Amount Of Folic Acid Research Articles

Responses of serum folates of preruminant and ruminant calves to a dietary supplement of folic acid.

The effect of dietary supplemental folic acid on serum folates of preruminant and ruminant calves was studied. In Trial 1, doses of 0, .07, .14, .28, and .56 mg of folic acid per kilogram of BW were added to the milk of preruminant calves. In Trial 2, doses of 0, .5, 1, 2, and 4 mg of folic acid per kilogram of BW were incorporated into the concentrates of ruminant heifers. In the first part of each trial, serum folates were determined in blood samples taken 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 (both trials), and 32 h (Trial 2) after a single meal supplemented with folic acid. In the second part of the two trials, the supplement of folic acid was given in feed during seven consecutive days. Blood samples were taken the day before the trial and subsequently every day during 7 d. In preruminant and ruminant calves, the area under the curve and the peak of concentration of serum folates after a meal increased with the dose ingested (P less than or equal to .05, linear and quadratic effect of doses, respectively) but the amount of folic acid needed to obtain a similar response was lower for preruminant than for ruminant calves. In preruminants, the time to reach the maximal concentration was 3 to 4 h after the meal, whatever the dose ingested (P less than or equal to .05), whereas in ruminants this time decreased with the dose ingested (quadratic effect of treatment, P less than or equal to .05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Folic acid and neural tube defect: can't we come to closure?

In a series of nonrandomized and randomized intervention trials and case-control and cohort studies, women using multivitamins or folic acid supplements during the first 6 weeks of pregnancy experienced a three- to fourfold reduction in neural tube defects among their offspring. Viewed collectively, these data provide strong evidence that an important subset of US women do not receive sufficient folic acid to minimize their risk of a defective pregnancy. Further, the amounts of folic acid contained in multivitamins (usually 200-400 micrograms per day) appear adequate to greatly reduce, and probably eliminate, the excess risk.

Effects of change in dietary folic acid content on pentylenetetrazol seizure threshold in rat.

Pentylenetetrazol (PT) eeg thresholds were measured in rats on a folic acid (FA) deficient diet, normal diet, and a diet supplemented with large amounts of folic acid. The intraperitoneal dose per kilogram body weight of PT is significantly higher in the FA deficient group and significantly lower in the FA supplemented group than in rats on a normal diet. This indicates an effect of FA metabolism on PT epilepsy. The Lactobacillus casei minus Streptococcus faecalis activity of the brain is decreased in the FA deficient and increased in the FA supplemented group. The relation between brain folate metabolism and epilepsy is discussed.

High Pressure Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of Food for Folates

Abstract The multiplicity of naturally occurring chemical forms of folates and the lack of technology to measure these forms individually stimulated the application of high pressure liquid chromatographic procedures to the separation and quantitation of these compounds. Optimum conditions for separating a mixture of tetrahydrofolic acid (THF), N5-methyltetrahydrafolic acid (N5-CH3-THF), dihydrofolic acid (DHF), and folic acid (FA) were established for a pellicular strong anion exchange resin (0.01 × 300 cm) and a potassium chloride gradient in phosphate buffer at pH 7.5, 40°C, flowing at 15.2 ml/hr. The order of elution was THF, N5-CH3-THF, DHF, and FA. The coefficients of variation for standard peak area responses ranged from 5 to 8%, and for retention times from 1.3 to 1.8%. Separations were dependent on the substitution on the pteridine portion of the molecule and were independent of the number of glutamic acid residues. Compounds were completely separated in less than 75 min. The smallest amount of folic acid which could be measured reliably was 0.035 nmole/10 μl placed on the column. Peak area response to each folate increased linearly to at least 0.21 nmole/10 μl. The relative contribution of each of the 4 folates to the total folate content of a number of fruit juices and foods differed markedly and may be related to the relative availability of folate from these sources.

The formation of rhizopterin and formylated folate polyglutamates during the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis.

The distribution of various folate forms during the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis is described. Cellular-free folate activity (pteroate-like substances and mono- and di-glutamate folates) was quite prevalent in the early and mid-log phase of growth, but subsequently reached a minimal level in the stationary phase of growth. This free folate activity was identified as rhizopterin, with an extremely small amount of folic acid per se also being found. Cellular polyglutamate folates (folate conjugates with three or more glutamic acid units) were found in relatively high amounts throughout growth, and for any cellular sample constituted most of the total folate activity. The polyglutamate folate compounds were identified as formylated derivatives. A biosynthetic pathway from rhizopterin to the formylated polyglutamate folates is proposed.

Iron and folic acid in pregnancy: ferrograd folic

Abbott Laboratories have drawn our attention to their Ferrograd Folic tablets which were introduced shortly after we discussed combined iron and folic acid tablets (DTB March 17, 1967, p. 22.). Like A. H. Cox’s ferrous fumarate and folic acid tablet (DTB November 24, 1967, p. 96), Ferrograd Folic provides what we concluded were appropriate amounts of folic acid and iron for prophylaxis of folate and iron deficiency in pregnancy. Each tablet contains 350 mcg folic acid and 105 mg elemental iron as slowly released ferrous sulphate; the dose is one tablet daily. The basic NHS cost of one week’s supply is 1/9d, much more than that of Cox’s tablets, but slow release of the iron is probably an advantage for some patients.

Studies on folic acid nutrition in chicks and poults

Synopsis Experiments were undertaken to explain recent field cases of a folic acid deficiency among poultry in the United States and to determine whether folic acid supplementation of practical poultry rations, as advocated by some (Bechtel, 1964), was necessary. Assays for folic acid using the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (A.O.A.C., 1960) method, which measures only the “ free “ folic acid, showed that many poultry rations had sub‐optimal amounts of folic acid (Bechtel, 1964). However, results of assays for folic acid using a modified A.O.A.C. (1955) method showed that the folic acid in most of the common foodstuffs for poultry is present largely in “ bound “ or “ conjugated “ form and hence not detected using the 1960 A.O.A.C. method. It was subsequently found that the “ bound “ or “ conjugated “ folic acid in brewers’ dried yeast was fully utilised by the young chick and poult whether or not the dietary regimes of ascorbic acid supplementation, vitamin E or manganese deficiency were su...

Chemical Determination of Folic Acid in the Presence of p-Aminobenzoic Acid or Procaine Hydrochloride

Abstract The USP XVII chemical method for the determination of folic acid is not applicable to pharmaceutical preparations containing p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) or procaine hydrochloride (added to intertables to reduce discomfort). PABA is often present in older folic acid injectables in which a breakdown of the folic acid has occurred on long standing. A modified method is described to eliminate interference from these compounds by diazotizing the interfering material and then converting it to the corresponding phenol. The folic acid is then cleaved to form PABA, diazotized, and coupled with the Bratton-Marshall reagent. In a comparison of the two methods using known amounts of folic acid in the presence of PABA, better recovery of folic acid was achieved with the modified method than with the USP method. The application of this modification to commercial preparations is also demonstrated.

Folic Acid in Axenic Cultures of Neoaplectana

Neoaplectana glaseri, a nematode parasite of insects, needs folic acid for reproduction. This has been shown in axenic cultures by omitting the vitamin from chemically defined medium or including antimetabolites such as aminopterin and amethopterin in a meat infusion broth. Bacterial assays for folic and folinic acids show quantitative changes in various media inoculated with N. glaseri and two other parasitic species which do not thrive as well in liquids, N. dutkii and N. carpocapsae. Folic acid is included in a chemically defined medium for axenic cultures of the nematode Neoaplectana glaseri Steiner, 1929, in nature a parasite of certain insects (Glaser and Fox, 1930). But this roundworm's actual requirement for the vitamin has not been studied quantitatively either in chemically defined solutions or in media from natural sources. While detailed data on nutrition are not of tremendous interest by themselves, they may be crucial in context of our total knowledge about both parasite and host, and in comparison with other species. Consequently, liquid media, inoculated with N. glaseri or one of two related species, were titrated for amounts of folic acid and a biologically active derivative, folinic acid. Effects of antimetabolites and absence of folic acid were also

INHIBITION OF ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE BY FOLIC ACID AND SEVERAL OF ITS ANALOGS.

SummaryFolic acid as well as the anti-folates, aminopterin and amethopterin, arrested ethanol metabolism in homogenates of rat liver by inhibiting alcohol dehydrogenase. Acetaldehyde metabolism was unaffected. In the rat, the conversion of ethanol-1-C14 to C14O2. was slowed by large amounts of folic acid while that of acetate-1-C14 was not. In dogs, folic acid decreased the rate of ethanol disappearance from the plasma. Thus, folic acid inhibited alcohol dehydrogenase in vivo. Purified horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase was inhibited similarly by folic acid, aminopterin, amethopterin, and 4-dimethylamino-4-deoxy-N10-methylpteroylglutamic acid. For these compounds, inhibition started at 3.5 × 10-3 m and was completed at 2 × 10-4 m. Leucovorin did not inhibit the enzyme.

The Effect of “Minute” and “Titrated” Amounts of Folic Acid on the Megaloblastic Anemia of Tropical Sprue

Abstract A therapeutic trial with "minute" and "titrated" doses of folic acid was performed in 30 patients with the megaloblastic anemia of tropical sprue. Eleven patients responded hematologically to 25 µg. daily doses of the vitamin; nine patients responded to "titrated" doses ranging from 75 to 250 µg. daily. Eleven patients failed to respond to either "minute" or "titrated" doses of the vitamin. The implications and possible reasons for the success or failure of microdoses of folic acid in sprue were discussed.

The Effect of X-Irradiation on the Metabolism of Folic Acid in Rat Organs

Folic acid (FA) and citrovorum factor (CF) in liver, kidneys, testes, thymus, and spleen of young rats were examined at various periods after x irradiation with 400 or 600 r. in spleen, the amounts of both FA and CF per gram of tissue were significantly diminished a few hours after irradiation, that of CF more than that of FA. These levels remained low for several days. In testes both FA and CF decreased from the tenth day on, the ratio between these two substances remaining unchanged. No marked change in concentration of either.FA or CF occurred in thymus, liver, and kidneys. Local irradiation with3000 r led to a considerable decrease in total amount of both FA and CF on the seventh day after irradiation. Aminopterin in a dose which markedly suppresses formation of CF from FA in the liver was without effect on FA and CF metabolism in spleen and thymus. These results do not support the assumption that the inhibition of formate incorporation and of DNA formation probably resulting from it (known to follow irradiation) is due to an intsnference with the metabolism of FA or the formation of CF. They may reflect changes in the cell population whichmore » take place in certain organs after irradiation. (auth)« less

Factors related to psittacosis virus (strain 6BC) growth. V. Folic acid-like factor in infected cells.

SummaryGrowth of psittacosis virus (6BC) in L cells in vitro was inhibited by sulfadiazine and this inhibition was reversed by addtion of PABA. L cell tissue cultures infected with the virus contained 2 or more times the amount of folic acid in noninfected cultures. The possibility of introduction into the cell or induction in the cell by the virus of enzyme or enzyme system, making the infected cell capable of folic acid synthesis, is discussed.

魚類の葉酸及びフォリン酸に関する研究

1. The total amount of folic acid (FA) and folinic acid (CF) in fish muscle was found to vary from species to species, for example, from 69mγ/gm with white muscle of Seriola purpurascens to 682mγ/gm with red muscle of Cypsilurus agoo (See Table 2). 2. With intestines of Katsuwonus vagans and Scomber tapeinocephalus it was found that the liberation of FA from its conjugated form, presumably through autolysis, is conducted most actively in liver and pyloric coeca, but even in these organs the measured activity does not exceed about 60% of the conjugase activity in hog kidney and chick pancreas. There was found also a parallelism to hold between the total amount of FA and CF and the activity of organs in liberating these acids. 3. As regards FA content, liver proved to be at the top of the intestines analyzed, while content of CF attained to a maximum with pyloric coeca. The sum of FA and CF contents was roughly equal between the two organs, being 3 times as high as that in other organs (See Table 3).

海藻のビタミンに関する研究-I

Studying into the folic acid (FA)-and folinic acid (CF)-contents of various seaweeds obtained from the southern sea coast of Japan, the following results were arrived at: 1. Not only in FA content but in CF, no notable specific variations were found between different groups of algae, while some remarkable differences were found rather between different algae belonging to the same group. A highest amount of FA was obtained with Hydroclathrus clathratus and a lowest with Endarachne binghamiae, the values being 860 mγ/g and 35 mγ/g, respectively. As regards CF content, a maximum value was found for Ceramium tenerrinum and a minimum was for Ectocarpus indices, the figures being 930 mγ/g and 12 mγ/g, respectively. 2. It was found likely that in general seaweeds contain much more FA than CF. 3. As to the distribution of the two kinds of “Free form” and “Conjugated form”, the former of FA was entirely absent in Ceramium tenerrinum and Gloiopeltis complanata and no trace of CF in “Free form” was present in Gracilaria verrucosa, either of the FA and CF estimated being in “Conjugated form”; but in general seaweeds hold “Conjugated form” much more abundantly than “Free form”. 4. In Porphyra tenera no considerable seasonal variations were seen in the both factors. 5. In seaweeds autolytic liberation of FA and CF from the conjugated form was scarcely met with. This suggests that the conjugase activity is very weak in these plants.

Inhibition studies with Streptococcus faecalis; acridines and acridones.

Summary1. 46 Acridines and 7 acridones were tested against Streptococcus faecalis in the presence of limiting amounts of folic acid. It was observed that 10 of the acridines and 5 of the acridones inhibited the organism. However, the amounts of test compounds needed were 1000 times (or more) those needed by aminopterin, amethopterin, and pyrimethamine. 2. Further study demonstrated that inhibition exhibited by acridines and acridones could be overcome by citrovorum factor, thymine, or thymidine in some instances. The toxicity of 5 of the acridines and 4 of the acridones was not overcome by any of the nutrilites tested which suggests that their inhibition was not due to interference with the nucleic acid metabolism of the organism. 3. An additional observation was that the anti-malarial quinacrine and the anti-bacterial Entozon did not inhibit S. faecalis in the presence of limiting amounts of folic acid. The anti-bacterial 5-aminoacridine was inhibitory whether the limiting nutrilite was folic acid, citro...

Inhibition studies with Streptococcus faecalis; xanthones and thiaxanthones.

Summary1. A series of xanthones and thiaxanthones initially prepared for tests against schistosomiasis was tested for toxicity with S. faecalis in the presence of limiting amounts of folic acid. Under these conditions 13 of the 16 xanthones and 35 of the 63 thiaxanthones tested were toxic. The toxicity of only one thiaxanthone could be abolished. 2. 6-Chloro-1-(2,-[ethyl (2-hydroxyproyl) amino] ethylamino)-4-methyl thiaxanthone was inert with thymidine in the medium. Thymine was not able to replace thymidine in this respect. 3. Separately, it may be indicated that no correlation was discerned between activity against S. faecalis and S. mansoni infection in mice.

Inhibition studies with Streptococcus faecalis; quinolines.

Summary1. Ninety-three quinolines were tested against Streptococcus jaecalis in the presence of limiting amounts of folic acid. Ten of the quinolines were toxic to the organism when they were in the medium at concentrations of 8.0 to 200 νg/ml. The toxicity of 3 of the 10 inhibitors could be abolished. The inhibition of N-(2-diethylaminoethyl)-(7-chloro-3-methylquinolyl−4) - mercaptoacetamide was reversed by citrovorum factor, that of 7-chloro−4-(4-diethylaminobutylamino)-3-nitroquinoline was abolished by thymine, and that of N-2-diethylaminoethyl-6-methoxy-3-methylquinolyl − 4) - mercaptoacetamide was overcome by thymidine. The remaining 7 were not studied further since their degree of inhibition did not compare sufficiently favorably with that of some of the better known anti-folics. 2. None of 5 anti-malarials examined chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, sontoquine, primaquine, and isopentaquine) interfered with the utilization of folic acid. Thus, these differ metabolically from pyrimethamine which has b...

The amounts of folic acid and vitamin B6 in saliva.

The amounts of folic acid and vitamin B6 in saliva.

Growth inhibition in Tetrahymena by folic acid analogs.

SummaryThe antifolics, 4-amino-9-methylpteroylglutamic acid (A-ninopterin), 4-amino-10-methylpteroylglutamic acid (A-methopterin) and 4-amino-9;10-dimethyl-pteroylglutamic acid (A-denopterin) are all inhibitory to Tetrahymena. The inhibition produced by A-ninopterin is strictly competitive, being released over wide ranges of concentration of folic acid. The inhibition indices of the other two analogs decrease as the amount of folic acid in the medium increases until a certain level is reached, at which they become constant. This shifting index is tentatively explained on the basis of the ability of Tetrahymena to deaminate the 4-position of the analogs.