Amount Of Solar Radiation Research Articles

Climatic Characteristics and Their Impact on the Amount of Surface Water Discharge in the Province of Najaf

Geographical studies are interested in analyzing most of the different aspects of life in order to put the problem and the appropriate solutions to it spatially according to a geographical distribution that shows the relevant authorities how to develop and alleviate the burdens of population societies that have a growing need to meet all human consumptions, including water, because without it, life and control over the various economic aspects is not possible. The population is exposed to a decrease in the levels of water and its discharge quantities as a result of many reasons, including the climate, especially the amount of solar radiation, temperature, wind speed and relative humidity, which as a whole affect directly or indirectly the decrease in the quantities of surface water, especially the Kufa and Abbasiya beaches, which we are in the process of studying and presenting all its details. Linking the statistical relations between them and the prevailing climatic characteristics in the study area according to a climatic station, which is the Najaf climatic station for the period 1990-2020. The same is the case with regard to the hydrological characteristics 1990-2020, through which statistical relations are found and through modern statistical programs, so that the results are represented according to modern maps as well.

Effect of photovoltaic energy penetration on photovoltaic–wind renewable energy system

India is a tropical country that gets a significant amount of solar irradiation that is suitable for photovoltaic (PV) applications. The country is also endowed with wind energy in its large coastal areas. India is an agro-economic country that has a growing need for irrigation. Utilization of hybrid renewable energy for the agricultural needs of the country would be a step toward a sustainable future. For the environmental conditions of Haldia, India, a stand-alone PV–wind–lead-acid battery hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) was developed to cater to the needs of agricultural activities. An investigation was conducted on the impact of PV penetration on the system wind energy capacity, battery capacity, capacity shortage, net present cost, cost of energy (COE), PV and wind energy percentage and surplus energy produced. The optimization was based on the assumption that the HRES had no unmet load and the lowest COE. This research provided a range of wind energy capacities for the location with no unmet loads. The research discovered the ideal HRES of the site with a COE of US$0.312/kWh. This study may help farmers by boosting their reliance on power from renewable energy sources and decreasing their dependency on grid power for agricultural activities.

Natural Ingredients in the Jimen Basin Using Remote Sensing Technology

The scarcity of water resources constitutes a real problem facing man on an ongoing basis, especially with the exacerbation of environmental degradation and drought that affected large parts of the globe. With the increase in the number of the earth's population, the world is in need of more water sources for various activities. The study of the importance of water harvesting in its economic and environmental advantages lies in the impact on increasing and improving the productivity of agricultural crops by providing additional water at a low cost using supplementary irrigation. Remote sensing and applications of informatics systems are used to detect the best sites for the application of rainstorm water collection methods. This study aims to produce a map of the optimal sites for water harvesting methods to benefit from the water at the site of its fall without waiting for it to reach the downstream in Jimen Basin. This site is characterized by the presence of geological formations that have an important role in the application of water harvesting such as solid formations that allow the construction of dams within the basin. The study analyzed a lot of data on air temperature, solar radiation, relative humidity, evaporation, and rainfall amount. The geological formations, natural plants, and types of soil were also studied. It was found that Jimen Basin is very suitable to be used as a water harvesting basin to develop the region around the basin which is semi-arid. In conclusion, the proposed lake can help provide the possibility of establishing a residential city and also be a promising tourist site.

Textured p-type crystalline silicon surfaces obtained by multi-step plasma process for SHJ solar cells

P-type monocrystalline silicon wafers were textured by means of a multi-step plasma etching technique with the aim of greatly reducing their reflectance and effectively exploiting the highest possible amount of solar radiation in heterojunction photovoltaic devices. Suitable surface morphologies, characterized by high light scattering, have to be obtained without damaging the c-Si electrical properties. For this reason, some aspects of the plasma etching process have been studied and improved. Modifications have been made to obtain both “cleaner” processes and energetically lower ion bombardment. By operating at high pressure (0.4 mbar), a process controlled by diffusion of reactive species towards the substrate was favoured. Another innovative aspect consisted in two “reconditioning” plasma processes of the Si surface before the actual silicon removal step with SF6 /O2 gas mixtures. A strong reduction in the average optical reflection down to 5% was obtained coupled with a minority carriers lifetime (τeff) of about 950 μs, value comparable to that of the untreated silicon. An interesting surface morphology, consisting in “U" shaped cavities, was obtained. Texture irregularities were easily removed by acid etching. The moderate depth of the cavities is very promising for an effective passivation with a-Si:H thin films.

Estimation of Solar Radiation with Consideration of Terrestrial Losses at a Selected Location—A Review

The United Nations has set an ambitious goal to achieve net zero carbon emissions by 2050. This objective requires shifting towards green and renewable energy sources instead of conventional fossil fuels to address the global energy crisis without emitting greenhouse gases. While the energy radiated by the sun is one of the most abundant sources of energy available, its efficient and optimal use remains a significant challenge. To facilitate solar-energy-based applications, estimating the amount of solar energy available is crucial. Empirical and soft computing is the most-used method to estimate solar energy. This paper aims to analyze the existing techniques used in various models for estimating and predicting the quantity and quality of solar radiation using readily available data. Additionally, the study aims to identify the most appropriate techniques for developing prediction models using available explanatory variables. To fully harness the potential of solar energy, it is necessary to limit the terrestrial loss of solar radiation by minimizing the harmful effects of anthropogenic factors that reduce the quantity and quality of solar radiation in the area. This paper provides valuable insights to identify opportunities to maximize the potential of solar energy in different locations.

Quantifying Dieback in a Vulnerable Population of Eucalyptus macrorhyncha Using Remote Sensing

A disjunct population of red stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha) trees in South Australia is experiencing increasing amounts of dieback. Because the population is considered vulnerable to extinction, we investigated spatiotemporal vegetation changes, quantified the extent of dieback, and determined how topography influences dieback using aerial and satellite imagery. Classification of vegetation health status using hyperspectral aerial imagery indicated that 37% (accuracy = 0.87 Kappa) of the population was unhealthy and potentially experiencing dieback. When correlating this classification with a digital terrain model (DTM), the aspect and amount of solar radiation had the strongest relationship with the presence of unhealthy vegetation. PlanetScope satellite-derived, and spectral index-based analysis indicated that 7% of the red stringybark population experienced negative vegetation health changes during a five-year period (2017–2022), with positive vegetation health changes (9.5%) noted on pole-facing slopes. Therefore, our integrated remote sensing approach documented the extent and spatiotemporal dynamics of dieback, suggesting it could be applied in other studies. Topographical aspects exposed to high-solar radiation were particularly vulnerable to dieback, and pole-facing aspects demonstrated some recovery between droughts. The influence of topography and maps of vegetation health can be used to guide future management and restoration of the population.

Transient Evaluation of Wind‐Induced Vibration Response of Heliostat Under Downburst

As the region with the highest amount of solar radiation, Qinghai–Tibet Plateau has the highest frequency of thunderstorms in China. Downburst generated in thunderstorm can cause high‐intensive wind near the ground, which is a critical threat to heliostats. Herein, the impact of the wind loads on the heliostat response under downburst is investigated using a proven finite‐element model and the influence is also compared with that under atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) wind. The results demonstrate that the downburst development process, the movement of the storm center, and the heliostat's elevation angle are highly associated with the wind‐induced response characteristics of the heliostat under downburst. The maximum displacement and stress of the heliostat with different elevation angles under the downburst are significantly larger than those under ABL wind. Additionally, when the elevation angle of the heliostat is 30°, the maximum value of the mirror's first principal stress under downburst is 1.88 times greater than it is under ABL wind. Therefore, the impact of wind‐induced vibration caused by downburst is necessarily considered on the safety of heliostat in Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau with abundant solar energy resources and high incidence of downbursts.

Impact of Atmospheric Circulation Patterns on Ozone Changes in the Pearl River Delta from 2015 to 2020

Based on the ozone observation data and meteorological reanalysis data of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) from 2015 to 2020, the Lamb-Jenkinson weather typing method (LWTs) was used to analyze the characteristics of different circulation types and quantify their contributions to the interannual ozone variation. The results showed that there was a total of 18 weather types in PRD. Type ASW was more likely to occur with ozone pollution, and Type NE was associated with more serious ozone pollution. To better explore the ozone generation mechanism under different weather types, the 18 weather types were merged into five weather categories based on the wind direction change of the 850 hPa wind field and the different positions of the central system. The weather categories with high ozone concentration were the N-E-S directional category[(161±68) μg·m-3] and category A[(122±39) μg·m-3]. The ozone concentrations of these two categories were significantly positively correlated with the daily maximum temperature and the net amount of solar radiation. The N-E-S directional category was the dominant circulation pattern in autumn, whereas category A mostly occurred in spring, and 90% of the ozone pollution events occurring in PRD in spring were related to category A. The contribution of changes in atmospheric circulation frequency and intensity to interannual change in ozone concentration in PRD was 69%, and the contribution of changes in atmospheric circulation frequency alone was 4%. The changes in atmospheric circulation intensity and frequency on ozone-exceeding days contributed comparably to the interannual fluctuations in ozone pollution concentrations.

Assessing primary vegetation recovery from earthquake-induced landslide scars: A real-time kinematic unmanned aerial vehicle approach

Globally, post-disturbance site formation is caused by large-scale natural disturbances. In such areas, it is necessary to restore vegetation rapidly as it regulates the outflow of sediment and water. However, the relationship between post-disturbance site vegetation recovery and environmental factors has not yet been elucidated. This study aimed to estimate the environmental factors affecting early vegetation recovery after large-scale disturbances (i.e., earthquakes). We used a novel analysis of multidimensional high-definition earth surface data derived from real-time kinematic unmanned aerial vehicles (RTK-UAVs) with high positioning accuracy to reveal primary vegetation recovery conditions, accounting for ground surface changes and environmental information of earthquake-induced landslide scars in Japan's boreal forests. A vegetation survey was conducted to understand the species composition and coverage that had recovered from earthquake-induced landslide scar in Japan's boreal forests. The herbaceous species Petasites japonicus subsp. giganteus and the woody introduced species Larix kaempferi were identified as the dominant species that help restore vegetation, with high frequency and plant coverage in the primary succession of the landslide scar. The reproductive characteristics of these pioneer species suggest that they have an advantage for establishment and growth, particularly on landslide scars with substantial topsoil dynamics. An optimal generalized linear model was used, which considered the distance from the vegetation inside and outside the landslide scars, ground surface change, inclination angle, annual amount of solar radiation, and the local region as explanatory variables. The ideal environmental conditions for vegetation recovery are summarized as follows: 1) Maximum biological legacy preserved inside and outside landslide scars. 2) Vegetation recovery expected in stable areas with little erosion and accumulation. 3) Vegetation recovery expected on slopes other than steep slopes or those with extremely high amounts of sunlight. The vegetation recovery conditions and RTK-UAV remote-sensing techniques used in this study can be applied to vegetation restoration zoning plans immediately after a disaster in similar environments.

SINGLE AXIS SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM

In this study, the layout and implementation of a PV converter panel solar tracking system are discussed. Generally, the amount of solar radiation and the ambient temperature will affect the electricity production of photovoltaic panels. As they will create their most electricity when the amount of solar radiation they receive is at its highest, PVs should be controlled to keep them always perpendicular to the sun. The proposed single-axis solar tracking system offers an ideal solar energy conversion process by correctly aligning the photovoltaic panels with the actual location of the sun. The experiment's mechanism depends on a DC motor that intelligently moves the prototype in response to input from an LDR sensor using a fuzzy logic controller. An experimental study was carried out to study the performance of the solar tracking system. There is a 47% increase in strength between the design system and the fixed system.

Design and Development of Cooling Systems for PV Cells Performance Improvement

Abstract This paper presents a concise review of cooling techniques for the solar PV systems. The photovoltaic effect was firstly experimentally demonstrated by the French physicist Edmond Becquel in 1839. The first useful solar cell (6% energy efficiency) was performed by the Bell Laboratories (1950). They realized that the semiconducting materials such silicon were more efficient than selenium. The following conditions have a significant impact on solar panel’s efficiency, in real-world use: irradiance (W/m2), shading, orientation and temperature. The ambient temperature, wind speed, time of day and the amount of solar irradiance (W/m2) make real variation in cells temperature that often rises above 25ºC. The optimum internal cell temperature is typically 25-30ºC above the ambient air temperature and solar cell performance decreases with increasing temperature with 8-15% in total power output. That’s why engineers design cooling systems to improve the efficiency of solar panels that operate in non-optimal conditions.

Thermodynamic analysis of absorption refrigeration cycles by parabolic trough collectors

The purpose of this study is to numerically investigate the performance of a solar physical surface absorption cooling system, in which activated carbon/methanol is used as a working pair, which is placed inside a parabolic-shaped solar collector. The governing mathematical model of this issue is based on the equations of conservation of mass, conservation of energy, and thermodynamics of the physical surface absorption process. The equations are discretized using the fully implicit finite difference method, and the Fortran computer program was simulated. A comparison with the results of previous laboratory and numerical studies validated this model. At each point in the bed, the temperature, pressure, and mass of the refrigerant absorbed during the physical surface absorption/discharge process were calculated. In addition, the effects of the bed diameter, amount of solar radiation, source temperature, temperature, and pressure of the evaporator and condenser were investigated on the solar performance coefficient and the specific cooling power of the system. According to the built laboratory model and the working conditions of the system, the solar performance coefficient and the specific cooling capacity of the system are equal to 0.12 and 45.6 W/kg, respectively.

Experimental Investigation of Absorber Design on the Performance of a Solar Tracking Distillation System

The problem of water scarcity, especially in North Africa and Libya, has been reviewed. A distillation apparatus has been proposed that uses solar energy as a source of unlimited energy. It should be noted that most countries in North Africa to a relatively favourable area between 35° north latitude and 37° south latitude. Because of this, they can rely on sunlight as an unwavering source of fresh water. The setup used in the experiment uses a solar parabolic concentrator, which collects solar radiation and concentrates it on an evaporator. The parabolic reflector increases the amount of incoming solar radiation and its concentration on the evaporator, thereby increasing the heat output and production rate of the solar still, thereby increasing the efficiency of the solar still. The suggested distillation unit-body consists of a parabolic reflector, an evaporator (Tube absorber) which was placed on the focal line of the parabolic reflector, and a pyramidal glass frame that acts as a condenser. Motors and electronics that expose the reflector to the sun's rays throughout the day from sunrise to sunset. The results show that increases in solar intensity, ambient temperature, and evaporation area increase specific productivity. Using the tracking system as an automatic control unit to make the reflector the sun rays all over the day from sunrise to sunset.

Techno-economic assessment of power generation potential from floating solar photovoltaic systems in Bangladesh

Floating Solar Photovoltaic (FPV) plants, also known as floatovoltaic plants are showing great potential in the renewable energy sector all around the world. They can contribute to the national grid and provide support to the existing hydropower plants. Moreover, they positively impact the environment by reducing evaporation and improving aquatic lives simultaneously. Despite a decade of research, there has been no study on the technical potential of FPV plants on a riverine country like Bangladesh. In Bangladesh, there are several water infrastructures to accommodate FPV plants. In addition, a considerable amount of solar irradiation is available throughout the year because of the country's geographical location, making FPVs a significantly viable option for generating electricity. To this end, this study provides the first technical potential and economic feasibility assessment of some of the important water bodies of Bangladesh. The technical potential study is performed with the help of solar PVGIS and focuses on the contribution these plants can make to the national grid. The economic viability assessment simulations are done in System Advisory Model (SAM). Moreover, a thorough comparison between FPVs and inland solar plants is also conducted. The results show that after the installation, even with a conservative approach, FPV plants will be able to meet 1.1% of the demand of the capital Dhaka, the city with one of the highest population densities. In addition, FPV installation at Kaptai lake, which already has an existing hydropower plant, can meet up to 7% of the demand of the port city Chattogram. Moreover, economic parameters NPV, IRR and LCOE all indicate the projects are profitable and can be deployed in large-scale. This study will open doors to further research into the FPV potential of Bangladesh and help implement FPVs to meet the renewable energy goals of the country.

Simulasi Perancangan Pembakit Listrik Tenaga Surya Gedung Advance Research Laboratory Universitas Udayana

The purpose of this study is to design and evaluate a rooftop PV system that is connected to the PLN grid on Advance Research Laboratory Building rooftop at Udayana University using the PVsyst software. The main factor of this research is the acceleration of the transition to new renewable energy such as PLTS. The overall performance of the solar module is determined by the amount of solar radiation, the type of solar module used, and the orientation of the solar module. PV system which connected to the PLN grid or on-grid is the best choice for commercial-scale renewable energy. In this study, the PVsyst software was used to analyse the maximum power of the installed PV system with a roof surface area of 492 m2. With the specified roof area, 176 solar modules can be installed. The available AC energy produced by PV System is 156.18 MWh/year. The annual horizontal irradiation in Jimbaran, Bali is 2014.6 kWh/m2. The PV system has a Performance Ratio (PR) of 0.785 and a specific energy production of 1604 kWh/kWp/year so that the system is considered to have good feasibility. PV system is able to save electricity consumption of Udayana University Advance Research Laboratory Building during the morning to evening period

Optimum Tilt Angle and Solar Radiation of Photovoltaic Modules for Gulf Collaboration Council Countries

This article focuses on the optimization of tilt angle for solar panels in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. The tilt angle is a crucial factor that affects the amount of solar radiation received by the solar panel. The study uses a mathematical model to calculate the optimal tilt angle based on the latitude and longitude of the location and compares the results with the PVWatts calculator. The importance of selecting the optimal tilt angle for maximizing solar energy production is emphasized. The study finds that the mathematical model and PVWatts calculator are in good agreement, except for the negative tilt angles calculated by the model. The article also provides monthly, seasonally, and yearly irradiance values for the GCC countries calculated using the PVWatts calculator. It suggests that changing the tilt angle 12 times during the year can enhance the power output by 10.9%. The results show that the monthly automated angle has a maximum in December and a minimum in June, with Oman having the highest maximum angle of 50.5 and the lowest minimum angle of -10.58. Kuwait has the highest maximum angle of 58.33 and the lowest minimum angle of -2.75. The results are verified by the PVWatts calculator, showing a good similarity with a percentage of error around 3%. The study highlights the importance of selecting the optimal tilt angle to achieve maximum solar energy production in the GCC countries. The mathematical model and PVWatts calculator can serve as tools to calculate the optimum tilt angle for solar panels.

Investigating the Power of LSTM-Based Models in Solar Energy Forecasting

Solar is a significant renewable energy source. Solar energy can provide for the world’s energy needs while minimizing global warming from traditional sources. Forecasting the output of renewable energy has a considerable impact on decisions about the operation and management of power systems. It is crucial to accurately forecast the output of renewable energy sources in order to assure grid dependability and sustainability and to reduce the risk and expense of energy markets and systems. Recent advancements in long short-term memory (LSTM) have attracted researchers to the model, and its promising potential is reflected in the method’s richness and the growing number of papers about it. To facilitate further research and development in this area, this paper investigates LSTM models for forecasting solar energy by using time-series data. The paper is divided into two parts: (1) independent LSTM models and (2) hybrid models that incorporate LSTM as another type of technique. The Root mean square error (RMSE) and other error metrics are used as the representative evaluation metrics for comparing the accuracy of the selected methods. According to empirical studies, the two types of models (independent LSTM and hybrid) have distinct advantages and disadvantages depending on the scenario. For instance, LSTM outperforms the other standalone models, but hybrid models generally outperform standalone models despite their longer data training time requirement. The most notable discovery is the better suitability of LSTM as a predictive model to forecast the amount of solar radiation and photovoltaic power compared with other conventional machine learning methods.

Application of Spectrometry for Determining the Solar Radiation of Deciduous Trees’ Shade: A Passive Energy Conservation Approach for Mediterranean Climates

Deciduous trees are well known for controlling solar gains in buildings, contributing to energy savings in a sector that consumes 35% of global energy. However, there is still a lack of information about the real thermal impact that deciduous trees have. This work proposes a new method that is cheap and easy to implement to quantify the shading efficiency of different types of deciduous trees in hot seasons. The results can be applied in energy evaluations of buildings. The trees selected belong to the central valley of Chile, which is characterized by hot summers and cold winters. The trees selected can also be found in other parts of the world. A spectrometer is used for measuring the amount of solar radiation (irradiance) that is present in the shadow of trees, measuring wavelengths between 339 nm and 750 nm (mostly within the visible light range). The full referential irradiance spectrum of the site is obtained by calibrating the standard ASTM G-173-03. At the site, the spectrometer is used to obtain the visible light range, while the infrared radiation (IR) and ultraviolet (UV) radiation ranges are obtained from the literature. Our results indicate that the analyzed deciduous trees reduce an average of 82% of the solar radiation. This information will help project designers during the building energy efficiency design phase by representative modeling of the solar radiation gains allowed by deciduous trees.

Evaluation of High Resolution WRF Solar

The amount of solar irradiation that reaches Earth’s surface is a key quantity of solar energy research and is difficult to predict, because it is directly affected by the changing constituents of the atmosphere. The numerical weather prediction (NWP) model performs computational simulations of the evolution of the entire atmosphere to forecast the future state of the atmosphere based on the current state. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is a mesoscale NWP. WRF solar is an augmented feature of WRF, which has been improved and configured specifically for solar energy applications. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the performance of the high resolution WRF solar model and compare the results with the low resolution WRF solar and Global Forecasting System (GFS) models. We investigate the performance of WRF solar for a high-resolution spatial domain of resolution 1 × 1 km and compare the results with a 3 × 3 km domain and GFS. The results show error metrices rMAE {23.14%, 24.51%, 27.75%} and rRMSE {35.69%, 36.04%, 37.32%} for high resolution WRF solar, coarse domain WRF solar and GFS, respectively. This confirms that high resolution WRF solar performs better than coarse domain and in general. WRF solar demonstrates statistically significant improvement over GFS.

The influence of some climatic factors on the development of solar energy in the Chernivtsi region

The thesis explores the influence of climatic factors on the development of solar energy in Chernivtsi region. Emphasis is placed on studying the impact of geographical location and the duration of the day on the formation of solar radiation and, as a result, on the capacity of solar power plants. It has been established that the capacity of solar power plants and the volume of electricity production depend largely on the duration of the day and the amount of solar radiation received by solar panels from the surrounding environment. The amount of direct and scattered radiation that reaches solar panels for electricity production is significantly affected by cloud cover (cloudiness). Therefore, considerable attention is given to the study of the influence of sky cloudiness on the efficiency of solar panels. Analysis of the data obtained from the meteorological station at Chernivtsi airport revealed that the highest degree of cloudiness in Chernivtsi region is observed during the winter months. Consequently, as a result of this research, it has been found that the mentioned factors significantly affect the capacity of solar panels and the volumes of electricity production. The most favorable period for solar energy production is summer, while the winter creates the least favorable conditions for its functioning. The study emphasizes the seasonal dependence of solar energy capacities in Chernivtsi region. Keywords: solar energy, climatic factors, cloudiness, solar radiation.