Amount Of Reserves Research Articles

Carbohydrates Are Associated with the Flowering Ability of Oncidesa Gower Ramsey ‘Honey Angel’

Oncidesa Gower Ramsey ‘Honey Angel’ is a cut flower crop of high economic value worldwide. The regulation of flowering is important for cut flower production scheduling. However, its flowering transition mechanism is still unclear. Oncidesa usually flowers at the end of the growth cycle for each pseudobulb; this timing is probably related to carbohydrate accumulation. During this study, we investigated the carbohydrates in the pseudobulbs from juvenile plants to adult plants and compared the carbohydrates in flowering and nonflowering adult plants. The current pseudobulb and back pseudobulbs of the plants at 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 years after having been moved out of the tissue culture flask were collected. The first pseudobulb formed at 0.5 years, and plants had fulfilled four growth cycles and flowered at 2.0 years. Each successive current shoot grew larger and the back shoot number progressively increased after each new growth cycle. The concentration of total soluble sugars in the current shoot increased from 5.5% of dry weight at 0.5 years to 20.2% of dry weight at 1.5 years. Conversely, the starch concentration decreased in the current pseudobulb as the plants matured. The starch concentration in the back pseudobulbs did not change when the plant grew a new shoot. The starch concentrations in the back pseudobulbs ranged from 33.2% to 57.5% of dry weight, but the combined content of starch in all of the back pseudobulbs increased significantly from 168 mg at 0.5 years to 4608 mg at 2.0 years because of the increasing number of back shoots. The starch in the first back pseudobulb of the nonflowering adult plants accounted for 18.0% of dry weight, which was lower than that of the flowering plants (48.3%). There was no significant difference in total soluble sugars in the current pseudobulb of the nonflowering and flowering plants. Overall, we revealed that the increase in the back shoot number increased the total amount of reserve carbohydrates as the plant reached reproductive maturity. A low starch level was observed in nonflowering adult plants. In both cases, flowering plants had higher starch storage in the back pseudobulbs, suggesting that carbohydrates might regulate the flowering of Oncidesa Gower Ramsey ‘Honey Angel’.

The Climate Change-induced Global Decisions and Destiny of Afghanistan's Coal Resources

This paper examines the implications of global decisions on climate change for Afghanistan and the fate of its coal resources. As a responsible member of the international community, Afghanistan must consider the extent to which these decisions may impact its national interests. The global demand for energy has not only increased but also accelerated the search for energy resources, with coal being a widely used source. Afghanistan possesses vast reserves of coal, which are considered a significant national resource. The Ministry of Mines and Petroleum anticipates that this sector will play a vital role in terms of national income and investment in the future. However, the exact quantity of coal reserves in Afghanistan remains uncertain, ranging from 100 to 400 million tons or approximately three billion cubic meters. Environmental protection, public health, and social security are key concerns at the governmental level, as the combustion of coal and its byproducts contribute to climate change. Failure to address these issues could pose a significant threat to national resources, particularly coal. The findings of this study suggest that Afghanistan's mining sector, specifically the coal industry, may be impacted by international decisions on climate change in the long term. However, with the formulation of appropriate policies, these challenges can be transformed into opportunities.

Associations between Surface Deformation and Groundwater Storage in Different Landscape Areas of the Loess Plateau, China

The Loess Plateau is an important grain-producing area and energy base in China and is an area featuring dramatic changes in both surface and underground processes. However, the associations between surface deformation and groundwater storage changes in different landscape types in the region are still unclear. Based on Sentinel-1 and GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) data, this study monitored and verified the surface deformation and groundwater storage changes in different landscape types, such as those of the Kubuqi Desert, Hetao Irrigation District, Jinbei Mining Area, and Shendong Mining Area, in the Loess Plateau of China from 2020 to 2021. Through time series and cumulative analysis using the same spatial and temporal resolution, the associations between these two changes in different regions are discussed. The results show that: (1) the surface deformation rates in different landscape types differ significantly. The minimum surface deformation rate in the Kubuqi Desert is −5~5 mm/yr, while the surface deformation rates in the Hetao Irrigation District, the open-pit mine recovery area in the Jinbei Mining Area, and the Shendong Mining Area are −60~25 mm/yr, −25~25 mm/yr, and −95.33~26 mm/yr, respectively. (2) The regional groundwater reserves all showed a decreasing trend, with the Kubuqi Desert, Hetao Irrigation District, Jinbei Mining Area, and Shendong Mining Area declining by 359.42 mm, 103.30 mm, 45.60 mm, and 691.72 mm, respectively. (3) The surface elasticity deformation had the same trend as the temporal fluctuation in groundwater storage, and the diversion activity was the main reason why the temporal surface deformation in the Hetao Irrigation District lagged behind the change in groundwater storage by 1~2 months. The measure of “underground water reservoirs in coal mines” slows down the rate of collapse of coal mine roof formations, resulting in the strongest time-series correlation between mild deformation of the surface of the Shendong mine and changes in the amount of groundwater reserves (R = 0.73). This study analyzes the associations between surface deformation and groundwater storage changes in different landscape areas of the Loess Plateau of China and provides new approaches to analyzing the dynamic associations between the two and the causes of changes in both variables.

Pemanfaatan limbah biji mangga menjadi minyak nabati dengan proses ekstraksi

The extraction process is a process of separating a substance based on its dissolution difference against two different dissolved liquids, usually water and the other an organic solvent. Vegetable oil is an oil that can be extracted from various parts of the plant that is processing the stems, leaves, seeds, flowers and fruit peel. Seed is one of the main ways plants to regenerate. Seeds contain large and distinct quantities of macromolecule reserves, which are stored as a source of spare food to support early germination. As an alternative to the healthful drugs of the body from various diseases that will attack the human body and have other important benefits. In this study used an extraction research method that produced vegetable oils in using 30 grams of mango seeds each on a 6-time process with ethanol and hexane solvents which used 500 ml each at a given time. From a good yield yield obtained at 3 hours of extraction process with ethanol solvent having a yield of 50%, then having a good quality is obtained by the yield of vegetable oil by using ethanol solvent. Thus the vegetable oils of the extraction process have a good oil content in the ethanol solvent versus hexane.

Capital reserve calculation analysis of operational risk in submarine cable service portfolio

This study analyzes the amount of capital reserves required for the Submarine Cable Service PT AAA to mitigate the risk of delays in completing work without disrupting the company's cash flow. Data used in this paper is the operational loss of delay work in the Submarine Cable Service portfolio from 2016 to 2019. The method and analysis used in this paper are the Monte Carlo simulation to calculate Operation Risk Variance (OpVar) by analyzing the distribution of severity and frequency. The result of the study shows that delayed work is the risk that has the most influence on the company's cash flow. PT AAA needs Rp 2.16 billion per event as capital reserve PT AAA to mitigate the risk of work delays in the Submarine Cable Service portfolio. Risk mitigation needs to minimize the potential loss are choosing the right partner in the operational process, scheduling the cable repair process, and securing the amount of capital reserve that has been counted.

Features of localization of remaining oil in terrigenous reservoirs and potential for their recovery at the final stage of field development

The paper considers one of the unique fields in terms of geological reserves. The paper also analyzes the development of the D3ps formation sections of the Devonian terrigenous layer of the studied field. A detailed geological and hydrodynamic model was constructed based on the consolidation of all available information. An integrated analysis of actual well performance data, field geophysical tests, geological and technical measures, results of infill drilling, as well as geological and hydrodynamic modeling confirmed the localization of reserves primarily in the upper bed of D3ps.1. The analysis of all performed studies revealed higher values of current oil saturation in the upper bed – up to 0.8 unit fractions and lower values in the lower bed – up to 0.68 unit fractions. Similar results were obtained from 87 sidetracks. Drilling of wells and sidetracks is proposed in areas with no well stock. Despite the final stage and high degree of field development, the proposed strategy will support oil production levels, increase remaining recoverable reserves, increase the efficiency of reserve recovery and improve the economic performance of field development. The introduction of modern development technologies, approaches to the analysis and monitoring of development will increase the target value of the final recovery factor from 0.608 to 0.613 unit fractions, which, with a significant amount of in-place reserves, made it possible to increase the remaining recoverable reserves by 35%. The strategy will make it possible to achieve higher oil recovery rates. The approaches used to solve the tasks set in the study can be applied to the fields of the Volga region.

EFFECTIVENESS OF CYTOKININ PREPARATIONS FOR IMPROVING CALLUSOGENESIS AND PHYSIOLOGICAL STATE OF GRAPE CUTTINGS (VITIS VINIFERA L.)

EFFECTIVENESS OF CYTOKININ PREPARATIONS FOR IMPROVING CALLUSOGENESIS AND PHYSIOLOGICAL STATE OF GRAPE CUTTINGS (VITIS VINIFERA L.)

The Carbon Stocks Estimation on The Green Belt of Mataram City

Greenhouse Gases is a phenomenon where infrared radiation from sunlight is partly trapped in the atmosphere by greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxide (N2O), and other gases, so that it can cause an increase in the temperature of the earth's surface. which results in climate change. This research aims to estimate carbon reserves in the Lingkar Selatan Green Belt of Mataram City. This research uses quantitative descriptive methods. The data collected is vegetation data. Vegetation data is collected by measuring the diameter and height of all vegetation or using the census method. Carbon stocks are estimated using allometric equations. The carbon reserves in the vegetation on the Lingkar Selatan Green Belt are 112.63 tons with 1432 individuals, with a stake level of 0.67 tons, a pole level of 13.75 tons, and a tree level of 98.13 tons. The highest amount of carbon reserves was found in the Canary (Canarium indicum) type at 33.91 ton and the lowest was in the matoa (Pometia pinnata) at 0.0012 ton.

On Hybrid Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Artificial Neural Network Time Series Analysis of the Nigeria External Reserves

The amount of the external reserves possessed by a country is an essential component in the measure of its economic status. In essence, a country with substantial amount of money in its external reserves would experience a buoyant and friendly economy among other nations. This study employs three different time series models to examine the status of the Nigeria External reserves for 22 years (1960-2022). These include the Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA), Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and the hybrid ARIMA-ANN models. ARIMA (1,0,1)(0,0,2)12 emerged as the optimum model among other fitted linear models, having the smallest Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) value of 14365.84 and was used to fit the nonlinear Hybrid ARIMA-ANN model and for the prediction of the External Reserves series. The Mean Absolute Error (MAE), the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) values of (590.1479), (358.3421), and (24.10321) for the Hybrid ARIMA-ANN model were also the least in comparison with their corresponding values for the other models. These show that the Hybrid model has the least error value compared with those of the independent ARIMA and ANN models. Hence, the nonlinear Hybrid ARIMA-ANN model performed excellently in the estimation and the generation of the forecast values than the conventional linear ARIMA and the nonlinear ANN models.

Perhitungan Sumberdaya Batugamping Di Dusun Gudang Garam Arso 4 Distrik Skanto Kabupaten Keerom

Keerom Regency is one of the areas that has the potential for Batugamping mineral resources which is quite potential, this is evidenced by the existence of several mining business actors who are carrying out mining activities in the area. Based on the geological map of the Jayapura sheet (Taritatu Sheet) the distribution of limestone potential is quite evenly distributed in the Keerom Regency area. The distribution of limestone potential in Keerom Regency is spread in the Arso 1, Arso 4, Arso 10, Arso 13 areas to Senggi. Based on the results of the initial survey, mining activities in Keerom Regency have not been managed properly, because some mining sites have carried out mining activities but do not yet have legality, namely a mining permit (SIP), do not have a good and correct mine processing plan based on the mining stages, there are still locations where limestone is not yet known distribution, volume and even the amount of resources and reserves. The potential for limestone is a good investment opportunity if it is developed into a community mine that can provide added value to the community. Therefore, it is necessary to have geological mapping activities and also the calculation of resource values. In this case, it concerns the quantity and quality of deposits to be able to provide information as a mineral database for the community as land owners and is also very useful for the Keerom Regency government. This research aims to determine the amount of limestone volume which can later be used as data base information during mining activities. The research also utilized the Surfer 11 application for the creation of topographic maps and to calculate the number of limestone volumes. The research method that will be carried out is the Cross Section Method which is a special method for types of rock minerals.

Inequalities on the ruin probability for light-tailed distributions with some restrictions

When there are some restrictions on the random variables of insurance risk model, it is impossible to calculate the exact value of ruin probabilities. For these cases, even finding a suitable approximation, is very important from a practical point of view. In the present paper, we consider the renewal insurance surplus model with light-tailed claim amount distributions and try to find some inequalities on the infinite time ruin probability depending on the amount of initial reserve using statistical and mathematical approaches if the assumption of net profit does not hold but there exist some other restrictions on the mathematical functions of random variables of model. The assertions depend on the amount of initial reserve, distribution of nonnegative claim occurrences times and successive claim amounts are obtained. Finally, to show the application and effectiveness of given theorems two examples are presented. Through these examples, the infinite time ruin probabilities are estimated using Monte Carlo simulation and give an intuitive way to understand the nature of ruin.

Provision of ramp-rate limitation from distribution networks to transmission systems as preventive action towards frequency disturbances

The high proliferation of Converter-Interfaced Renewable Energy Sources (CIRES) poses several challenges to electric power system operators regarding frequency stability and control. Some of these issues are related with the high active power Ramp Rates (RRs) of CIRES, stemming from their inertia-less and stochastic nature. To deal with such problems, Transmission System Operators (TSOs) often commit excessive amounts of conventional spinning reserves, while in weak Transmission Systems (TSs) regulations are imposed, aiming to mitigate RRs of CIRES. Moreover, several technical studies have proposed control approaches for RR Limitation (RRL). Nevertheless, the influence of RRL on frequency quality and mainly the impact of RRL control capability of small-scale CIRES, connected to Distribution Networks (DNs), on frequency deviations have not been fully explored and quantified. To fill this gap, a detailed investigation is performed in this paper. For this purpose, simulations are conducted on a simplified System Frequency Response (SFR) model as well as on an analytical power system model. The latter is a modified version of the IEEE 9-bus Test System, consisting of three conventional Synchronous Generators (SGs) and three Medium Voltage (MV) DNs, which include CIRES equipped with SuperCapacitors (SCs), thus presenting RRL control capability. To thoroughly evaluate the impact of RRL on frequency dynamics, a set of metrics is introduced and frequency duration curves are created for various scenarios. Finally, the influence of several factors, such as the total system inertia, the RRL target value, the SC size, etc, is quantified by using the proposed indices.

Empirical Analysis of Factors Influencing RMB Exchange Rate Volatility in the Context of RMB Internationalization

This paper selects and collates data on exchange rate volatility and its related influencing factors in China from 2002 to 2022 as a research sample, explores the causes of RMB exchange rate volatility in the context of RMB internationalisation, and proposes policy recommendations on how to maintain exchange rate stability in the process of RMB internationalisation. Using RMB exchange rate volatility as the explanatory variable, the following results were obtained by building a multiple linear regression model and introducing conditional variables to indicate the degree of RMB internationalisation: the amount of foreign exchange reserves, the Sino-US interest rate differential and the balance of payments differential have significant effects on RMB exchange rate volatility, while foreign direct investment, the relative inflation rate between China and the US and the GDP growth rate have insignificant effects on exchange rate volatility.

Measuring the Independence of Community Development and Empowerment Programs (PPM) in Coal Mining Companies

The coal industry is a relatively capital-intensive industry and has a relatively high level of social risk. In addition, the coal industry also has limited time because it depends on the amount of coal reserves. One of the social risk mitigations coal companies carry is conducting community development and empowerment programs (PPM). In measuring the level of maturity or independence of PPM programs, an approach is used by measuring scores from six dimensions, namely change, inclusive, organized, cooperation, influential, and sustainability. In this study, companies A and B differ in the level of independence of their flagship programs. The integrated farming program in company A has the smallest independence score of 5.76. While in company B, the cattle breeding program has the smallest independence value of 8.46.

A Robust Optimization Model of Aggregated Resources Considering Serving Ratio for Providing Reserve Power in the Joint Electricity Market

As the share of distributed generation increases, so do the opportunities for aggregators to participate in the electricity market. In particular, aggregators participating in both the day-ahead and real-time markets contribute to improving the reliability of the power system. In addition, aggregators seeking additional revenue can benefit from providing reserves in a joint electricity market environment. However, aggregated resources with uncertainty are limited because of the uncertain nature of both reserve provision and the amount of reserves they can provide. Therefore, this study proposes a robust optimization model for an aggregator to formulate a strategy for participation in the day-ahead markets and deploys energy control in the real-time operation. The serving ratio reflects the availability of the aggregator’s reserve participation. Both the deployed up/down power and renewable energy in the real-time operation are considered as uncertain parameters to reflect the uncertainty. In the case study, we analyze the profit-maximization strategy of an aggregator that owns renewable energy resources and energy-storage systems under the variation interval for uncertain parameters and the serving ratio. The bidding strategies vary by the variation interval and the serving ratio.

Interdependence between business insurance and entrepreneurship and their impact on the economic growth

Research Question: What type of mutual relations exist between business insurance and entrepreneurship, and how do they impact economic growth? Motivation: The primary motive for the research is the identified literature gap in the field of interdependence between business insurance and entrepreneurship and their joint contribution to economic growth. Idea: To test whether the interdependence between business insurance and entrepreneurship exists and their combined contribution to economic growth. The following independent variables were used: premium per entrepreneur, solved claims per entrepreneur, total technical reserves, GDP/p.c., a measure of demographic variables in the form of education level, a measure of the impact of banking, and the measure for institutional factors in terms of establishment costs the number of entrepreneurs by years as the dependent variable was considered. Data: Data were gathered from various sources (Serbian Statistical Office, National Bank of Serbia, World Bank) in the period from 2008 to 2019. Tools: Descriptive statistics, regression analysis, and statistical tests. Findings: The presented results show that there is a significant influence of insurance, both through insurance premiums per entrepreneur, which are paid to ensure the safety of the entrepreneur, and through resolved claims per entrepreneur, which present an indicator of insurance compensation in the case of damage to the entrepreneur, and through the impact of insurance on financial market by the amount of technical reserves. The return influence was not confirmed, considering that the number of entrepreneurs per year is a stationary variable, so the effect of the number of entrepreneurs on the development of insurance, measured by the premium per entrepreneur, could not be confirmed. Contribution: This research conducted in Serbia, a developing and upper middle-income country, confirmed the positive impact of insurance on entrepreneurship, but the return influence of entrepreneurship on insurance was not proven.

A two-stage stochastic programming approach for reserving and allocating of emission trading permits under uncertainties

ABSTRACT The Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) is a market-based approach aiming at reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It involves the allocation of emission allowances to entities that are permitted to emit certain levels of GHG, as well as the re-sale and re-allocation of these allowances among entities. Considering the uncertainty of urban traffic congestion, the problem of reserving and allocating Emission Trading Permits (ETP) under stochastic demand is investigated. The ETP reserve of each link is determined before congestion, the optimal allocation scheme of ETP is determined after congestion. A two-stage stochastic programming model is formulated to minimize the sum of the reserve cost of ETP before congestion and the expected total loss of ETP after congestion. First, the effectiveness of the stochastic programming model is verified by comparing with the traditional method. Second, the total cost increases with the increase of initial reserve cost and shortage cost, and decreases with the increase of selling price and the capacity of links by sensitivity analysis. The unit reserve cost has a negative effect on the reserve quantity, while shortage cost, selling price, and link capacity have a positive effect on the reserve quantity. At last, the validity of the stochastic programming solution can be verified by numerical analysis of the Nguyen-Dupuis network. The stochastic programming solution proposed in this study shows an 89% reduction in ETP reserve compared to the optimal initial capacity solution. When level E occurs, the total cost is correspondingly reduced by 11%.

Identification Analysis of Fluid Type in the Low Resistivity Zone of Well Z-2 Field "Z", South Sumatera

Hydrocarbon reserves are one of the main points that are very important in the sustainability of the productivity of an oil and gas field. This important point is greatly influenced by several parameters that can be obtained by various measurements and analysis. One of the most influential parameters in the analyses of the amount of hydrocarbon reserves in a reservoir is the water saturation value. The water saturation parameter will also be greatly influenced by the electrical parameters of the fluid-containing rock in the reservoir. Sometimes the electrical parameters of this rock, in this case resistivity becomes one of the benchmark parameters, whether the zone or reservoir has potential or is interesting to be developed or produced. However, there are several reservoirs or zones that experience low resistivity effects which will give an initial indication that the zones or reservoirs are not attractive or have no effect on development. In this Z field, there is a zone that experiences low resistivity effects, making this zone unattractive for production. So to be able to make these zones attractive for production, an identification analysis was carried out on Zones A and B in this Z field to determine the type or type of fluid from the two zones. The initial analysis was carried out petrographically from rock sample incisions at certain depths in Zones A and B so that it is known that the cause of the low resistivity effect in the two zones is the presence of pyrite minerals and illite clay which are the main causes of the low resistivity effect. Furthermore, an analysis of the identification of fluid types was carried out using the double apparent resistivity method with the results obtained that in Zones A and B there are 2 types of fluids, namely hydrocarbons and water with a depth limit of 3650 ft in Zone A and 4558 ft in Zone B. By knowing the type of fluid, the hydrocarbons contained in these two zones should be able to increase interest in the production of these zones as a potential zone for production, but it is necessary to perforate at a depth range indicated by the hydrocarbon fluid and carry out initial production tests to prove the results of the analysis in this study.

재난물류 지원을 위한 자연재난 대응 구호물품의 비축물량 확대⋅관리 방안 연구

Due to the increase in greenhouse gas emissions around the world, unexpected weather changes are occurring one after another, and natural disasters such as typhoons, heavy rains, and heat waves are becoming more serious. In this trend, the importance of disaster logistics (rescue logistics) is increasing, and this study tried to derive the results of basic research before deriving disaster logistics by analyzing the amount of reserves and how much financial resources will be required if an unexpected natural disaster occurs. In addition, necessary matters were reviewed in the Enforcement Rules of the Disaster Relief Act to expand and manage stockpiles and diversify items in the direction of improving the legal system. Finally, the study proposed a policy alternative to managing and maintaining stockpiles calculated in consideration of regional disasters over the past 10 years, and suggested special disaster relief sets such as emergency relief sets, cooking relief sets, and individual relief sets.

PENGGUNAAN METODE BORNHUETTER-FERGUSON UNTUK ESTIMASI CADANGAN KLAIM

Health insurance company have to determine claim reserve that’s suitable with the existing condition. There is three party that’s involved in the health insurance management, namely the policy holder, Admedika as the third party administration, and also the insurance company itself as the (insurer). When the policy holder obtained treatments whose financing is done through a health insurance, then the health insurance company have the obligation to finish the financial matters. Delays in payments from insurance companies to health facilities are caused, among others, by the administrative process. Thus, every claim submitted by the insured party to the insurance company will be settled in stages to the health facilities. The data presented from these conditions form a triangle matrix (run-off triangle) which then becomes the basis for estimating the amount of IBNR claims reserves. The Bornhuetter-Ferguson (BF) method involves the amount of premium that has become income for the company and calculates the Ultimate Claim value in estimating the amount of claim reserves. This method is the result of the development of the previous method, Chain-Ladder (CL), which only relies on historical data on claim payments. Premium calculations need to be involved in health insurance, because the insurance period is short, which is only one year. Insurance companies haven't had time to turn around the money to invest, so payment of claims will depend more on the premium that becomes income for the company (earned premium). The estimated claim reserve value is more suitable and robust than the CL method. Estimated claim reserves that occur in the 2nd event period amount to IDR50,658,714 with an estimated interval for the 2nd event period between IDR10,215,477 and IDR91,101,950