Amounts Of Vitamin B12 Research Articles

장내세균 불균형환자에서 역설적인 혈중 비타민 B12의 상승과 고호모시테인혈증 증례들

Elevated homocysteine levels are known to contribute to the increase in cardiovascular disease due to proinflammatory effects, endothelial dysfunction, and increased oxidation of low-density cholesterol. Therefore, functional medicine doctors in primary care should pay attention to the management of homocysteine to prevent patients from developing cardiovascular disease in the future. In general, coenzymes involved in homocysteine metabolism include vitamin B12, folic acid, and vitamin B6. In case of hyperhomocysteinemia, a blood test is performed to check for deficiency of these coenzymes. However, among these coenzymes, because of vitamin B12 is also produced by intestinal bacteria, the blood test for vitamin B12 test may not reflect the actual vitamin B12 available amount of vitamin B12 in the body. Based on this, these cases report shows the relationship between gut dysbiosis, increased serum vitamin B12 level, and hyperhomocysteinemia, followed by a sustained blood vitamin B12 elevation level and normalization of hyperhomocysteinemia after gut dysbiosis treatment and vitamin B complex support.

Preparation of Vitamin-g-Lignin Nanohybrids with Excellent Biological Activity and Fluorescence Performance.

As a natural renewable biomacromolecule, lignin has some inherently interesting properties such as fluorescence, antioxidation, and antibacterial performance. However, the unsatisfactory fluorescence and biological activities have greatly limited their value-added and large-scale applications. In this work, lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) grafted with vitamin B1 hybrid nanoparticles (LEVs) were obtained by using ethylenediamine and different contents of vitamin B1 through a simple hydrothermal method. The chemical structure, fluorescence properties, and bioactivity were characterized to assess the effects of ethylenediamine and vitamin B1 on the properties of LEVs. It was found that the fluorescence performance of synthesized LEV particles was improved with the increase in the amount of vitamin B1. The free radical scavenging rate (RSA, %) increased to 97.8%, while the antibacterial rates reached up to 99.9%. The antibacterial activity of LEV involved multiple combined mechanisms. The introduction of imine, amide groups, and positively charged VB1 of LEV will make it easier to interact with the negatively charged bacterial phospholipid membranes and cause bacterial lysis and death. Then, the PVA/LEV hydrogel composites were prepared by the freezing-thawing method, and the results showed that PVA/LEV hydrogels had more comprehensive performance such as improved mechanical properties and antioxidant and antibacterial activities, resulting in its great potential to be used as an efficient biomedical material.

Preparation and Physicochemical Evaluation of Eye Drop Formulation Based on Hyaluronic Acid and Vitamin B12

Background Dry eye disease is a common age-related disease in the world. Vitamin B12 is an essential factor in maintaining eye health and has antioxidant properties that protect the surface of the eye from damage caused by harmful factors, such as reactive oxygen species. Hyaluronic acid polymer is also similar to natural eye tears with its biocompatibility and physical properties. This polymer is one of the important components of the extracellular matrix. Objective Due to the lack of formulations containing the combination of vitamin B12 and hyaluronic acid in the country and the appropriate effects of these two compounds for dry eyes, this study formulates and analyzes the stability of eye drop formulation based on hyaluronic acid and vitamin B12. Methods First, the formulation of hyaluronic acid and vitamin B12 solution with borate buffer was prepared and the stability of vitamin B12 was evaluated. Next, the physicochemical properties of the prepared formulations were evaluated and a sterile ophthalmic solution was prepared from the selected formulations under aseptic conditions. Finally, by choosing the final formulation, accelerated stability was achieved. Results Accelerated studies after six months showed that the amount of vitamin B12 and its ultraviolet absorption did not decrease, and the physicochemical properties, such as solution pH, color, and viscosity did not change. Conclusion This formulation could be a good candidate for industrial production and long-term stability studies are recommended.

Study of Boron Complexation with Pyridoxine: Effect of Interaction Time, Temperature, and Amount of Pyridoxine

Borax is one of the compounds of boron (B), which is widely used as an anti-fungal, wood preservative, and antiseptic in cosmetics. Boron can form complexes with biomolecules such as pyridoxine, so it is interesting to know the interaction between borax and pyridoxine. This study seeks to investigate the complexation of boron, which is obtained from borax, with pyridoxine under various conditions of time, temperature, and the amount of pyridoxine. The resulting complex was characterized by UV-Vis spectrophotometry, Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), and X-Ray diffraction (XRD). The study was initiated by optimizing the complexation of boron and pyridoxine. The maximum wavelengths of pyridoxine were found in the 205 nm and 292 nm regions, while the boron-pyridoxine complex was found in the 237 nm region. The obtained contact time, temperature, and amount of pyridoxine are 40 minutes, 60 °C, and 2 mL respectively. The results of the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis of the boron-pyridoxine complex showed that there were OH groups, aromatic C=C groups, aliphatic C-C groups, B-H groups, and B-O groups. The results of the XRD analysis of the boron-pyridoxine complex obtained a diffraction angle of 30.93°

Assessment of various colored lights on the growth pattern and secondary metabolites synthesis in Spirulina platensis

Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic aquatic microorganisms with light and dark photosynthesis reactions. In the present study, the effect of various light spectrums on light and dark reactions in Spirulina platensis was investigated. Chlorophyll a and phycocyanin as light reaction pigments and vitamin B12 as a product of dark reaction were examined. S. platensis was exposed to four different color LEDs (white, red, blue, and yellow) at a fixed intensity. In light reaction, chlorophyll-a has the highest amount in blue, red, white, and yellow by 61.23, 45.46, 34.85, and 22.55 mg·g−1, respectively. Those microalgae cultured in the blue color produced the highest amount of Chlorophyll a and c-phycocyanin. For C-phycocyanin, the highest to the lowest amount belong to blue, red, yellow, and white light by 168.6, 102.4, 85.77, and 53.81 mg·g−1. The amount of vitamin B12, from high to low is related to blue, red, white, and yellow light by 68.91, 59.73, 52.56, and 10.2 µg·g−1. The trend of vitamin B12’s production was similar to the chlorophyll a. In conclusion, blue color can increase the production of vitamin B12 while keeping light reaction products at their highest level.

STUDY OF PHYSICAL INDICATORS AND BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SEEDS OF BELARUSIAN LINSEED VARIETIE

Under field conditions on the experimental fields of the RUE “Institute of Flax” 10 varieties of linseed of Belarusian selection were studied: Salyut, Brestsky, Opus, Ilim, Focus, Vizier, Alliance, Dar, Slavyanin, Bonus. The duration of the growing season was 80-86 days, plant height - 46.9-60.1 cm, technical length - 30.7-46.9 cm, number of capsules - 13.4-15.3 pieces, number of seeds in a capsule - 59.1-105.2 pieces, weight of seeds per plant - 0.342-0.600 g, weight of 1000 seeds 4.88-6.67 g, yild 79.1-117.9 g/m2. The study of the biochemical composition included the determination of such indicators as the content of oil, its fatty acid composition, the content of proteins, cellulose, ash content, vitamin B1, the mineral composition of seeds and was carried out at the Republican Control and Testing Complex for the Quality and Safety of Food Products of the Unitary Enterprise «The scientific and practical centre for foodstuffs of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus». The oil content was 29.2-44.8%, the protein content was 19.80-21.72%, the cellulose content was 26-33.3%, the ash content was 3.087-4.164%, the amount of vitamin B1 was 0.43-0.70 mg. /100g. The composition of fatty acids of linseed oil of the studied varieties is dominated by α-linolenic (51.4-66.6%), linoleic (12.9-25.9%) and oleic (11.1-13.9%). The seeds of the studied varieties are characterized by a high content of such essential amino acids as isoleucine (5.3-8.1 mg/100 g), valine (6.7-9.4 mg/100 g), methionine (8.4-10.1 mg/100 g), phenylalanine (14.9-18.4 mg/100 g), leucine (14.2-18 mg/100 g). According to the mineral composition, flax seeds are close to the seeds of grain crops. The main elements are potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, calcium, iron, sodium. The mass fraction of potassium was 10000.0-11500.0 mg/kg, phosphorus - 6935.0-9045.0 mg/kg, magnesium - 2590.0-2810.0 mg/kg, calcium - 1790.0-2345.0 mg/kg. Thus, the chemical composition of the seeds of the studied linseed varieties is characterized by a high concentration of physiologically active components, essential structures necessary for the functioning of organs and systems, and the seeds are a valuable component for various processing industries, including food.

Vitamin B12 is a diagnostic marker of decreased men reproductive function

Although the relationship between the amount of vitamin B12 and the quality of sperm exists, but results are controversial and require several additional research. The objective of our study was to analyse the amount of vitamin B12 in the sperm samples from patients with chronic prostatitis and varicocele with accompanying asthenozoospermia, and to identify the relationship between the amount of vitamin B12 and asthenozoospermia. The research was carried out of men with chronic prostatitis and varicocele with accompanying asthenozoospermia and infertility at the age of 27±2 years. The material of the investigation was spermoplasm. A chemical microscopic examination of the ejaculate was carried out with a sperm analyzer and with the light microscopy. The amount of vitamin B12 in the spermoplasm was determined by the method of competitive ELISA. It was found that the level of vitamin B12 was 3.6 times lower in patients with chronic prostatitis III B and asthenozoospermia then in the control group. Among patients with varicocele of II and III grade and asthenozoospermia, the level of vitamin B12 was 4.4 times lower than in control group. A positive correlation relationship of average strength was revealed (r=0,683; p=0,001). Additionally, it was revealed that among patients with Chronic prostatitis III B and varicocele of II and III grades with accompanying asthenozoospermia, there was the positive correlation relationship of average strength (r=0,690; p=0,001) between the amount of vitamin B12 and sperm mobility. A decrease in vitamin B12 levels may serve as a marker of reproductive dysfunction in men.

Critical Vitamin Assessment: Pyridoxal, Pyridoxamine, and Pyridoxine Levels for Three Species of Raw and Cooked Fish Samples

ABSTRACT The amount of vitamin B6 in foods is reported in the literature as the sum of the pyridoxal (PL), pyridoxamine (PM), and pyridoxine (PN) forms. The levels of the PL, PM, and PN forms of vitamin B6 are different from each other. The aim of the present study was to reveal how cooking methods affect PL, PM, and PN levels in cooked fish samples. Therefore, the widely consumed fish species European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus), gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), and Atlantic bonito (Sarda sarda) were cooked using grilling and baking techniques. The measurable PN amount was negligible. However, significant destruction of both PL and PM in all cooked fishes was detected. The loss in PL ranged from 54 to 97%, while the loss in PM was between 19 and 78%. The loss of PL in baked Atlantic bonito (97%) was significantly higher than in the other fish samples (p < .05). The cooking loss of total vitamin B6 in anchovy, gilthead seabream, and Atlantic bonito was 64, 55, and 85% when grilled and 61, 60, and 89% when baked, respectively.

Potentiality of Sugarcane Juice and Jaggery for Immunity and Employment Generation in COVID-19 Pandemic Situation

In India, more than 65% people live in rural areas. Majority of the rural population suffers under nutrition or malnutrition as the Indian diet is deficient in nutrition. Sugarcane juice contains high amount of Vitamin B1, Vitamin B2, Vitamin B6, Vitamin C and inorganic salts such as iron, phosphorus, calcium and organic acids such as fumaric acid, succinic acid, citric acid and malic acid. It can be consumed as an energy drink, prevent cancer-especially prostate and breast cancer as flavonoids in sugarcane juice inhibits the growth of cancer cells in the milk glands and safe against pregnancy. Jaggery contains lot of vitamins(Vitamin A,B1,B2,B5,B6,C,D2 etc ), minerals(Calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron, manganese, zinc etc), protein, energy etc. It is popularly known as the “Medicinal Sugar”. It has been used as a sweetener in Ayurvedic medicine for 3000 years. Indian Ayurvedic medicine considers jaggery to be beneficial in treating throat and lung infections. Huge migrant labourers back to their home in lockdown situation after losing their jobs. So, unemployment problem is a major issue in current pandemic situation. To resolve the issues of unemployment and immunity, the current article briefly describe about the potentiality of sugarcane juice and jaggery in creating employment coupled with boosting up the immunity in COVID-19 pandemic situation and its business, which are most appropriate for major portion of West Bengal as well as in India particularly in the rural areas to support the rural health and economy for sustainable development.

Effect of heat processing on the nutrient composition, colour, and volatile odour compounds of the long-horned grasshopper Ruspolia differens serville.

Heat processing is commonly used to prepare edible insects for consumption. This study aimed at determining the effect of boiling and subsequent oven roasting on Ruspolia differens' nutrient composition, colour and odor compounds. Boiling leads to: a significant increase in protein and decrease in fat content on a dry matter basis; a minimal influence on its amino and fatty acids profile; a significant reduction in its ash content due to leaching of phosphorus, potassium and sodium; a significant increase in iron, zinc, copper, manganese and calcium content; and a fivefold reduction in the amount of vitamin B12. Roasting leads to a relative increase in the amount of calcium and trace mineral elements but doesn't affect other nutrients. Roasting results into a more uniform colour intensity when green and brown polymorphs are roasted together. Lipid oxidation is responsible for the colour and aroma of heat processed R. differens.

Evaluation of the stability and the encapsulation efficiency of W1/O/W2 multiple emulsions by electrochemical determination

A facile and accurate electrochemical approach was developed to evaluate the stability of water-in-oil-in-water (W1/O/W2) multiple emulsions and the encapsulation efficiency (EE) for water-soluble active ingredient by W1/O/W2 emulsions. In the present work, vitamin B6, a kind of electroactive and water-soluble substance was used as the marker encapsulated in the internal aqueous phase (W1). The encapsulation efficiency for vitamin B6 and the stability of the W1/O/W2 emulsions could be evaluated through electrochemical oxidation of vitamin B6 in the external aqueous phase (W2), rather than in W1, where vitamin B6 isolated by oil membrane. The effects of the electrolyte and electrochemical measurement process on the stability of W1/O/W2 emulsions were investigated. Optical microscope images showed that W1/O/W2 emulsions could be dispersed in the electrolytes solution and stable in electrochemical process. The linear relationships between the peaks current in CV curves and the vitamin B6 concentration ranged from 9.0 μmol/L to 2.5 mmol/L with a detection limit (S/N = 3) of 2.0 μmol/L. It was testified that only vitamin B6 in the external aqueous phase in W1/O/W2 emulsions could be oxidized electrochemically. The instability of W1/O/W2 emulsions could be monitored through an increase of the peak current due to vitamin B6 leaking from W1 to W2. When the total amount of vitamin B6 was 1.5 wt %, the EE of vitamin B6 was 86.9 ± 0.59%, and decreased to 72.2 ± 0.43% after two weeks.

Rice plastidial NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase 1 negatively regulates salt stress response by reducing the vitamin B6 content.

SummarySalinity is an important environmental factor that adversely impacts crop growth and productivity. Malate dehydrogenases (MDHs) catalyse the reversible interconversion of malate and oxaloacetate using NAD(H)/NADP(H) as a cofactor and regulate plant development and abiotic stress tolerance. Vitamin B6 functions as an essential cofactor in enzymatic reactions involved in numerous cellular processes. However, the role of plastidial MDH in rice (Oryza sativa) in salt stress response by altering vitamin B6 content remains unknown. In this study, we identified a new loss‐of‐function osmdh1 mutant displaying salt stress‐tolerant phenotype. The OsMDH1 was expressed in different tissues of rice plants including leaf, leaf sheath, panicle, glume, bud, root and stem and was induced in the presence of NaCl. Transient expression of OsMDH1‐GFP in rice protoplasts showed that OsMDH1 localizes to chloroplast. Transgenic rice plants overexpressing OsMDH1 (OsMDH1OX) displayed a salt stress‐sensitive phenotype. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC‐MS) metabolic profiling revealed that the amount of pyridoxine was significantly reduced in OsMDH1OX lines compared with the NIP plants. Moreover, the pyridoxine content was higher in the osmdh1 mutant and lower in OsMDH1OX plants than in the NIP plants under the salt stress, indicating that OsMDH1 negatively regulates salt stress‐induced pyridoxine accumulation. Furthermore, genome‐wide RNA‐sequencing (RNA‐seq) analysis indicated that ectopic expression of OsMDH1 altered the expression level of genes encoding key enzymes of the vitamin B6 biosynthesis pathway, possibly reducing the level of pyridoxine. Together, our results establish a novel, negative regulatory role of OsMDH1 in salt stress tolerance by affecting vitamin B6 content of rice tissues.

Dietary Supplements Containing the Upper Tolerable Limit Amount or More of Pyridoxine (P24-034-19)

ObjectivesTo estimate what proportion of pyridoxine containing-dietary supplements available in the USA contain higher than the upper tolerable limit of pyridoxine. MethodsThe Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD) from the National Institutes of Health was chosen as the data source to characterize how many supplements contain an amount of pyridoxine (vitamin B6) that is at the upper tolerable limit (UL) or above. DSLD was searched for all dietary supplement labels that contain pyridoxine. Label data was downloaded into an excel spreadsheet and characterized based on target age group and amount of pyridoxine contained per serving size. ResultsA total of 5615 pyridoxine-containing dietary supplement label entries were reviewed. Of these labels, 4871 were for patients 4 years and older, 106 were for pregnant or lactating women, 148 were for toddlers ages 1–4 years, 8 were for infants less than 1 year of age, and the rest did not specify a target age group. From the dietary supplements targeting people 4 years and older, 288/4871 (5.9%) contained 100 mg of pyridoxine or more per serving, which is the UL for adults 19 years and older; 330/4871 (6.8%) contained 80 mg of pyridoxine or more, the UL for children 14–18 years; 449/4871 (9.2%) contained 60 mg of pyridoxine or more, the UL for children 9–13 years; 1031/4871 (21.1%) contained 40 mg of pyridoxine or more, the UL for children 4–8 years old. From the dietary supplements targeting pregnant or lactating women, 2/106 (1.8%) contained 100 mg pyridoxine per serving which is the UL for this patient population. From dietary supplements targeting toddlers ages 1–4 years, 1/148 (0.6%) contained 30 mg of pyridoxine which is the UL for this target group. Finally, because there is not an established UL for infants 12 months or less of age, those labels could not be characterized. ConclusionsIn spite of the ULs set by the Institute of Medicine’s Food & Nutrition Board, an alarming number of manufactures produce dietary supplements that contain pyridoxine at the UL level or higher per serving size. This poses a significant safety risk to patients consuming dietary supplements. Funding SourcesNone.

Ăn chay và rối loạn Nội tiết- Chuyển hóa

Classic vegetarian diet focuses on plants for food, including: fruits, vegetables, dried beans and peas, grains, seeds and nuts… In general, these vegetarian diets can supply enough energy and nutrient for human body. Nevertheless, plant-borne foods lack some essential amino acids, contains a great amount of sugary carbohydrate and a small amount of vitamin B12, vitamin D...may causing the harmful effects. Key words: vegetarian diet, endocrinology, metabolism

Vitamin B6 in Health Supplements and Neuropathy: Case Series Assessment of Spontaneously Reported Cases

In the literature, vitamin B6 has been linked to the development of polyneuropathy. Most often, these complaints were seen when taking high doses of vitamin B6 for a long time. Evidence as to whether a lower dosage range of vitamin B6 (< 50mg/day) can also induce neuropathy is scarce. We aim to comprehensively describe the cases of neuropathy associated with vitamin B6 received by the Netherlands Pharmacovigilance Centre Lareb and to assess the case series concerning the use of vitamin B6 and neuropathic complaints. We describe the number and nature of the reported cases, including suspect product, dosage, duration of use, and vitamin B6 serum levels. In addition, we describe the causality for the individual cases (Naranjo Probability Scale) and for the entire case series (Bradford Hill criteria). In total, 90 reports on products containing vitamin B6 included at least one adverse drug reaction in the standardized Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA®) query (SMQ; broad) 'peripheral neuropathy'. The amount of vitamin B6 in the products varied between 1.4 and 100mg per tablet. The serum vitamin B6 level was known in 36 cases (88-4338nmol/l), and the mean serum vitamin B6 level was 907nmol/l. However, no statistical correlation between dosage and vitamin B6 blood levels was found. Causality assessment of the case series of 90 reports to Lareb shows it is plausible for the vitamin B6 supplements to have caused complaints such as neuropathies. This is especially the case with higher dosages and prolonged use, but dosages < 50mg/day also cannot be excluded.

Vitamin B12 sources and microbial interaction.

Vitamin B12 is synthesized only by certain bacteria and archaeon, but not by plants. The synthesized vitamin B12 is transferred and accumulates in animal tissues, which can occur in certain plant and mushroom species through microbial interaction. In particular, the meat and milk of herbivorous ruminant animals (e.g. cattle and sheep) are good sources of vitamin B12 for humans. Ruminants acquire vitamin B12, which is considered an essential nutrient, through a symbiotic relationship with the bacteria present in their stomachs. In aquatic environments, most phytoplankton acquire vitamin B12 through a symbiotic relationship with bacteria, and they become food for larval fish and bivalves. Edible plants and mushrooms rarely contain a considerable amount of vitamin B12, mainly due to concomitant bacteria in soil and/or their aerial surfaces. Thus, humans acquire vitamin B12 formed by microbial interaction via mainly ruminants and fish (or shellfish) as food sources. In this review, up-to-date information on vitamin B12 sources and bioavailability are also discussed. Impact statement To prevent vitamin B12 (B12) deficiency in high-risk populations such as vegetarians and elderly subjects, it is necessary to identify foods that contain high levels of B12. B12 is synthesized by only certain bacteria and archaeon, but not by plants or animals. The synthesized B12 is transferred and accumulated in animal tissues, even in certain plant tissues via microbial interaction. Meats and milks of herbivorous ruminant animals are good sources of B12 for humans. Ruminants acquire the essential B12 through a symbiotic relationship with bacteria inside the body. Thus, we also depend on B12-producing bacteria located in ruminant stomachs. While edible plants and mushrooms rarely contain a considerable amount of B12, mainly due to concomitant bacteria in soil and/or their aerial surfaces. In this mini-review, we described up-to-date information on B12 sources and bioavailability with reference to the interaction of microbes as B12-producers.

Correction: Mechanism(S) Involved in the Colon-Specific Expression of the Thiamine Pyrophosphate (Tpp) Transporter.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149255.].

Forms and Amounts of Vitamin B12 in Infant Formula: A Pilot Study.

PurposeInfant formula is based on cow’s milk and designed to mimic breast milk for substitution. Vitamin B12 (B12) is bound to proteins in both breast milk and cow’s milk, and in milk from both species the vitamin occurs mainly in its natural form such as hydroxo-B12 with little or no synthetic B12 (cyano-B12). Here we test commercially available infant formulas.MethodsEleven commercially available infant formulas were measured for content of B12 and analyzed for the presence of B12-binding proteins and forms of B12 using size exclusion chromatography and HPLC.ResultsAll infant formulas contained B12 by and large in accord with the informations given on the package inserts. None of the formulas contained protein-bound B12, and cyano-B12 accounted for 19–78% of the total amount of B12 present, while hydroxo-B12 constituted more or less the rest.ConclusionsThis pilot study shows that infant formula differs from breast milk in providing the infant with free B12, rather than protein-bound B12, and by a relative high content of cyano-B12. The consequence of supplying the infant with synthetic cyano-B12 remains to be elucidated.

DETERMINATION OF THIAMINE HCL (VITAMIN B1) AND PYRIDOXINE HCL (VITAMIN B6) CONTENT IN TABLET BY FTIR

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objective: &lt;/strong&gt;The combination of thiamine hydrochloride (vitamin B1) with pyridoxine hydrochloride (vitamin B6) has been efficacious to help the metabolism of carbohydrates and amino acids. FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) is a technique widely used in compound identification and determination of functional groups but rarely used for the quantitative purposes. This study aims to obtain a analysis determination method of this vitamin combination simultaneously in tablet dosage form using FTIR.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;Amount of vitamin B1 and B6 standard were mixed with KBr crystal in a series of concentration (% w/w) in kalium bromide (kbr) crystal, then measured with FTIR. These spectrums yielded were transformed into an absorbance afterward changed to its derivative. The finest spectrum, which showed the best specificity and linearity, was selected and its area under the curve was calculated. The other validation parameters: accuracy, precision, detection limit, quantitation limit, and ranges, next were tested and determined. The validated method than was used to analyze the levels of vitamin B1 and B6 simultaneously in the tablets.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Vitamin B1 and B6 have the linear concentration range from 0.5 to 3.00% w/w. The regression equation for vitamin B1 is y = 0.0608 x-0.0176 with r = 0.9997 and Vx0 = 1.5047%, for vitamin B6: y = 0.0977 x+0.0079 r = 0.9995 and Vx0 = 1.7832%. Recovery results of vitamin B1: 98.98 to 100.93%, while B6: 99.06 to 100.43%. Intra-day and inter-day precision for vitamin B1: 1.73; 1.62; 1.48, and 0.58%, meanwhile for vitamin B6: 1.29; 1.60; 1.78, and 1.39%. The limits of detection and quantitation for vitamin B12 was 0.079 and 0.263% w/w respectively, and for vitamin B6, was: 0.093 and 0.311% w/w. The tablets from the market were tested showed the results that meet with compendia requirements.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;FTIR can be used for the determination of levels of vitamin B1 and B6 simultaneously in tablet dosage form and have met the validation requirements.&lt;/p&gt;

Involvement of Vitamin B6 Biosynthesis Pathways in the Insecticidal Activity of Photorhabdus luminescens.

Photorhabdus luminescens is a Gram-negative entomopathogenic bacterium which symbiotically associates with the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora P. luminescens is highly virulent to many insects and nonsymbiotic nematodes, including Caenorhabditis elegans To understand the virulence mechanisms of P. luminescens, we obtained virulence-deficient and -attenuated mutants against C. elegans through a transposon-mutagenized library. From the genetic screening, we identified the pdxB gene, encoding erythronate-4-phosphate dehydrogenase, as required for de novo vitamin B6 biosynthesis. Mutation in pdxB caused growth deficiency of P. luminescens in nutrient-poor medium, which was restored under nutrient-rich conditions or by supplementation with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), an active form of vitamin B6 Supplementation with three other B6 vitamers (pyridoxal, pyridoxine, and pyridoxamine) also restored the growth of the pdxB mutant, suggesting the existence of a salvage pathway for vitamin B6 biosynthesis in P. luminescens Moreover, supplementation with PLP restored the virulence-deficient phenotype against C. elegans Combining these results with the fact that pdxB mutation also caused attenuation of insecticidal activity, we concluded that the production of appropriate amounts of vitamin B6 is critical for P. luminescens pathogenicity. The Gram-negative entomopathogenic bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens symbiotically associates with the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora P. luminescens is highly virulent to many insects and nonsymbiotic nematodes, including Caenorhabditis elegans We have obtained several virulence-deficient and -attenuated P. luminescens mutants against C. elegans through genetic screening. From the genetic analysis, we present the vitamin B6 biosynthetic pathways in P. luminescens that are important for its insecticidal activity. Mutation in pdxB, encoding erythronate-4-phosphate dehydrogenase and required for the de novo vitamin B6 biosynthesis pathway, caused virulence deficiency against C. elegans and growth deficiency of P. luminescens in nutrient-poor medium. Because such phenotypes were restored under nutrient-rich conditions or by supplementation with B6 vitamers, we showed the presence of the two vitamin B6 synthetic pathways (de novo and salvage) in P. luminescens and also showed that the ability to produce an appropriate amount of vitamin B6 is critical for P. luminescens pathogenicity.