanthin is abundantly found in brown seaweeds (macroalgae) and contributes to more than 10% of the estimated total production of carotenoids in nature [10]. The disadvantage of this traditional optimization is ignoring the interaction effects among the factors. To solve this problem, multivariate statistic techniques have been carried out. The fucoxanthin was extracted from brown seaweeds and marine diatoms including Undaria pinnatifida [20]. Fucoxanthin from brown microalgae, such as Nitzschia thermalis, have not yet been investigated
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