Amount Of Arsenic Research Articles

Signal amplification strategy by chitosan-catechol hydrogel modified paper electrode for electrochemical detection of trace arsenite

Arsenic contamination is widespread in water bodies and poses a significant risk to human health, thus developing a rapid and inexpensive in situ method for the detection of arsenic is urgently needed. In this study, a chitosan-catechol carbon paper electrode was fabricated by electrodeposition of chitosan on a conductive carbon paper and subsequential electro-oxidative grafting of catechol. This chitosan-catechol modified electrode demonstrated good performance in detecting trace amounts of arsenic, which is mainly due to the significantly amplification of oxidation signals generated by ferrocene (Fc) on chitosan-catechol hydrogel. The interaction of As(III) with quinone and semiquinone radicals results in the decrease of electronic transmission nodes. The modified electrode exhibited a good detection capability of low concentration As(III) with a detection limit 0.82 ppb by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). In addition, the chitosan-catechol modified sensor has the merits of high reproducibility, durability and strong resistance to ionic interference. Further successful detection of As(III) in actual rice and soil samples suggests its good potential in the field of in situ detection.

Arsenic Distribution and Pollution in Three Mountain Streams (Anzasca Valley, Italian Central Alps)

Anzasca Valley is part of the Monte Rosa gold district located in the Italian Central Alps. Since we do not know the effects of arsenic on the aquatic environment in Anzasca Valley, we investigated the biofilm of three streams. The three perennial streams studied are in the Anza catchment but with different lithology. Rio Rosso flows out of an ancient gold mine (Miniera dei Cani); its waters, acid mine drainages, are rich in iron and arsenic. Rio Gattera, a small stream adjacent to the Rio Rosso, flows through metamorphic rocks with mixed composition. Its waters are not acidic but contain a small amount of arsenic. Rio Roletto is upstream, with respect to the others, and drains different metamorphic rocks without arsenic. We analyzed the chemistry and the metals of the water, characterized by microscopic analysis and HPLC, the phytobenthic community living in the biofilm, and in the Rio Rosso, we measured the arsenic adsorbed in the biofilm. Sampling was performed between 2012 and 2014, and arsenic in the biofilm of Rio Rosso was measured in different seasons. In the three streams, the carotenoids of the biofilms showed the different stability of phytobenthic communities (Bacyllariophyceae vs. Cyanobacteria): in Rio Roletto and Rio Gattera, the ratio between the communities did not change; in Rio Rosso, the ratio between the communities changed completely, probably due to the peculiarity of water composition and presence of arsenic.

Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risk assessment of heavy metals in cooked beans and vegetables in Punjab, North India.

Beans and vegetables are consumed with cereals in India on daily basis. The aim of the study was to assess carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk of heavy metals in cooked beans and cooked vegetables consumed by adults (18-59 years) and elderly (≥60 years) subjects from two districts (Ludhiana and Bathinda) of Punjab. A total of 150 households were selected from 30 different locations covering both rural and urban areas. The mean daily consumption of beans and vegetables in Ludhiana was recorded as 35.09 and 215.93 g, respectively. The corresponding figures in Bathinda were observed as 26.85 and 230.54 g. The average amounts of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury were 1.44 × 10-5, 8.21 × 10-5, 1.30 × 10-3, and 2.61 × 10-7 mg/kg for cooked vegetables in urban households of Ludhiana district, respectively. The corresponding values for rural households were 1.53 × 10-5, 5.58 × 10-5, and 2.98 × 10-4 mg/kg while mercury was not detected. The mean chronic daily intake (CDI) of arsenic from cooked beans was significantly (p ≤ .001) higher in urban adult males of Ludhiana (7.74 × 10-9 mg/kg/day) and Bathinda (5.31 × 10-9 mg/kg/day) compared to their rural counterparts. Similar trend was observed in CDI of heavy metals from vegetables. The mean CDI of cadmium from cooked vegetables in urban adult females of Ludhiana (3.76 × 10-7 mg/kg/day) was significantly (p ≤ .001) higher than their rural counterparts and both urban and rural adult females of Bathinda. The study concluded that the subjects of both districts were found safe from non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk associated with heavy metals present in cooked beans and vegetables, except for urban subjects and rural adult subjects of Ludhiana district who had cancer risk due to cadmium present in cooked vegetable samples.

Selective sequential extraction and microanalysis for revealing distribution, occurrence mode, and removal potential of arsenic in phosphate ore

Arsenic (As) is a common impurity extensively existing in phosphate ore and it has to be removed using complicated operations during the phosphorus chemical process. To investigate the occurrence mode of As would be beneficial to evaluate the separation of As from phosphate ore in the flotation process. In the current study, selective sequential extraction (SSE) and microanalysis were employed to reveal the distribution and occurrence modes of As in a phosphate ore sample. The SSE results indicated that As in the phosphate ore was dispersed in fractions of carbonate minerals (18.27 %), oxides/hydroxides (ca. 38 %), and sulfide minerals (22.07 %). In addition, 3.05 % of As could be extracted in the exchangeable and soluble fraction. Microanalysis of scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA) revealed the main arsenic-containing minerals by means of energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) or wavelength dispersive spectrometer (WDS). Results showed that all of iron oxides/hydroxides phases, all of rhodochrosite particles, and parts of pyrite were arsenic-containing, with the average contents of As measured to be 0.142, 0.052, and 0.047 %, respectively. Consequently, arsenic amounts in the phosphate ore descended in the order of iron oxides/hydroxides > pyrite > rhodochrosite. These arsenic-containing minerals/phases could be removed through different beneficiation methods, such as flotation and chemical minerals processing. The findings of this study provide a mineralogical insight into developing potential techniques to remove As from phosphate ores.

Realgar toxicity in terms of its chemical characterization, pharmacological mechanisms, and metabolic profile: A review

Abstract Realgar is an arsenic-containing Chinese medicine known for its toxin-removing, phlegm-dispelling, and malaria-intercepting effects. It has proven to be effective in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia. However, because of the harmful nature of arsenic to human health, realgar is considered a “poison” in many countries, raising concerns about the toxicity and safety of realgar and its preparations. The Shuifei process (grinding with water) of realgar plays a crucial role in ensuring its safety as a Chinese medicine. The major ingredient of realgar, As4S4, is water insoluble and poorly absorbed by the human body. Therefore, it is important to note that the toxicity and health risks of realgar to humans are overestimated by solely considering the amount of arsenic. Realgar processing is an indispensable method to ensure the quality of medicinal realgar, involving purification, powdering, detoxification, and synergism. This article not only highlights possible mechanisms through which realgar exerts pharmacological effects but also reviews the literature regarding its toxic features and potential mechanisms. Currently, realgar toxicity research primarily relies on animal experiments, and clinical data on its adverse reactions are relatively limited. The toxicity of arsenic is closely related to the form and valence of its major metabolites in the body. Animal studies have confirmed that, when realgar enters the body, the major form of arsenic metabolized is dimethylarsenic acid; therefore, it was considered that the toxicity of realgar induced by high doses might be associated with the accumulation of dimethylarsenic acid produced in the methylation pathway of inorganic arsenic. Realgar is generally less toxic when used in safe doses, but prolonged use may pose a significant risk. It is rarely used alone and is often combined with other Chinese medicines in an attempt to reduce toxicity. Scientifically and reasonably limiting the arsenic content of realgar-containing Chinese patent medicines is an effective way to improve the safety of realgar in clinical medication.

Microscopic X-ray fluorescence analyses (μ-XRF) of copper-based and silver alloy coins minted in Rhodes, Greece, from the fourth century BCE to the second century CE

The present study provides new data from the analysis of 111 copper-based and 11 silver-alloy coins from the ancient city of Rhodes, Greece. This is the first time that an elemental analysis has been carried out on copper-based coins issued by the Rhodian mint from the mid-4th c. BCE to the 2nd c. CE. Based on the μ-XRF results, three different groups of copper-based alloys are formed, with tin and lead as their major alloying components. The elemental composition shows that most of the coins are binary, leaded and ternary bronzes, while two samples—confirmed as imports—belong to a different technological tradition. All impurities present, such as iron, nickel, cobalt, antimony, or lead, are typical of copper ores, while the diminutive amounts of tin, lead and/or arsenic in some coins could indicate the use of alloys made from copper scrap. Based on a complex and extensive set of compositional data and using silhouette analysis for k-means clustering, we identified the existence of four distinct groups clustered on the basis of similar trace element values. The groups give indication to the raw materials used for minting and provided valuable insights into the technological and origin-related aspects of Rhodian coin production. In the silver coins, four groups of different silver grades can be identified on the basis of the most important alloying elements. Overall, the differences in the composition of the silver coins become clear, but a more extensive sample is needed to better understand the evolution of Rhodian silver coinage.

COMPARATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT OF SOME TOXIC ELEMENTS’ CONTENTS IN DOMESTIC AND IMPORTED TOMATO PASTES AND KETCHUP IN NIGERIAN MARKETS

Although tomato consumption, whether as tomato paste or tomato ketchup, offers several health advantages, the future prognostic indicators hypothesize the disappearance of these gains due to heavy metal poisoning. Therefore, using the Microwave Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (MP-AES) technique, this study examined and compared the amounts of arsenic (As), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg) in locally produced and imported tomato pastes and ketchup sold in Nigerian markets. The mean concentrations of these targeted elements in tomato pastes and ketchup (in mg.kg-1) respectively are presented as follows: As (domestic & imported: < LOQ), Ni (domestic:0.308, 0.289; imported: 0.271, 0.267), Cd (domestic:0.088, 0.075; imported:0.078, 0.083), Pb (domestic: 0.121, 0.102; imported:0.128, 0.136) and Hg (domestic and imported: <LOD). As, Ni, and Cd contents in domestic and imported tomato pastes and ketchup samples and daily intake rates (DIR) were within acceptable levels recommended by regulatory agencies. Except when combined metals’ hazard quotients are considered, which may pose serious health concern, individual’s metal effect constitutes a negligible health risk.

The Effects of Paddy Cultivation and Microbiota Members on Arsenic Accumulation in Rice Grain.

Access to safe food is one of the most important issues. In this context, rice plays a prominent role. Because high levels of arsenic in rice grain are a potential concern for human health, in this study, we determined the amounts of arsenic in water and soil used in the rice development stage, changes in the arsC and mcrA genes using qRT-PCR, and the abundance and diversity (with metabarcoding) of the dominant microbiota. When the rice grain and husk samples were evaluated in terms of arsenic accumulation, the highest values (1.62 ppm) were obtained from areas where groundwater was used as irrigation water, whereas the lowest values (0.21 ppm) occurred in samples from the stream. It was observed that the abundance of the Comamonadaceae family and Limnohabitans genus members was at the highest level in groundwater during grain formation. As rice development progressed, arsenic accumulated in the roots, shoots, and rice grain. Although the highest arsC values were reached in the field where groundwater was used, methane production increased in areas where surface water sources were used. In order to provide arsenic-free rice consumption, the preferred soil, water source, microbiota members, rice type, and anthropogenic inputs for use on agricultural land should be evaluated rigorously.

“A Life of Suspicion and Distrust”

On January 15, 1857, as the Second Opium War raged, bread distributed by the Esing bakery to Hong Kong’s Western community was doctored with a prodigious amount of arsenic. Few were seriously harmed, but the American trader Augustine Heard Jr. noted that the poisoning marked a great change in the Sino-American relationship. Although Americans were not involved in the Second Opium War, Heard’s comments suggest that, influenced by rumors and panic, the Sino-American relationship deteriorated as Americans increasingly saw themselves as members of a besieged white community. The Heards’ Hong Kong house is a reflection of this feeling of besiegement. This article places the 1857 Hong Kong poison panic within a broader atmosphere of colonial anxiety that increasingly led Americans in China to identify with the British at the expense of amicable Sino-American relations. It argues that the poison panic was one of a series of confrontations and minor panics between Hong Kong’s Chinese and Western communities that recalibrated how Americans in China perceived the Chinese and that such panics entrenched racial barriers between white and non-white colonial communities.

Extraction of antimony from a hydrochloric acid side stream of copper electro-refining by hydrolysis

This work explores the feasibility of recovering antimony, present in a side stream of hydrochloric acid resulting from a copper electro-refining process, by hydrolysis with water. A range of variables that can affect the process have been studied. According to the results, under optimal conditions (pH = 0.645 T = 34 °C), antimony extraction yield is 94.4%. The reaction product is amorphous, with antimony content close to 70% and Cl and O contents similar to the stoichiometric ratios of complex oxychloride compounds. Moreover, significant amounts of arsenic and bismuth have been revealed. The presence of bismuth affects the extraction performance, while arsenic impairs its potential commercialisation.

Detection of Heavy Metals in Educational Institutions’ Indoor Dust and Their Risks to Health

In addition to human health, there are typical pollutants that significantly determine the quality of life and deteriorate the quality of the air. Although these pollutants are familiar in outdoor environments, they also pose a health threat in indoor environments. These need to be monitored and controlled. Children, who spend most of their time in these environments, are especially exposed to these pollutants, and such contaminants pose a threat during their learning and growing periods. In this study, the detection of heavy metals in indoor dust in educational institutions and their health risks were evaluated. Heavy metals such as arsenic, lead, mercury, and cadmium, which are named differently due to their densities, were detected, and their effects on children were determined. The measured values of heavy metals cadmium and arsenic were above the standard values of OSHA (Occupational Health and Safety Administration), one of the health and safety organizations. However, when educational institutions were examined, an increase in the amount of arsenic due to drinking water used, cadmium batteries containing batteries, the use of batteries, and the pigment feature in oil paint derivatives supplied with cadmium may increase the values. The other heavy metals such as Al, Zn, Hg, and Pb remained below the limit values. A health risk assessment was made by considering the data obtained from the samples taken from the educational institutions in Konya province, as well as factors such as environmental conditions, the number of students, the area per capita, temperature, and humidity. The causes of polluting sources and the precautions to be taken have been determined.

Assessment of trace metal bioaccumulation on the shells of edible gastropod Chicoreus ramosus and Hemifusus pugilinus

The current study aimed to examine how some gastropods absorbed trace metals (Chicoreus ramosus and Hemifusus pugilinus). The existence of 17 elements, including aluminium, arsenic, boron, calcium, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, potassium, lithium, manganese, sodium, nickel, phosphorus, lead, and zinc (Al, As, B, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, and Zn), was confirmed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) analysis of trace metals. According to the ICP-MS results, C. ramosus (Al: 1.97 ± 0.2µg/g, Fe: 1.93 ± 0.2µg/g, and As: 1.52 ± 0.4µg/g) and H. pugilinus (Al: 1.85 ± 0.7µg/g, Fe: 1.68 ± 0.6µg/g, and As: 1.37 ± 0.6µg/g) both had significant amounts of aluminium, iron, and arsenic, respectively. Zinc concentrations of 0.58 to 0.7μg/g (C. ramosus) and 0.67 to 0.2μg/g were recorded (H. pugilinus). The elemental composition of the surface of the sample was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) micrographs, which also showed the degree of trace metal absorption in the chosen gastropod species.

Assessment of Health Risks Due to the Presence of Heavy Metals in Drinking Water Sources the in Chingola District of the Copperbelt Province of Zambia

Water contamination is one of the issues preventing access to clean water. Waterbody poisoning with heavy metals is particularly concerning. This study aimed to ascertain the concentrations of heavy metals in the drinking water sources in the Chingola District of Zambia and assess the health risks based on carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic indices. The study was cross-sectional in design. In the dry season, water samples were obtained, and in the wet season, an equal number of water samples were collected. All the water samples from all sources were analysed for heavy metals with Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP -MS) Mass spectrometer was used to analyse heavy metals. Nickel contents in numerous water sources exceeded the maximum allowable values of 0.0012 to 0.2144 mg/L. Each water sample had levels of chromium and cadmium below the detection threshold, except for three sampling sites. Drinking water from the tap, open well, shallow well, and borehole had differing median amounts of arsenic, copper, zinc, and nickel, and this difference was statistically significant (p  0.05). Arsenic, copper, zinc, and nickel median concentrations varied between the dry and wet seasons, and this variation was statistically significant (p  0.05). Both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health indices (HI) were below the threshold values, though some individual sources may have shown levels beyond the upper limit of concentration.

A Comparative Study on Heavy Metal Removal from CCA-Treated Wood Waste by Yarrowia lipolytica: Effects of Metal Stress.

Bioremediation is an effective way to remove heavy metals from pollutants. This study investigated the effects of Yarrowia lipolytica (Y. lipolytica) on the bioremediation of chromated copper arsenate (CCA)-treated wood wastes. Copper ions stressed the yeast strains to improve their bioremediation efficiency. A comparison of changes in morphology, chemical composition, and metal content of CCA wood before and after bioremediation was conducted. The amount of arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), and copper (Cu) was quantified by microwave plasma atomic emission spectrometer. The results showed that yeast strains remained on the surface of CCA-treated wood after bioremediation. The morphologies of the strains changed from net to spherical because of the Cu2+ stress. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy showed that carboxylic acid groups of wood were released after removing heavy metals. A large amount of oxalic acid was observed when the optical density (OD600nm) was 0.05 on the 21st day. Meanwhile, the highest removal rate of Cu, As, and Cr was 82.8%, 68.3%, and 43.1%, respectively. Furthermore, the Cu removal from CCA-treated wood increased by about 20% after Cu2+ stress. This study showed that it is feasible to remove heavy metals from CCA-treated wood by Y. lipolytica without destroying the wood structure, especially by copper-induced Y. lipolytica.

Chemical contamination of feed, containing animal raw materials

Raw feed materials of animal origin intended to produce feed for livestock and “companion animals may contain undesired chemical substances able to be carried-“over in the final produce: toxic elements and veterinary drug residues “(antimicrobials, coccidiostats, antiprotozoal and sedative drugs). The carry-over of “contaminant from raw materials to ready feed is determined by it’s structure and “chemical properties, resistance to environmental conditions and processing. “Elevated levels of toxic elements in the environment are often a result of industrial “and agricultural activities (e.g. use pesticides containing toxic elements, use of “manure as fertilizers and industrial wastewaters), however in some cases “contamination may have natural geological sources. Organic forms of cadmium “and mercury may be more toxic than their inorganic forms due to higher biological “activity. Rise of anthropogenic load leads to t elevated levels of raw feed materials “contamination and susbsequently of feed contamination, posing the risk to animal “health. Literature analysis showed that monitoring of cadmium, lead, mercury and “arsenic should be focused at raw feed materials of mineral and marine origin, “especially at the fishmeal, which contains large amounts of arsenic. The main “source of companion animals feed contamination by antimicrobials are raw “materials, and for livestock cross-contamination is an important factor. Control of “cross-contamination is possible only if good manufacturing practices are applied.“

Mobility and bioaccessibility of arsenic (As) bound to titanium dioxide (TiO2) water treatment residuals (WTRs)

This work systematically describes arsenic mobility and potential bioaccessibility of arsenic-enriched titanium dioxide water treatment residuals (TiO2 WTRs) by employing a suite of wet chemical experiments and spectroscopic measurements. Specifically, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) digestion method 3051a indicated <3% of total arsenic in the solid phase was released, and arsenic assessed by EPA method 1340 for bioaccessibility was below detection limits. A novel finding is while the arsenic appeared to be stable under highly acidic digestion conditions, it is in fact highly mobile when exposed to simple phosphate solutions. On average, 55% of arsenic was extracted from all samples during a 50-day replenishment study. This was equivalent to 169 mg kg−1 arsenic released from the solid phase. Macroscopic desorption experiments indicated arsenic likely formed inner-sphere bonds with the TiO2 particles present in the samples. This was confirmed with X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), where an interatomic distance of 3.32 Å and a coordination number (CN) of 1.79 titanium atoms were determined. This translates to a configuration of arsenic on TiO2 surfaces as a bidentate binuclear inner-sphere complex. Thus, both macroscopic and spectroscopic data are in agreement. During incubation experiments, arsenic(V) was actively reduced to arsenic(III); the amount of arsenic(III) in solution varied from 8 to 38% of total dissolved arsenic. Lastly, elevated concentrations and mobility of vanadium in these systems merit further investigation. The high mobility of arsenic and its potential for reduction when reintroduced into the environment, particularly in agriculturally important areas, presents an important risk when waste products are not properly managed.

Effective biosorption of As(V) from polluted water using Fe(III)-modified Pomelo (Citrus maxima) peel: A batch, column, and thermodynamic study

Pomelo, Citrus maxima, peel was chemically modified with lime water and then loaded with Fe(III) to develop anion exchange sites for effective sequestration of As(V) from water. Biosorbent characterizations were done by using FTIR, SEM, XRD, EDX, and Boehm's titration. The batch biosorption studies were carried out at various pHs using modified and non-modified biosorbents and optimum biosorption of As(V) occurred at acidic pH (3.0–5.0) for both the biosorbents. A kinetic study showed a fast biosorption rate and obtained results fitted well with the pseudo-second-order (PSO) model. When isotherm data were modeled using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models, the Langmuir isotherm model fit the data better and produced maximal As(V) biosorption capacities of 0.72 ± 03, 0.86 ± 06, and 0.95 ± 05 mmol/g at temperatures 293± 1K, 298± 1K and 303± 1K, respectively. Desorptionof As(V) was effective using 0.1 M NaOH in batch mode. Negative values of ΔG° for all temperatures with positive ΔH° confirmed the spontaneous and endothermic nature of As(V) biosorption. The existence of co-existing chloride (Cl−), nitrate (NO3−), sodium (Na+), and calcium (Ca2+) showed insignificant interference whereas a high concentration of sulphate (SO42−) and phosphate (PO43−) significantly lowered As(V) biosorption percentage. Arsenic concentrations in actual arsenic polluted groundwater could be reduced to the WHO drinking water standard (10 μg/L) by using only 1 g/L of investigated Fe(III)-SPP. The dynamic biosorption of As(V) in a fixed bed system showed that Fe(III)-SPP was effective also in continuous mode and different design parameters for fixed bed system were determined using Thomas, Adams-Bohart, BDST, and Yoon-Nelson models. Therefore, from all of these results it is suggested that Fe(III)-SPP investigated in this study can be a potential, low cost and environmentally benign biosorbent material for an effective removal of trace amounts of arsenic from polluted water.

ASSESSMENT OF ARSENIC CONTAMINATION IN THE INDIAN RIVERS

The present study analyses in order to determine whether or not arsenic contamination exists in rivers and what are cause responsible for it. India has 764 river water quality monitoring sites across the subcontinent. The study analyses 432 monitoring stations due to data availability. The most important rivers in India flow through Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Assam, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Karnataka, and others. The current study is shaped by causal research under the applied research approach used by academics and practitioners in river water assessment. Quantitative techniques were implemented during initial secondary data collection &amp; analyses. The study also conducted a content analysis and sweeping review of how institutions in India talk about the origins and effects of arsenic toxicity. The central water commission data has discovered that almost all rivers have arsenic amounts below the permissible limit except eight rivers. Arsenic contamination can be caused by a variety of natural and human activities. However, research indicates that industrial processes are the primary contributor.

Effect of minute amounts of arsenic on the sulfamethoxazole removal and microbial community structure via the SBR system.

In this study, the effect of arsenic on the sulfamethoxazole (SMX) removal efficiency and microbial community structure was investigated over 60 days using the SBR process. The results showed that the presence of arsenic had no significant impact on the system performance, the removal efficiencies of two reactors, R1 (the control test) and R2 (with the addition of arsenic), were 13.36 ± 5.71 and 14.20 ± 5.27%, which were attributed to the adsorption of SMX by fulvic acid-like substances and tryptophan-like proteins of extracellular polymeric substances. Compared to the seed sludge, the species number indicated that R2 possessed the richer diversity, while R1 possessed the lower diversity on day 60, which might be relative to the transferring of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in sludge bacterial communities; the minute amounts of arsenic could make the relative levels of Sul1 and Sul2 genes which encode ARGs of sulfonamides in R2 (2.07 and 2.47%) be higher than that in R1 (1.65 and 1.27%), which made the bacterial community of the R2 system more adaptable to SMX stress. Therefore, the minute amounts of arsenic weakened the effect of SMX on the system and enhanced the stability of the microbial community structure.

STUDY OF ACUTE ARSENICTOXICITY ON A GLOBAL SCENARIO

One of the most significant health threats worldwide is arsenic (As) poisoning in groundwater. In numerous areas of the globe, groundwater is contaminated by arsenic due to natural or man-made sources, endangering both human health and the ecosystem. When groundwater is used as drinking water, it can become contaminated with arsenic and enter the body. Millions of people in numerous countries rely heavily on As-rich groundwater for drinking needs. Vomiting, stomach discomfort, and diarrhea are among the acute arsenic poisoning symptoms that present right away. Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and severe diarrhea have all been linked to acute intake of arsenic. This quantity of arsenic for an extended period of time may result in problems with the heart, lungs, and digestive system. The blood, skin, and nervous system will all be affected. Additionally, the hepatic and renal systems will be impacted. With quantities over the suggested maximum safe limit of10 ppb, groundwater contamination with arsenic is expected to affect roughly 108 countries. The worst arsenic disaster in the world is the groundwater contamination in Bangladesh and India. There is an excessive amount of arsenic in the groundwater in the Indian states of West Bengal.