Amount Of Saponins Research Articles

Application of ultra-performance LC-TOF MS metabolite profiling techniques to the analysis of medicinal Panax herbs

The morphological appearance and some ingredients of Panax ginseng, Panax notoginseng and Panax japonicus of the Panax genus are similar. However, their pharmacological activities are obviously different due to the significant differences in the types and quantity of saponins in each herb. In the present study, ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOFMS) was used to profile the abundances of metabolites in the three medicinal Panax herbs. Multivariate statistical analysis technique, that is, principle component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were used to discriminate between the Panax samples. PCA of the analytical data showed a clear separation of compositions among the three medicinal herbs. The critical markers such as chikusetsusaponin IVa, ginsenoside R0, ginsenoside Rc, ginsenoside Rb1, ginsenoside Rb2 and ginsenoside Rg2 accountable for such variations were identified through the corresponding loading weights, and the tentative identification of biomarkers is completed by the accurate mass of TOFMS and high resolution and high retention time reproducibility performed by UPLC. The proposed analytical method coupled with multivariate statistical analysis is reliable to analyze a group of metabolites present in the herbal extracts and other natural products. This method can be further utilized to evaluate chemical components obtained from different plants and/or the plants of different geographical locations, thereby classifying the medicinal plant resources and potentially elucidating the mechanism of inherent phytochemical diversity.

Effect of Organized Assemblies. Part 4. Formulation of Highly Concentrated Coal−Water Slurry Using a Natural Surfactant

Coal−water slurry has received considerable research nowadays due to its ability in substituting energy sources. The present work reports the formulation of highly concentrated coal−water slurry using a natural occurring surface active compound, saponin, extracted from the fruits of plant Sapindous laurifolia. The isolation of saponin from the plant and its surface activity has been discussed. The rhelogical characteristics of coal−water slurry have been investigated as a function of coal loading, ash content of coal, pH, temperature, and amount of saponin. The viscosity of the slurry and zeta potential are substantially decreased with concomitant shift of the isoelectric point of coal on adsorption of saponin to it. In the presence of 0.8% of saponin, coal−water slurry containing 64% weight fraction of coal could be achieved. The slurry is stable for a period of as long as 1 month in contrast to 4−5 h in the case of bare coal−water slurry. The results confirm the use of saponin as a suitable additive for...

Determination of steroidal saponins in different organs of yam (Dioscorea pseudojaponica Yamamoto)

Yams (Dioscorea spp.) are perennial trailing rhizome plants. Steroidal saponins, furostanol and spirostanol glycosides are the marked functional compounds in yams. In this investigation, a C18 solid phase extraction method was developed for yam saponins purification. The contents of saponins in various organs of yam (Dioscorea pseudojaponica Yamamoto) were also determined. Results showed that the recoveries of yam saponins extracted by the developed method were about 99.48–100.08% when the saponins (each saponin weighed 0.20, 0.50 and 1.00mg) passing through the C18 cartridge. The extractive method could efficiently reduce the interferences from impurities in yam saponin extracts prior to HPLC analysis. The recoveries of added saponins in different yam organs were 98.34–99.92% for tuber flesh, 95.98–98.89% for tuber cortex, 97.89–99.44% for rhizophor, 93.82–98.01% for leaf and 93.87–97.65% for vine, respectively. The yam tuber cortex had the highest amount of saponins (582.53μg/gdw), which was higher than that existed in the tuber flesh (227.86μg/gdw) about 2.55 times. The contents of saponins in the rhizophor, leaf and vine of yam were 29.39, 24.41 and 23.96μg/gdw, respectively.

Dereplication of glycosides from Sapindus saponaria using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

Fruits of Sapindus saponaria (Sapindaceae), a widespread tree throughout the tropics, were collected each 30 days during six months. Liquid-chromatography with UV and MS detection (LC/UV/ESI-MS) and MS/MS fragmentation studies showed that the main glycosides present in these fruits are saponins (SAP) derived from the triterpenes hederagenin and oleanolic acid, and acyclic sesquiterpene oligoglycosides (ASOGs). Using these methods of analysis, we detected up to thirty SAPs and sixty-three ASOGs. The plant produces these compounds as a complex mixture of naturally non-regiosselective acetylated glycosides. Alkaline hydrolysis of the natural glycosides produced simplified mixtures of compounds formed of only four SAPs and five ASOGs. Quantitative analysis of the saponificated glycosides showed that the amount of SAPs accumulated during fruit maturation was almost constant at ca. 110 mg g-1 while the quantity of ASOGs are considerably higher and hits a maximum accumulation of ca. 540 mg g-1 at an age of ca. 3 months.

THE STUDYOF PHYTOCHEMICAL CHARACTERS OF EROVSKIA ABROTANOIDES IN KASHAN

The studies conducted on plants grown in Kashan have showed the presence of abundant valuable industrial - medicinal plants. Unforlunately, a lot of these plants are removed as weed or grazed by livestock because of Lack of inhabitants' ignorance of their using and mismanagement. - Perovskia abrotanoides is of Lamiaceae family. The natural habitat of this plant is mostly near waterways, the beds and borders of seasonal rivers and mountainous ravines, namely the watersheds of south and southeast of Kashan .It is also seen in the borders of gardens and farms in these areas. This plant is mostly seen at the elevations 1500 - 2700 m. Its flowers, leaves and stems contain a lot of essence that can be used in medicine industry. In order to study this plant phytochemically, 6 areas (points) were selected. The average amount of plants' essence obtained from these 6 investigated areas was 4/5 cc(1/44%) in Ferizhend , 3/8 cc(1/1%)in Abyaneh, 2/8 cc(1/12%) in Chimeh, 219 cc(0/93%) in Ghohroud, 1/9 cc(0/61%) in Totmaj and 2/3 cc(O/74%) in Jahagh. Moreover determining the amount of existent essence in plant, we proceeded to find four plant materials: Saponin, Alkaloid, Tannin, Flavanoid. The amount of each material in plant was defined qualitatively in which the amount of saponin was considerable.

Effect of saponins on the foam/flow properties of paste and physical characteristics of akara made from decorticated black‐eyed cowpeas

AbstractAkara, a deep‐fat‐fried cowpea paste product, is a popular snack food in West Africa. Foaming capacity of the cowpea paste is important for achieving a spongy light‐textured fried product. The effect of two saponins, Yucca and Quillaja, on the foaming capacity of cowpea paste was investigated. Results showed that an increase in the amount of saponin added (1, 2, 4%) resulted in a decrease in specific gravity and apparent viscosity of the cowpea paste. Addition of saponin also significantly reduced the firmness and increased the cohesiveness of the akara compared with the control. Akara made using the Quillaja saponin was less firm and more cohesive than akara made using the Yucca saponin. An increase in the amount of saponin added to the cowpea paste resulted in a darker (lower L*) and browner colour of akara. However, akara containing 1% Yucca saponin had similar colour attributes to the control but was less firm and more cohesive. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry

Quantification of Saponins in Aerial and Subterranean Tissues of Medicago truncatula

Triterpene saponins from aerial and subterranean organs of Medicago truncatula cv. Jemalong A-17 were qualitatively profiled and quantified using reverse-phase HPLC with on-line photodiode array detection and electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC/PDA/ESI/MS). Absolute quantifications were performed for 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-medicagenic acid and soyasaponin 1 (3-O-[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1-->2)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl(1-->2)-beta-D-glucuronopyranoside] soyasapogenol B), whereas relative quantifications were determined for 29 other saponins in root, stem, leaf, seedpod, and seed. Roots contained the greatest total amount of saponins followed by leaf and seed, respectively. The quantitative data also reveal the differential accumulation of triterpene saponins in the various organs of M. truncatula. Specifically, relatively higher quantities of medicagenic acid conjugates accumulated in leaf and seed, whereas relatively higher levels of soysapogenol conjugates were observed in root. The differential accumulation of specific triterpene saponins is suggestive of spatially differentiated biosynthesis and/or biological function.

Quantitative elimination of Flavokavines A and B from Kava Kava (Piper methysticum G. Forst) by isoelectric focused adsorptive bubble separation.

Adsorptive bubble separation, though still rarely used, is a suitable method for enrichment of surface-active macromolecules such as enzymes and proteins. There is a lack of investigations with small molecules, which can also be separated from complex mixtures by this method. In this work, an aqueous extract of Kava Kava ( Piper methysticum G. Forst) was used as a model system. Enrichment of undesirable Flavokavine A (7) and Flavokavine B (8) in the foam was influenced by the pH value, the amount of saponin as surface active substance, and the flow rate of the foam-forming gas. Efficiency was highest with diluted samples at pH 6.5. Under these conditions, transfer of Kavapyrone (1-6) to the foam was negligible.

Effect of plant growth regulators and medium composition on cell growth and saponin production during cell-suspension culture of mountain ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. mayer)

We have established cell-suspension cultures of mountain ginseng (Panax ginseng G A. Mayer), and have attempted to increase the yield of saponin by manipulating our processing method and culturing factors (e.g., media strengths; the presence of plant growth regulators or sucrose; ratios of NO+ 3/ NH- 4). Maximum biomass yield was obtained in media containing 2,4-D. However, saponin productivity was much higher in a medium comprising either IBA or NAA; 7.0 mg/L IBA was optimal for promoting both cell growth (10.0 g/L dry weight) and saponin production (7.29 mg/g DW total ginsenoside). Although the addition of cytokinins (BA and kinetin) did not affect cell growth, the level of saponin (particularly in the Rb group) was enhanced when the media were supplemented with either 0.5 mg/L BA or 0.5 mg/L kinetin. Half- and full-strength MS media were equally suitable for inducing both biomass as well as saponin production. We also investigated the effect of various concentrations of sucrose and nitrogen, and found that 30 g/L sucrose enhanced biomass yield as well as saponin content However, further increases (i.e., up to 70 g/L) led to a decrease in saponin accumulation and biomass production. Maximum growth and saponin productivity were reported from treatments with an initial nitrogen concentration of 30 mM. In general, the amount of saponin increased when the test media had high NO+ 3/ NH- 4 ratios; in fact, saponin production was greatest when nitrate was the sole nitrogen source.

Hypothesized Anticancer Effects of Soy: Evidence Points to Isoflavones as the Primary Anticarcinogens

Soybeans contain several putative anticarcinogens. To determine which anticarcinogen is most likely responsible for the hypothesized anticancer effects of soy specifically in regard to breast and prostate cancer, Japanese dietary data and findings from epidemiologic studies were first used to estimate the amount of soy associated with anticancer effects. On the basis of this information, the experimental data for likely candidates were evaluated. One hundred g of tofu was selected as a basis for estimating the contribution of soy to the total Japanese dietary intake of the various anticarcinogens in soybeans. Data suggest that tofu contributes only minor amounts of phenolic acids (<1%), phytosterols (<5%), and vitamin E (-10%), modest amounts of protein (10-13%), omega-3 fatty acids (-15%), and phytate (-20%), but large amounts of saponins (80%), the Bowman-Birk Inhibitor (BBI) (-90%), and isoflavones (100%). The evidence that saponins inhibit breast and prostate cancer risk is unimpressive. The BBI clearly has exciting potential as a chemopreventive agent but data specifically for breast and prostate cancer are not strong. In contrast, several lines of evidence suggest isoflavones reduce breast (primarily via early exposure) and prostate cancer risk. Thus, if soy consumption reduces cancer risk, protective effects are likely due solely to isoflavones. However, this conclusion does not preclude the possibility that other soybean anticarcinogens, when consumed in amounts greater than that found in 100 g tofu, exert anticancer effects in humans.

Natural rubber base matrix containing Calendula officinalis plant as a source of molluscicdal saponin

Natural rubber (NR) has been used as a binding matrix for Calendula officinalis, where it is used as a vulcanizate. Various doses of the plant covering the range from 100 up to 200 parts per 100 of rubber (phr) were found suitable for processing conditions using conventional rubber mixing equipment. The release rate of saponin was extended to over 4 months. Incorporation of fillers, such as HAF and Hisil, in the compounded rubber decreased the release of saponin; especially in the first period of immersion. The amount of saponin released was affected by the environmental temperature and the type of fillers present in the formulations. The scanning electron micrographs illustrate the presence of a tortuous pass and pore structure that formed after soaking in water and leaching process occurred.

Saponins in food

As a result of increased interest and intensive research activity in microcomponents of foods of plant origin, our knowledge concerning the saponins of foods increased substantially in the last few years. Triterpenoid and steroid saponins occur primarily in legumes seeds, nevertheless a lot of other foods and raw food materials contain small amounts of saponins. Due to the low absorption and complexes formed with cholesterol, saponins do not cause toxicological problems, however the bitter taste and some technological characteristics may be a disadvantage. Saponin complexes were also mentioned as causing possible damage to intestinal mucosa and formation of less digestible protein. It was also reported that a cholesterol lowering effect and antiviral activity against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in vitro have been attributed to saponins. Analytical methods used for determination and identification of saponins today are dominated by different Chromatographic and specific instrumental methods.

Effective release of ginseng saponin from suspension cells of Panax notoginseng

Suspension cells of Panax notoginseng were treated during cultivation with 1-10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to release an intracellular secondary metabolite ginseng saponin. The plant cells adapted to long-term DMSO treatment were enabled to excrete much more ginseng saponin into the medium with their high biological activity compared with those under short-term permeabilization. The highest amount of saponin secreted into the medium reached 136mg/l on day 24 for the cells successively (for 5 subcultures) treated with 1% DMSO.

Triterpenoid saponins from a Siberian chemorace of the Thalictrum genus.

Plants of the Thalictrum genus (Ranunculaceae family) grow in the temperate zones of the both hemispheres of the globe. Many of these species are met worldwide. Thalictrum minus, for example, is known in Europe, Asia, and North America. However, secondary metabolism in this species is variable. Thus, in the Bulgarian population of the plant a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid, thalicarpin, has been isolated as a major secondary metabolite [1], whereas the Moldavian chemorace met hereabout produces a secoprotoberberine base, β-allocryptopine [2]. In general, all the Thalictrum species were thought to serve as producers of diverse isoquinoline and, on rare occasions, of diterpene alkaloids. T. minus widely spreads from east to west over the whole territory of Russia and is involved in the Siberian biocenoses. That is why 15 years ago we tried to assess its potential as a producer of alkaloids. However any tertiary bases have not been detected. Instead, we have found a fairly large amount of saponins. This seemed strange, since earlier in the literature there were only scarce and unreliable data on the presence of saponins of unidentified structure in the representatives of this genus. Therefore, we decided to concentrate all research efforts on the elucidation of the chemical nature of the glycosides found.

Saponins, phytic acid, tannins and protease inhibitors in quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa, Willd) seeds

The seeds of quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa, Willd), a food crop of the Andean region of Latin America, contain protein of good quality and high amounts of carbohydrates, fat, vitamins, and minerals. An industrial process for manufacturing infant food using quinoa as a basic raw material is being developed. The presence of antinutrients are of importance in this context, and this paper deals with saponins, phytic acid, tannins and protease inhibitors in quinoa seeds. The samples of quinoa analysed in this experiment contained two main types of saponins. The amount of saponin A (β- d-glucopyranosyl -[β- d-glucopyranosyl -(1 → 3)-α- l -arabino- pyranosyl-(1 → 3)]-3-β-23- dihydroxy-12- en-28- oate methyl ester) was 0·7% of the dry weight and that of the saponin B (β- d-glucopyranosyl -[β- d-glucopyranosyl -(1 → 3)-α- l -arabino- pyranosyl-(1 → 3)]-3-β-23- dihydroxyolcan-12- en-28- oate was 0·2% of the dry weight. These were the major saponins found in the quinoa bran collected while polishing the seeds. After scrubbing and washing, the level of saponin-A remaining in the seeds decreased to 0·31% of the dry weight, and saponin-B was completely removed by this process. The content of phytic acid in the quinoa seeds was about 1% of the dry matter, and scrubbing and washing reduced the phytic acid content of the seeds by about 30%. Neither protease inhibitor nor tannins were detected in the quinoa seeds.

Evidence that Polyunsaturated Lecithin Induces a Reduction in Plasma Cholesterol Level and Favorable Changes in Lipoprotein Composition in Hypercholesterolemic Rats

For 30 d adult rats were fed a hypercholesterolemic (H) diet (25% saturated fat, 1% cholesterol and 0.5% cholic acid) containing different amounts of saponins (1% or 0.2%) and/or purified polyunsaturated lecithin (2.5% or 0.7%). Lecithin induced a striking reduction in the plasma levels of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol as well as an increase in the level of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Saponins had only a very slight effect in lowering the level of VLDL cholesterol. Apoprotein A-I was unexpectedly present in VLDL, IDL and LDL after feeding rats the H diet and disappeared only after lecithin feeding. The activity of plasma lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase was higher when the two lecithin diets were fed than when the other diets were fed. Fecal excretion of neutral sterols was unmodified by the various diets whereas acid steroid excretion increased after lecithin feeding. Saponins, when added with lecithin to the diet, reduced the beneficial effect of lecithin. The results indicate that polyunsaturated lecithin induced a reduction in plasma cholesterol, possibly through an increased formation of HDL particles.

Hemolysis by aliphatic alcohols and saponin measured by the coil planet centrifugation method

Using the coil planet centrifugation method, the mechanism of hemolysis by alcohols and saponin was investigated. With this technique, erythrocytes are introduced into a gradient of hemolytic agents in saline, which is prepared in a long coiled polyethylene tube. The tube is centrifuged so that the cells move from a low to a high concentration of hemolytic agent. When the cells lyse, they release hemoglobin which remains stationary, and therefore hemolytic potency can be determined spectrophotometrically by the distance the cells move before lysing. We found that alcohols caused hemolysis at a particular concentration, whereas saponin-induced hemolysis was dependent on the amount of saponin accumulated in the environment of the cell. In addition, alcohols with longer carbon chains were more potent hemolytic agents than those with shorter chains, but each additional carbon group produced less of an increase in hemolysis per mole of alcohol. This chain-length dependency is consistent with a previous study on in vivo alcohol-induced hemolysis. The coil planet centrifugation method is also adaptable to comparative studies on the mechanism of other types of hemolysis, such as immune or drug-induced lysis, and to toxicological studies.

Nutritional quality of specific leaf tissues and selective feeding by a specialist leafminer.

Many folivorous insects are selective feeders which consume specific leaf tissues. For specialist herbivores feeding on plants of overall low nutritional quality, selective feeding may allow consumption of a high quality resource. Selective feeding may also allow insects to avoid structural or allelochemical defenses. We examined the structure and chemistry of leaves of American holly, Ilexopaca Aiton, and the feeding site of its principal insect herbivore, the native holly leafminer, Phytomyza ilicicola Loew (Diptera: Agromyzidae), to test the hypothesis that the leafminer consumes tissues which are of greater nutritional quality than the leaf as a whole. Holly leaves have a continuous layer of palisade mesophyll, uninterrupted by fibers or vascular bundles. The leafminer feeds entirely within this layer. The palisade mesophyll contained 196 mg/g dry wt extractable protein, more than twice as much as the leaf as a whole, and 375 mg/g dry wt saponins, more than 9 times that of the leaf as a whole. The water content of the palisade mesophyll was 66% higher than that of the leaf as a whole. The palisade mesophyll is 3-4 cell layers thick in leaves grown in full sun, but only 2 layers thick in shaded leaves. Crystals, probably of calcium oxalate, are abundant in the abaxial cell layer. These may impose mechanical constraints on larval feeding in shade leaves, which are thinner than sun leaves. Selective feeding on the middle palisade mesophyll of sun leaves allows the leafminer to consume a resource which is lacking in mechanical barriers and is rich in protein and water, but which contains large amounts of saponins.

Saponin content of some Nigerian foods

AbstractSaponins have been extracted and purified from millet (Pennisetum typhoideum), beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), guinea‐corn (Sorghum vulgare) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea). Beans were found to contain a considerable amount of saponin—245.0 mg kg−1, while millet, guinea‐corn and groundnut contained 194.7, 72.7 and 48.8 mg kg−1 dry weight basis respectively.

The Physiological Effects of Aralia, Panax and Eleutherococcus on Exercised Rats

Relative and total amount of saponins in Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolius, Aralia mandshurica and Eleutherococcus senticosus were determined by thin-layer chromatography and by a spectrophotometric method. The ginsenoside Rg! was present in American ginseng. Aralia and Eleutherococcus did not contain diol- and triol-type ginsenosides. Low concentrations of ginsenosides were found in Oriental red ginsengs (1.4–2.7%). Orally administered Araliaceae saponin extracts did not affect plasma lactic acid, glucagon, insulin or liver glycogen levels in exercised rats and did not prolong their swimming time. Plasma glucose levels in resting rats were decreased by saponin extracts of Canadian white, American red, Sanchi, Aralia, Eleutherococcus, Korean red and Shiu-Chi ginsengs.