Amount Of Total Phenolic Content Research Articles

Essential Oil Volatile Fingerprint Differentiates Croatian cv. Oblica from Other Olea europaea L. Cultivars.

Olive leaves are a highly available by-product from table olive and olive oil production. They are nowadays strongly valuable for their major bioactive compounds and their beneficial effects. To determine the differences between two Croatian domestic (Lastovka, Oblica) and two introduced (Leccino, Frantoio) cultivars, physical and chemical analysis of olive leaves were performed: surface area, color variability, total phenolic amounts, and essential oil volatile profiles were analyzed at three harvest periods. All cultivars greatly differed in surface area, with cv. Lastovka being the smallest. Color variability resulted in an overall decrease in darkness and amounts of green and yellow that could be attributed to a decrease in photosynthetic demand and chlorophyll content. The highest amount of total phenolic content occurred in the summer months, followed by a reduction until October. Essential oils volatiles were determined by GC-MS and showed great diversity not only amongst cultivars but also between harvest periods, with overall 45 compounds identified. Principal component analysis distinguished domestic cultivar Oblica from the other observed cultivars, mainly due to its essential oil volatile fingerprint. Compounds that differentiated cv. Oblica were aldehydes ((E,Z)-2,4-heptadienal, (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal, decanal), ketones ((E)-β-damascone, dihydrodehydro-β-ionone), sesquiterpenes (cyclosativene, α-copaene, α-muurolene) and saturated hydrocarbons (tetradecane, hexadecane). Essential oil volatile fingerprint attributed the highest to the biodiversity of domestic cv. Oblica through all three harvest periods.

Evaluation of cytotoxic and antioxidant potential of Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter used in traditional medicine

Ethnopharmacological relevanceDittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter (“Sarı ot, Yapışkan andız otu” in Turkish) is a medicinal plant that has been traditionally used in the Mediterranean area. This plant is used by the local population for the treatment of cancer. Investigation of their biological activities is therefore very important to be supported by scientific basis for traditional use. Aims of the studyIn this study, it is aimed to assess the phytochemical composition, in vitro antioxidant, cytotoxic, and antiproliferative activities of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts obtained from the aerial parts (stems, leaves, flowers) of D. viscosa, collected from two sites in Turkey (Istanbul and Marmaris) against breast and prostate tumor cell lines. Materials and methodsValidated methods were used to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant capacity (DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC), cytotoxicity (Cell Viability Assay), antiproliferative (Apoptosis assay), and phytochemical compositions. The nepetin (N), 3-O-methylquercetin (Q), and hispidulin (H) in the extracts of D. viscosa were quantified by HPLC and LC-HRMS. Furthermore, in order to control the standards of benefiting from the plant in a healthy way, the contents of some heavy metals were also assessed by ICP-OES in the plant and soil samples as well as the species soil's physical and chemical characteristics. ResultsWe have found that heavy metal accumulation in the soil does not exceed the allowable limit value except for the nickel. The results showed that ethanol extraction is an efficient strategy to get NQH molecules with a higher content compared with other extraction techniques. However, using the same extraction method revealed that the amount of NQH molecules in the samples of two different regions were variable. The results suggested that all extracts had a high amount of total phenolic content (12.354–22.184 μg GAE/mg) and total flavonoid content (4.442–17.263 μg QE/g). In the antioxidant assay according to the DPPH method, the aqueous ethanol extracts (IC50; 21.00 μg/mL) showed stronger antioxidant activity than BHT. A significant reduction in cell viability was particularly observed in MDA-MB-231 cells, which were sensitive to ethanolic extracts in Istanbul (12–22%) and in Marmaris (14–15%), while PC3 cell lines were also more sensitive to extracts of the aqueous in Istanbul (16%) and the decoction in Marmaris (12%) after 72 h. Especially, it was observed that Marmaris and Istanbul samples induced the toxicity against PC3 cells. ConclusionThe study supports the medicinal use of D. viscosa as a potential anticancer against breast and prostate cancer cells in vitro and underlines the immense therapeutic potential of the plant.

Proximate composition of orange peel, pea peel and rice husk wastes and their potential use as antimicrobial agents and antioxidants

The proximate composition of extracts from three selected agro-wastes (rice husk, pea peels and orange peels) was determined by following AACC protocols. All wastes were found to have intrinsic phytochemical compositions which are responsible for their antimicrobial and/or antioxidant potential. Amongst the wastes, orange peel had largest amount of total phenolic content as well as total flavonoid content. The highest values for total phenolic and flavonoid contents were consistent with the most significant antioxidant potential observed for orange peel. Although FRAP values were in agreement with the scavenging assays, but the reducing power in terms of total antioxidant capacity was highest for pea peel extracts. The wastes also exhibited significant inhibition against selected fungal and bacterial stains which suggest that these samples could be good antimicrobial source.

Extraction Treatments Affect Total Flavonoid and Phenolic Contents of Cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata L. Walp.)

Plant secondary metabolites exist during normal plant growth. The production increases remarkably when the plants are challenged by environmental stress. Quantification of these metabolites is affected by extraction solvents and preparation treatments. This study aims to select extraction solvents and treatments which are able to extract high total flavonoid and phenolic contents in cowpea seeds. Acetone at concentrations of 70-80% produced higher total flavonoid and phenolic contents of 10.37-11.93 mg CE/g and 18.20 – 20.20 mg GAE/g in two cowpea cultivars. Antioxidant activities were in the range from 115.9 to 126.1 umol TE/g. Extraction of cowpea seeds using 70% acidified acetone produced a similar amount of total phenolic contents to those of 70-80% acetone. Traditional extraction treatments of shaking and maceration extracted a similar amount of the secondary metabolites. These simple extraction methods, therefore, could be suggested to extract flavonoid and phenolic contents as well as antioxidant activity in cowpea where access to modern types of equipment is limited.

Effect of water stress on antibacterial activity, Total Phenolic Content and Total Flavonoid Content of Clitoria ternatea

The present investigation was aimed in determining the antibacterial activity of Clitoria ternatea that experiencing water stress treatment which comprises of positive control (watered normally for every 24 hours), negative control (no presence of water) and a treatment where C. ternatea receive water for every 48 hours. Agar disk diffusion assay had been utilized in order to investigate the measurement of zone of inhibition based on the methanolic leaf extract of C. ternatea for each treatment. Plus, calculation had been done for total phenolic content and total flavonoid content, to correlate between the length of inhibition zone. The results show that there is no presence of inhibition zone for all treatments which might be due to the low potency of the methanolic leaf extract, 0.02g/ml. C. ternatea that undergo every 48 hours of water presence hold the highest amount of total phenolic content whilst C. ternatea that encountered negative control of treatment possess the high amount of total flavonoid content. High quantity of phenolic and flavonoid content can be related with high amount of antioxidant capacity.

Potensi Limbah Pertanian Indonesia sebagai Agen Antidiabetes: Studi Kasus Rambut Jagung dan Kulit Jeruk

Agricultural by-products such as corn silk and kaffir limepeels have not been utilized well. Since every part of a plant contains phenolicscompounds as a result of their secondary metabolism, it is possible that these two wastes can be used as a source of natural antioxidants. Therefore in this study, we investigated the phenolic content in corn silk and citrus peel and assess the ability of the extracts to reduce the conversion of starch to sugar in antidiabetic assessment. Research procedures include raw materialpreparation, extraction, activity assessment and loading the extract into the nanomaterialpores. The results showed that corn silk and kaffir lime peels have different total phenolic contents. Specifically for corn silk, it can be seen clearly that the plant varietycontribute to the amount of total phenolic content. Corn silk from P11 variety has the largest phenolic content up to 1.58 mg GAE/g. Therefore this materialexhibited the highest antioxidant activity against DPPH free radicals, but it has a relatively low for antidiabetic activity. For citrus, this study showed that peels of lemon, lime and kaffir lime exhibited different content of phenolicswith kaffir lime peels extract had the highest phenolics, up to 23.36 mg GAE/g, while the extract of lemon and lime peels were 7.94 and 9.71 mg GAE/g, respectively. In addition, extract of kaffir lime peels has the highest phenolics content compared to other parts such as leaves and juice. The use of different solvents provides different antidiabetic activity. The loading of kaffir lime peels extract into nanomaterial pores was successful, promising future application in the field of drug delivery. However, other studies are still required to improve the effectiveness of diabetes therapy using natural products.

Investigation of yield, phytochemical composition, and photosynthetic pigments in different mint ecotypes under salinity stress.

Salinity stress is one of the main limiting factors of medicinal plant growth and may affect their characteristics and chemical composition. In order to evaluate the response of different species of Iranian mint to salinity stress, an experiment was designed in greenhouse conditions. In this experiment, six Iranian mint species were cultivated in pots under different salinity stress including 0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5 dS/m. The chlorophyll indices (a, b, total, and a/b ratio), carotenoids, total anthocyanin, total phenolic and flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, dry matter yield, and essential oil content were measured in two different harvest stages. Salinity stress affected various measured traits. The results showed that despite the negative effect of salinity stress on photosynthetic pigments, in some ecotypes and species, photosynthetic pigments were not affected by salinity stress. The amount of total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and total anthocyanin increased in response to salinity stress. The dry matter decreased under salinity stress, but the content of essential oil increased as a result of salinity stress increment. The results of PCA biplot showed that the E16 and E18 ecotypes were separated by a large distance. Among the various ecotypes, E18 had the most desirable traits which can be recognized as a salt‐tolerant ecotype. Also, piperita species was the best among the species in all salinity stress levels.

Facile Electro-Assisted Green Synthesis of Size-Tunable Silver Nanoparticles and Its Photodegradation Activity

An eco-benign procedure was developed to synthesize ultrafine and discrete spherical shape silver nanoparticles (5–20 nm) in the presence of ionic liquid. Different types of leaves extract, including Cymbopogon nardus, Polygonum minus, Allium Cepa, and Petroselinum crispum, were used as a green reducing and capping agents for the synthesis process. The Ag nanoparticles were denoted as AgCN, AgPM, AgAC, and AgPC, respectively. Notably, it was demonstrated that the Ag nanoparticles' size could simply be altered by varying the amount of total phenolic content (TPC) using different leaves. It was indicated from the characterization results that the AgPC nanoparticles’ size was nine-fold smaller compared to the conventional Ag nanoparticles due to the high amount of total phenolic compounds (TPC) in the Petroselinum crispum. The results also revealed that ionic liquid and phenolic compounds had a synergistic effect on reducing silver ions (Ag+) into silver nanoparticles (Ag) and the stabilization of the nanoparticles. The order obtained for the degradation of methylene blue (MB) was AgPC > AgPM > AgCN > AgAC > Ag was influenced by a large amount of TPC and led to a decrease in particle size and enhanced photocatalytic activity. The AgPC remained effective and stable even after five subsequent cycles.

Effect of Anthocyanins Extracted from Peanut Skins, Roselle Calyces and Outer Peels of Onions on Quality and Colour Stability of Yoghurt Beverages during Storage

Anthocyanin have been used as a natural food colourant and as a source of natural antioxidants. Aqueous extracts of dried roselle calyces, outer peels of yellow onions, and peanut skins were used as sources of anthocyanin and other functional components such as phenolic and flavonoid compounds to fortify yoghurt beverages. Antioxidants, total phenolics, total flavonoids and anthocyanin were estimated in the plant extracts. Colour stability was evaluated in yoghurt beverages fortified with anthocyanin extracted during the storage period at 4±1°C for three weeks. The highest amount of total phenolic content was observed in peanut skin extract (1.645 mgžml-1), followed by dry outer peels of onions (1.5 mgžml-1) and roselle calyces (1.3 mgžml-1). Dry outer peels of onions showed the highest flavonoid content compared with peanut skin and roselle calyces extract. The highest amount of total anthocyanin was observed in roselle calyces (3.877 mg 100 g-1), followed by aqueous extract of onions skin (0.635 mg 100 g-1). During the storage period at 4±1 °C for three weeks, yoghurt beverages physicochemical and functional properties had been evaluated. The anthocyanin improved the colour, appearance, and overall acceptability of fortified yoghurt beverages. The overall results suggested that it is possible to produce high-quality yoghurt beverages fortified by adding 0.2% extracts of dry peanut skins, dry roselle calyces, and dry outer peels of yellow onions, which obtaining colours degree of red-orange, cheery red, and orange-yellow, respectively, colour stability during the storage period at 4±1°C for three weeks.

Antioxidant Properties of the Native Khechechuri Pear from Western Georgia

Khechechuri is an endemic species of a pear spread over one region of Western Georgia, called Adjara. Pears are a dietary source of bioactive components such as polyphenols and triterpenic acid. In addition to highlighting its gastronomic value, the aim of the article was to examine and compare phenolic compounds, flavonoids, catechins, phenolic acids, and antioxidant activities in Khechechuri collected from various villages in the Adjara region, namely Adjaristskali, Merisi, Dandalo, Shuakhevi, and Khulo. Five parts of the fruit, the skin, edible pulp, whole pear (skin + pulp), juice, and pomace, were analyzed and the results compared. Our study indicated that the highest total phenolic content was found in the skin of West Georgian pear types (4650 mg/kg.) Moreover, the pomace showed significant amounts of total phenolic content in each of the Khechechuri samples analyzed. Flavonoids were found in each part of the Khechechuri pears, with the notable exception of the fruit juice. A positive correlation between the total phenolic content and the geographical altitude of where the fruits were collected was observed.

Evaluation of the extraction process of Arenaria hispanica L. using response surface methodology on amounts of total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and the antioxidant activity

The selection of appropriate conditions for increasing the extraction efficiency is important. The response surface method (RSM) is a statistical and mathematical technique which it can be used to examine the dependence between the responses with variables in a process and also determine the optimal conditions. In this study, the experimental design of General full factorial (GFF) was used by Minitab 17 software. The variables were time (30, 60 and 90 min), solvent (water, methanol and n-hexane) and method (maceration and ultrasound-assisted extraction). The main effects and also interaction terms were investigated on amounts of total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and the antioxidant activity (according to DPPH, FRAP, IC50 and BCB) of extract of Arenaria hispanica L.. A multiple regression, first degree model was used to express the responses. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) with 95% confidence level was then carried out for each response (TPC, TFC, FRAP, IC50 and BCB) in order to test the model significance and suitability. In optimum conditions, the maceration method was optimum method for TPC, FRAP and BCB, while for TFC was ultrasound-assisted extraction. Water was optimal solvent for TPC, FRAP and BCB, but methanol was obtained as the best solvent for TFC and IC50. Also, the extraction time of TPC was 60 min and for TFC, IC50, FRAP and BCB obtained 30 min. The mounts of TPC, TFC, IC50, FRAP and BCB in the optimum conditions obtained 173.93 ± 0.50 (mg GAE/g extract), 184.27 ± 4.04 (mg QC/g extract), 0.69 ± 0.03 (mg/mL), 734.80 ± 2.02 (mmol Fe2+/g exctract) and 21.23 ± 0.22; respectively.

Characterisation of different parts fromMoringa oleiferaregarding protein, lipid composition and extractable phenolic compounds

Fatty acids, amino acids, as well as total phenolic content and antioxidant activities, were presented fromMoringa oleiferadifferent parts (whole seeds, kernels, coats, pods and leaves). The investigated parts were a good source of protein (29.2, 37.8, 11.9, 10.1 and 22.8 g/100 g for whole seeds, kernels, coats, pods and leaves, respectively) with isoleucine, leucine, arginine, glycine, glutamine and tyrosine as amino acids in sufficient amount to meet the nutritional needs. Moringa seeds are also rich in oil. Oleic acid was the most abundant fatty acid in moringa seeds (66.2 and 65.8% for whole seeds and kernels, respectively). Leaves were rich in minerals such as P, K, Mg and Fe with the highest amount of total phenolic content. 70% ethanol, 80% methanol or water showed the highest yield with of total phenolic content from leaves reaching 11.8, 11.3 and 8.9 mg GAE/g, respectively. The lowest ED50 values were reported for extracts of leaves obtained by 70% ethanol and 80% methanol (0.51 and 0.54 mg), respectively, indicating more antioxidant activity than for the other solvents. For the ß-carotene-linoleic acid assay, leaves extract showed also the strongest effect for delaying the oxidation followed by extracts from pods and coats in a comparison with the control without antioxidants. From this comprehensive investigation of the different parts of MO, an assessment of the raw materials regarding their application as food is possible.

Proximate ComposRice Bran of Different Rice Varieties in Malaysia: Analysis of Proximate Compositions, Antioxidative Properties and Fatty Acid Profile for Data Compilationitions, Antioxidative Properties and Fatty Acid Profile of Rice Bran from Different Rice Varieties in Malaysia

The research aims to investigate the difference in rice bran compositions of three major paddy varieties in Malaysia, which are MR 220 CL2, MR 219 and MR 297. The proximate compositions, antioxidative properties and fatty acid profile of the rice bran were compared. Stabilization of rice bran of all varieties was conducted in prior to the extraction of rice bran oil (RBO) by using the Soxhlet extraction. Fatty acid compositions consisted in RBO of each variety were analysed by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results on proximate compositions showed that MR 297 was the highest in the content of moisture (3.90 ± 0.29 %), fat (22.52 ± 0.09 %), protein (12.70 ± 0.53 %) and crude fiber (3.65 ± 0.26 %). MR 297 variety also exhibited the highest antioxidant activity, which indicated by the highest amount of total phenolic content (TPC) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) compared to the other two varieties. Three components of fatty acids: palmitic acid; oleic acid; alinoleic acid have made up around 90% of the total fatty acids of the RBO for all varieties. The RBO also contains ideal fatty acid compositions with more unsaturated compared to saturated fatty acid, which makes it suitable to be used as a healthy edible oil. Results of this study can provide significant nutritional information for future investigations on the conversion of this agro-waste into valuable products for animals and human benefits.

Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of Some Plant Extracts against Different Food Spoilage and Pathogenic Microbes

Aims: Guava (Psidium guajava), pomegranate (Punica granatum), olive (Olea europaea L.), and moringa (Moringa oleifera( extracts which are assumed to contain active components and which are renewable sources in fighting infections of microbes. This study aimed to investigate its antioxidant and antimicrobial activity.
 Methodology: The agar well diffusion technique, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and the free radical scavenging activity of the plant extracts were applied.
 Results: All extracts exhibited different results against the microorganism used in the research. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for bacteria and fungi ranged from 25 to 300 mg/mL. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by using DPPH radical scavenging assay. In addition, the amount of total phenolic content (TPC) of the extracts ranged from 48.08 to 324.08 mg/g, while total flavonoid content (TFC) ranged from11.53 to 65.85 mg/g.
 Conclusion: It could be noticed that the guava and pomegranate extracts had strong antioxidant and antimicrobial effects, while olive extract had a moderate effect, but moringa showed a very weak effect against tested microbes. Therefore, the herbal extracts of guava and pomegranate could be used as novel, safe, and effective food preservatives instead of chemical ones.

Nutritional potential of selected species of Arisaema Mart. from Nepal

Abstract. Dhakal L, Aryal B, Joshi GP, Pant DR. 2020. Nutritional potential of selected species of Arisaema Mart. from Nepal. Biodiversitas 21: 5703-5709. Species of Arisaema Mart. are believed to be poisonous, but few species are used as food in different communities. Therefore, an assessment of nutritional properties of six selected taxa of Arisaema including three edible taxa was made in order to find out their nutritional potential. Methanolic or aqueous extracts of samples (rhizomes and aerial parts) were analyzed for various nutritional and anti-nutritional parameters. On nutritional basis, the total starch content and total reducing sugar were found highest (25.71±0.04mg/g powder) and (46.73±0.06 mg/g extract), respectively in aerial parts of A. echinatum. Total protein and phosphorus content was highest in rhizome of A. tortuosum var. curvatum. Similarly, extracts of aerial parts of A. tortuosum var. curvatum also possessed highest amount of total phenolic content (52.67±0.24mg GAE/g), total flavonoid content (14.13 ± 0.03 mg QE/g), and also demonstrated best antioxidant activity (IC50, 108.59±0.54 µg/mL) in terms of DPPH radical scavenging activity among the selected taxa. Inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase in vitro was found to be highest (78.82 %) in rhizome extracts of A. echinatum and extracts of aerial parts of A. concinnum (34.82 %), respectively.

Total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of former food products intended as alternative feed ingredients

The application of Former Food Products (FFPs) as feed ingredients is already documented in swine, as well as their beneficial nutritional value. To date, FFPs extra-nutritional bioactive effect in feed has not been elucidated. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate and compare the total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity (AOC) in six samples of FFPs extracted by different solvent systems. After methanol and acetone extraction, total phenolic content and AOC were determined in FFPs and wheat sample (CTR) using Folin–Ciocalteu and 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline 6-sulfonic acid)-ABTS assay, respectively. Results demonstrated that FFPs samples were characterised by an average amount of total phenolic content of 129.3 ± 15.1 mg tannic acid equivalents (TAE)/100g in methanol extracts and 156.4 ± 25.8 mg TAE/100g in acetone extracts. Whereas, the ABTS assay revealed that FFPs showed also anAOC of 138.0 ± 14.3 mg Trolox Equivalent (TE)/100 g in methanol extracts and 173.3 ± 18.8 mg TE/100 g in acetone extracts. Former Food Products represent relevant sources of phenols and antioxidant compounds, which can be beneficial for animal health. Highlights Former Food Products (FFPs) reprocessing is a way to convert food losses into ingredients for animal diets; Valuable content of total phenolic compounds and notable antioxidant capacity were observed in FFPs after extraction with methanol and acetone; FFPs demonstrated to be a source of bioactive compounds with extra-nutritional activities which can be beneficial for animal health.

KINETICS OF ANTIOXIDANTS DEGRADATION AND QUALITY CHANGES OF CITRON (Citrus medica) FRUIT JUICE CONCENTRATE DURING STORAGE

The aim of the study was to develop fruit juice concentrate from Citron and its kinetic evaluation during storage at 10 ºC, 25 ºC and 40 ºC respectively, for 12th week. The effect of different temperatures on the quality of the juice concentrate was also investigated. The concentration of ascorbic acid in the juice concentrate was monitored after every week of storage. The results showed that degradation kinetics of ascorbic acid during storage was followed by the first-order kinetics. The degradation rates of ascorbic acid during storage at 10 ° C, 25 °C and 40 °C were obtained as 2.27 ± 0.24, 2.46 ± 0.31 and 2.56 ± 0.34 1/week respectively. The higher degradation rate was observed at 40 °C storage temperature. Temperature-dependent rate constants of ascorbic acid of citron juice concentrate was obeyed the Arrhenius relationship with higher R2 values as 0.96. Total antioxidant degradation was also high at higher storage temperatures. The amount of total phenolic content was decreasing at the first few weeks of storage, but later period of storage it was in gradually increasing trend. The storage study demonsrated that ascorbic acid, total polyphenol and antioxidant activity were not degraded at lower temperature after 12th week.

Chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of bioactive compounds extracted from Opuntia dillenii cladodes

Opuntia dillenii has been used in folk medicine as a natural remedy for its diverse biological activities and bioactive compounds. The present study aimed to quantify the bioactive substances of cladode extracts (aqueous and ethanolic) of O. dillenii from Djerba Island, Tunisia and evaluate their antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic potentials. The results showed that O. dillenii cladodes had a high amount of total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC). Interestingly, by LC-MS analysis, we found that most of the phenolic and volatile compounds were present in the ethanolic extract. Indeed, quinic acid (58.78 µg/g), quercetin (11.5 µg/g), rutin (7.02 µg/g), luteolin (4.93 µg/g), cirsiliol (3.22 µg/g) were the major phenolic compounds in O. dillenii ECE. GC-MS analysis of O. dillenii ACE and ECE revealed that n-hexadecanoic acid (13.08%), and stigmastan-3, 5-diene (6.97%) were the main volatile compounds detected in ECE. Correlation analysis showed that the TPC and TFC were significantly correlated with the antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, and Fusarium oxysporum were found to be the most sensitive strains. Finally, the human colon carcinoma cell line Caco-2 was more sensitive to aqueous and ethanolic extracts with an IC50 = 50.89 ± 0.01 µg/mL and IC50 = 40 ± 0.01 µg/mL, respectively than K-562 cell line.

Precursor- induced bioaccumulation of secondary metabolites and antioxidant activity in suspension cultures of Dendrobium fimbriatum, an orchid of therapeutic importance

Orchids are important sources of various bioactive molecules of medicinal importance. Dendrobium fimbriatum figures prominently among the various medicinal orchids used on a global scale in herbal preparations. It is an important constituent of the “Herba Dendrobii” and is widely used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Being a highly valued herb facing the risk of extinction, use of precursors in cell suspension cultures offers valuable alternative to cater to its large-scale demand. The present research focuses on a wide scale application of various precursor molecules to upscale the production of secondary metabolites under controlled in vitro conditions so as to minimize the pressures exerted on its natural populations for collection. The cultures of D. fimbriatum inoculated with caffeic acid (CA) in the medium exhibited the highest amount of total phenolic content (50.73 mg GAE/gm DW at 0.5 mM CA) and flavonoid content (5.73 mg QE/gm DW at 1.0 mM CA). However, highest amount of tannin content (14.77 mg TAE/gm DW) was recorded in the cultures treated with p-coumaric acid at 4.0 mM in the medium. Also, cultures treated with ferulic acid at 2.0 mM in the medium resulted in the accumulation of a higher content of total alkaloids (317.82 mg ATP/gm DW). Simultaneously, the antioxidant activity of the precursor - treated cultures of D. fimbriatum measured by DPPH and FRAP assay revealed that the antioxidant activity was highest in the cultures treated with 0.5 mM caffeic acid which could be attributed to the increased production of total phenolic contents. The present research is significant as it reveals baseline information which if exploited scientifically can cater to an enhanced regular supply of secondary metabolites throughout the year by the use of precursors in the cultures without affecting the natural orchid populations, wherein Dendrobium fimbriatum is used as a model plant taxon.

Extraction of type II antidiabetic compound corosolic acid from Lagerstroemia speciosa by batch extraction and three phase partitioning

The present study demonstrates the comparative study between conventional batch extraction and nonconventional three phase partitioning (TPP) for the first time to extract potent biomarker compound corosolic acid from the leaves of Lagerstroemia speciosa. The impact of various TPP process parameters such as time, solute to solvent ratio, ammonium sulphate concentration percentage, slurry to 2-Methylpropan-2-ol ratio and pH were investigated to enhance the yield of corosolic acid. The various optimized parameters were solute to solvent ratio 1:40 (w/v), ammonium sulphate concentration 40% (w/v), slurry to 2-Methylpropan-2-ol ratio 1:1 (v/v), time 120 min and pH 5. The highest extraction yield of corosolic acid obtained under optimized condition of TPP was (9.4 ± 0.4 mg/g). Considering the conventional technique(Soxhlet) as a reference method for comparison, TPP yielded 67.14% in 2 h, whereas batch resulted in 48.57% in 1h 30 min. Also, Lagerstroemia speciosa extracts obtained from various extraction technique showed a good amount of total phenolic content and antioxidant activity in equivalence with their respective standards. Hence, the proposed method was found to be more efficient, simple, and a green technique for maximum extraction of corosolic acid from Lagerstroemia speciosa.