Amount Of Water Flow Research Articles

역류 흐름 검출기능을 갖는 무선 디지털 원격 수도검침기 설계

기존의 1구 홀센서 방식의 수도 검침기는 역류 감지와 저속 흐름 감지가 어렵고 대기상태에서 전력 소모가 발생하는 등의 문제점을 가지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 3개의 홀센서를 <TEX>$120^{\circ}$</TEX>간격으로 배치해 유량의 흐름을 감지하고 유량의 방향을 검출하여 국가 기술 표준 작동연한 (8년)을 충족하는 역류 검출기능을 갖는 무선 디지털 원격 수도 검침기를 제안한다. 제안하는 검침기의 동작 알고리듬은 3개의 홀센서가 유량의 속도에 상관없이 동작하며 오차없이 유량을 카운트 하도록 구성하며 홀센서에 이벤트 발생 시 RF 모듈을 통해 지정한 주파수로 수도 검침기의 ID, 현재 시간 그리고 카운트 값을 중계기 또는 중앙 관제센터에 보내고 대기모드에서 전력이 소비되지 않게 한다. The conventional 1 Hall sensor-type water gauge has some defects that it can not detect counterflow and low-speed flow of water, and it also generates power consumption during even sleep mode. In this paper, a low-power consumption wireless digital remote water gauge with a counterflow detection capability is proposed. The proposed water gauge detects the direction and amount of water flow by using the three Hall sensors placed at <TEX>$120^{\circ}$</TEX> intervals with 8-year national standard life durability. The water gauge with three Hall sensors works without error regardless of water speed does not generate power dissipation during sleep mode by presented reading algorithm for bew water gauge. The proposed water gauge is designed to send its ID, current time and counting value to repeater or central control center with specified frequency by RF Module.

Optimal Management of Hydropower Systems

Abstract In this study we propose a new model for solving the short term management of water reservoirs with variable waterfall. The stored water in these reservoirs is used to produce the electrical energy. The proposed model is based on the enhancement of the value of water by taking into account its location in any reservoir and its waterfall high. The water outflow in the upper reservoir to produce electrical energy is reused in the lower reservoirs to produce electrical energy too. On the other hand the amount of water flow necessary to produce the same amount of electrical energy decrease as the high of waterfall increases. Thus, the objective function is represented in function of the water potential energy stocked in all reservoirs. To analyze this model, we have developed an algorithm based on the discrete maximum principle. To solve the obtained equations, an iterative method based on the gradient method is used. And to satisfy the constraints we have used the Augmented Lagrangian method.

The Study on Heating Running Schemes of Solar Energy Combined with Municipal Heating

The research, based on combination system of solar energy and municipal heating network, studied the running scheme of combination system of solar energy and municipal heating network through ways of experiments and theoretical calculation of the mathematical model. Firstly, the research established mathematical model of heat equilibrium of the combination system of solar energy and municipal heating network; secondly, keeping the indoor heat load steady, compared the dynamic heat load provided by solar collector with that needed by heated room at the same time,determined time spans of the network stopping service and the heat load added by the network within 24 h. In the research we took a heating period in a typical room in Shenyang for example, under the conditions of low temperature floor radiant with heating index standard of 50W/ m2 and 50°C of the average supplied water temperature, 40 °C of the return water temperature, calculated and verified the established mathematical model. The results include: when the heat load provided by solar collector is greater or less than the heat needed by the room, how many heat amount should be supplied by the running network and the amount of water flow within the network pipes correspondingly, and how long the network runs or stops. The final conclusions include: whether the running scheme of the combination system can save energy? the conditions of energy saving in running a combination system, and whether the system can bring environmental benefits.

Estudio de las inundaciones en la ciudad de Morelia Michoacán, México

This paper focuses on the analysis of the degree of flooding vulnerability to which the city of Morelia is usually exposed to. Our concern arises due to the fact that every rainy season several neighborhoods in Morelia tend to get flooded, especially in the northern part of the city which the “Rio Grande” runs through. The southeastern part of the city, through which the “Rio Chiquito” reaches into, is often affected as well. Heavy rainfall in the upper part of the basin causes great flows, which in turn endanger the neighborhoods that are located near these rivers. The runoff of both rivers, “Grande” and “Chiquito”, was analyzed in order to create a computer-generated model using HEC-RAS to evaluate the displacement of their free surface waters under permanent moving conditions in each river as well as the geometric conditions of their transversal sections. The amount of water flow was also measured taking into consideration the bridges that rest across them without overlooking the geometry of such structures. Having gathered all these data, the most vulnerable spots were identified and some simple preventive measures and actions were proposed. Such measures and actions will help diminish or even eliminate flooding risks for the settlements nearby these two main innercity water streams.

유입량의 변동성을 고려한 Fuzzy DEA 기반의 댐 군 연계운영 가중치 대안 평가

The multi-reservoir operation problem for efficient utilization of water resources involves conflicting objec-tives, and the problem can be solved by varying weight coefficient on objective functions. Accordingly, decision makers need to choose appropriate weight coefficients balancing the trade-offs among multiple objectives. Although the appropriateness of the weight coefficients may depend on the total amount of water inflow, reservoir operating policy may not be changed to a certain degree for different hydrological conditions on inflow. Therefore, we propose to use fuzzy Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to rank the weight coefficients in consideration of the inflow variation. In this approach, we generate a set of Pareto- optimal solutions by applying different weight coefficients on Coordinated Multi-reservoir Operating Model. Then, we rank the Pareto-optimal solutions or the corresponding weight coefficients by using Fuzzy DEA model. With the proposed approach, we can suggest the best weight coefficients that can produce the appropriate Pareto-optimal solution considering the uncertainty of inflow, whereas the general DEA model cannot pinpoint the best weight coefficients.

Geological Features of Kailuan Coal Mine and the Laws of Pressure Bump for Deep Mining

Pressure bump in coal mine production safety is a serious disaster. Geological conditions in Kailuan Mine are complex. Coal strata based on the Carboniferous - Permian coal. The roof and floor are made of sandstone and mudstone with poor rigidity. Fault development and mine have large amount of water inflow. Most of mine are already getting into the mining stage over one thousand meters deep. Increasing stress and high stress induced pressure bump as a key factor. In this paper, according to geological characteristics of Kailuan Coal, it analyzes the impact and the laws of pressure bump in the representation of deep mining phase, which have certain reference for coal mine safety production.

Phosphorus release and sedimentation in three contiguous shallow brackish lakes, as estimated from changes in phosphorus stock and loading from catchment

In situ phosphorus release rates in three contiguous shallow brackish lakes were calculated by considering the amount of water inflow, changes in salinity and phosphorus stock, and loading from phosphorus inflow based on monthly data. The annual amount of sedimental phosphorus relative to that of phosphorus inflow was different for each of the three water bodies: 16% for Lake Shinji, 3% for the Honjo area, and −8% for Lake Nakaumi, as estimated in a 10-year period from January 1993 to December 2002. During the warm season, the quantity of phosphorus released surpassed sedimentation in these three water bodies. The low annual sedimentation ratio in Lake Nakaumi is related to a large seawater backflow resulting in phosphorus removal, in addition to a stable stratified structure promoting phosphorus release from sediment due to oxygen depletion in the lower layer. In Lake Nakaumi, field data shows that if dissolved oxygen at the sediment surface falls below 2.54 mg L−1, phosphorus release from the sediment begins to be accelerated.

Ecological hydraulic radius model to calculate instream flow requirements for transporting sediment in the western water transfer region

Transporting sediment is a natural function of the river. To maintain the normal evolution of the river certain amount of water flow is required, which is called the instream flow requirements for transporting sediment (IFRTS). We defined the permitting flow velocity by the conception of IFRTS, and also put forward the ecological hydraulic radius model (EHRM) to estimate IFRTS. The calculating process of EHRM is explained by the example of Daofu Hydrological Station on Xianshui branch of Yalong River in the west line first-stage construction of South-North Water Transfer Project. The result shows that the IFRTS occupied 29.7%–59.5% of annual mean discharge in flood season, the average of IFRTS was about 100.2 m3/s during 1966–1987, it is close to the IFRTS 90 m3/s calculated by IFRTS conception. Hence, it is feasible to use EHRM to calculate IFRTS.

Full-scale evaluations on heat resistance of glass panes incorporated with water film or sprinkler in a room fire

In this study, a full-scale room (573 cm×420 cm×330 cm) fire test was developed to investigate the performance and the variations of the absorption of convection heat and the resistance of radiation by using either the water film or the closed-pendent-type sprinkler onto the non-heat-resistant fireproof glass panes. The results showed that in the initial stage of the fire, the water film could completely restrain the surface temperature of the glass, and when the fire induced the flashover and further proceeded to the intense burning, the surface temperature of the glass could still be controlled around 100 °C. Although the flow rate of the sprinkler system was 3 times of the water film system, the effective heat resistance was only a third to a half that of the water film system only. Thus, for situations where the available amount of water flow is limited, by using a layer of uniform down-flowing water film with appropriate thickness and velocity, reducing the temperature of the glass surface could be achieved effectively. The usage of the water film onto the glass pane to assure the fire insulation and fire integrity of the glass pane has been proven workable, through a series test using small-scale [Wu CW, Lin TH, Lei MY, Chung TH, Huang CH, Chiang WT. Fire test on a non-heat-resistant fireproof glass with down-flowing water film. Proceedings of the eighth international symposium on fire safety science, 2005. p. 327–39], full-scale [Wu CW, Lin TH. Fire resistance tests of a glass pane with down-flowing water film. Technical Report, Safety Technology Co., Ltd., Taiwan, ROC, 2005; based on ISO 834-1] and real-scale (this study) fire.

TUGAI: An Integrated Simulation Tool for Ecological Assessment of Alternative Water Management Strategies in a Degraded River Delta

The development of ecologically sound water allocation strategies that account for the needs of riverine ecosystems is a pressing issue, especially in semiarid river basins. In the Aral Sea Basin, a search for strategies to mitigate ecological and socioeconomic deterioration has been in process since the early 1990s. The Geographic Information System-based simulation tool TUGAI has been developed to support the policy determination process by providing a simple, problem-oriented method to assess ecological effects of alternative water management strategies for the Amudarya River. It combines a multiobjective water allocation model with simple, spatially explicit statistical and rule-based models of landscape dynamics. Changes in environmental conditions are evaluated by a fuzzy habitat suitability index for Populus euphratica, which is the dominant species of the characteristic riverine Tugai forests. Water management scenarios can be developed by altering spatiotemporal water distribution in the delta area or the amount of water inflow into the delta. Outcomes of scenario analysis are qualitative comparisons of the ecological effects of different options for a time period of up to 28 years. The given approach utilizes different types of knowledge, from quantitative hydrological data to qualitative local expert knowledge. The main purpose of the tool is to integrate the knowledge in a comprehensive way to make it available for discussions on alternative policies in moderated workshops with stakeholders. In this article, the modules of the tool, their integration, and three hypothetical scenarios are presented. Based on the experience gained when developing the TUGAI tool, we propose that the general framework can be transferred to other areas where tradeoffs in water allocation between the environment and other water users are of major concern. The potential for a simulation tool to structure and inform a complex resource management situation by involving local experts and stakeholders in the development of possible future scenarios will become increasingly valuable for transparent and participatory resource management.

Nitrogen content in the brown alga Fucus gardneri and its relation to light, herbivory and wave exposure

Nitrogen is a necessary element for much of seaweed physiology, and is the most common limiting nutrient for marine macroalgae. Therefore, the content of nitrogen in algal tissue is often considered a useful indicator of algal productivity. However, the significance of algal nitrogen content in the field is understudied. We used a factorial manipulation of light and herbivory at three sites in order to evaluate how three factors (light, herbivory, wave exposure) affect the nitrogen content of the brown alga Fucus gardneri. We found that nitrogen content was a function of (1) nitrogen supply via amount of water flow and (2) irradiance, possibly via photoinhibitory effects. This research shows that local effects, by shifting nutrient allocation, can change nitrogen content over spatial scales of centimeters.

Grey box modelling for river control

This paper deals with modelling and identification of a river system using physical insights about the process, experience of operating the system and information about the system dynamics shown by measured data. These components together form a linear model structure in the state space form. The inputs of the prospective model are physical variables, which are not directly measured. However, the model inputs can be found by a nonlinear transformation of measured variables. Unknown parameters of the model are estimated from measured data. The modelling work focuses on the principle of parsimony, which means the best model approach is the simplest one that fit the purpose of the application. The goal of the model is to control the water level of the river, where the water flow is mainly determined by the demand for energy generation produced by the hydropower stations along the river. The energy requirement increases in the morning and decreases in the evening. These flow variations, caused by the energy demand, have to be compensated by controlling the power plants downstream, in such a way that the water level between the power stations is guaranteed. Simulation of the control system by using an adaptive model predictive controller shows that the water levels vary less and can be maintained at a higher level than during manual control. This means that more electric power can be produced with the same amount of water flow.

Variations of porosity in a sheared pressurized layer of saturated soil induced by vertical drainage of water

We use the mixture model of soil saturated by a fluid, as developed by dell’Isola and Hutter and applied to an isothermal steady simple shear flow pressed and drained by a steady flow of water from above. The governing equations are reduced to a single second–order ordinary differential equation (ODE) for the solid–volume fraction; its coefficients depend on the fluid viscosity and the thermodynamic pressure. The coefficients of this ODE give rise to the application of perturbation techniques; the solutions constructed in this way demonstrate that when the thermodynamic pressure is ignored, the solid–volume profile varies unrealistically largely over the layer thickness. Furthermore, when the vertical fluid convective acceleration terms are incorporated, they give rise to a ‘destabilizing’ mechanism in the sense that a boundary layer over which large changes of the solid–volume fraction arise and which is located where the draining fluid enters may flip to the exit boundary, and so make effective fluidities against shear deformations large. So, depending on the amount of water flow through the layer, the horizontal shearing to prescribed shear tractions may be small or large. For ice–sheet flow situations on soft beds, the flow rates achieving this flip are of the order of a few tens of centimetres per year and are, thus, fairly realistic.

Driftemergenz-Fanggeräte zur Erfassung schlüpfender Fließgewässer-Insekten (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera, Diptera)

Almost all hitherto traps designed for recording the emergence of running waters not only catch in various proportions emerging insects drifted in from above but also such who directly emerge from the benthal region covered over by the trap. This also holds true for the Illies' emergence-house.- Hence, a new constructed device is offered which prohibits mixed catches of undefinable origin but exclusively takes in drift-emergence from an upper water layer of determinable thickness. An essential part of this device is a sieve-like plate which shields its interior from the benthal, but also can with its one end be let into the water body at determinable depths by changing its angle of inclination in relation to the water surface. From the hereby given width of the inflow opening and the speed of the water current the amount of water flow per time unit is to be calculated, thus giving a reference base for the qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the corresponding sample. There are 3 different versions of the new design which can be applied according to location, size and structure of the to be investigated running-water, and for basic research as well as for longtime monitoring of water pollution and environmental assessments.

The major features of water circulation and spatial distribution of the hydrological elements in the Ross Gyral

Abstract Mikhail Somov's enforced drift in the area of the Ross Gyral during the antarctic winter provided a unique opportunity to compare the winter situation with regard to hydrological characteristics with those derived previously from a number of summer voyages. In general the winter situation is identical to that in summer, with the exception of the antarctic surface waters, which display a uniform thermohaline structure in winter but develop a two‐layered structure in summer. The reorganization from the summer to the winter situation lasts almost four months and is not completed until the end of June. In terms of volumes of water involved, the westward transfer in the Antarctic Coastal Current amounts to some 15 Sv.; approximately the same amount of water flows back east in the northern half of the gyral.

Effects of regulated stream on the hydrochemistry and zoobenthos in differently polluted parts of the upper Vistula River (Southern Poland)

The present paper describes changes in the chemical composition of water and the animal communities below three dam reservoirs lying in ecologically different river sectors and differing in the degree of water pollution. The reservoirs transform the chemical composition of the water in various ways, depending on the quality of the inflowing water and the type of reservoir. Changes in the zoocenoses are caused by various factors. In clean or only slightly polluted rivers changes in physico-chemical properties of the water are responsible for the changes in the zoocenoses. In reservoirs from which only a small amount of water flows out reduction inflow is most important, while in polluted rivers it is pollution which determines the composition of the zoocenosis.

ジャッキアップリグの脚のパンチスルーおよび地切りについて

The jack-up rig is set on the seabed and supported on the seabed ground. There are many problems arising from the seabed ground (such as penetration and punch-through of footing, liquefaction of supporting sand foundation due to earthquake and wave, scouring due to wave and current, suction force on bottom being freed, etc.), which are extremely important in connection with the basic planning and the operation of a jack-up rig and might have been the major cause of its accidents.Of these problems, in this paper, an analysis method of punch-through of footing and a method for reducing suction force are discussed.The analysis method of punch-through of footing is first described. It was used in analyzing an actual example in certain waters based on the local soil and load conditions and the results were compared with the actual values. The main conclusions reached are: (1) an analysis method of punch-through has been proposed, and (2) an actual example of punch-through was analyzed by this method based on the actual soil and load conditions, resulting in good agreement with the actual values.Next, a natural inflow suction breaker was used as a means for reducing suction force. The footing is installed with connection pipes that are allowed to naturally run sea water existing over the footing top therethrough under the suction produced on the bottom being freed, thereby reducing such suction force. A reconsolidated sea-silt ground was prepared in a soil tank. An about 1/20-scaled footing model was placed thereon to penetrate into it for a bottom freeing test. In this test, the suction force, the amount of pullout of footing, the amount of water flow through the suction breaker and the suction on the footing bottom were measured as changing the location of the suction breaker nozzles, water depth and footing pullout speed. The main conclusions obtained in this test are: (1) it is desirable to arrange the suction breaker nozzles evenly around the area close to the footing edge, (2) the relation between the efficiency of the suction breaker and the inflow rate of water into the void under the footing is almost proportional, and (3) the efficiency of the suction breaker has an optimum pullout speed.

Draining of the Lake Shinai, Miyagi Prefecture

Daishichi-chiku is the last polder reclaimed from the former Lake Shinai, a retaining pond that has been drained since the 17th century for the purpose of using it as rice fields. Draining of this area, 370ha. large started in 1940 and was finished in 1948. Because the retaining pond has disappeared as the result of this draining, floods occur frequently in and around this area, for the improvement of the rivers which flowed through it was imperfect. To protect the land around this area from the floods, an over-flow weir along the embankment encircling it was built, so that certain amount of water flows into this area when the rivers stand above normal level, that is to say, its function of retaining water was preserved notwithstanding reclamation. So this polder is submerged once or twice a year and rice is somewhat damaged. But in accordance with recent progress of the revision of the channels, it was desided to raise the height of the over-flow weir in near future.

Ion Movement in Wyoming Bentonite During Electroosmosis

AbstractThe comparative rates of removal of the ions from Wyoming bentonite‐quartz sand systems during electroosmosis were as follows: Na+ &gt; K+ &gt; Mg++ &gt; Ca++. The differential movement of ions tends to separate the cations as they move through the media. The percentage of an ion removed by a given amount of electricity was increased by the addition of a complementary ion.The rate of Na+ and K+ removal was proportional to the amount of these ions remaining in the system and decreased steadily as electroosmosis proceeded. The rate of Ca++ removal tended to remain more or less constant until the Ca++ concentration in the cell had been reduced to about 0.5 symmetry.In the early stages of electroosmosis the transference numbers of Na+ and K+ in systems containing no free salt were very near unity. Under similar circumstances the transference number for Ca++ was greater than in some salt solutions but did not approach unity.The amount of water flow per milliequivalent of cation removed was greatest for Ca++, intermediate for K+, and least for Na+.

Canal Field Gas Injection Project

Abstract For the history of the performance of the Canal field gas injection project reference is made to two publications. In the present paper a critical examination has been made of the pressure measurements and of the pressure-volume-temperature data for the reservoir fluid. Material balance calculations were employed to determine the oil in place, the size of the oil reservoir, the size of the aquifer, the amount of water inflow, and the migration of hydrocarbons within the reservoir. The effectiveness of the gas-injection program is discussed. Introduction The gas injection project in the Canal field, San Joaquin Valley, Calif., has now a history of 14 years. The performance was discussed in a paper presented by R. P. Mangold before the Pacific Coast District API meeting in Los Angeles, April 11, 1946. This paper was not published, but the pertinent data have been recapitulated by Muskat. In July, 1952, the Bureau of Mines published their Report of Investigations No. 4886 in which an excellent review of the history up to that time is presented, and the reader is referred to that publication. In the present paper a short resume of the history is shown in Figs. 1 through 4. In the last paragraph of the Bureau of Mines' publication reference is made to the gas injection in Well E-11. The additional information on this localized injection now available is presented in the next section. The remainder of the present paper will deal with the technical methods used in a detailed analysis of the various aspects of this project. A Localized Injection Experiment Wells A47-14, E-11, and E-14 are located on the southern flank of the field. In the 24 months preceding April, 1948, E-11 flowed 7,541 bbl of oil at an average rate of 12 B/D.