Amount Of Reserves Research Articles

Non-timber Forest Product Accounting: Preliminary Estimates for community Forestry Business in South Sulawesi Indonesia

The purpose of this study is to determine the potential and balance sheet utilization of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) in South Sulawesi community forest area. The study's location is in the community forest area neighborhood of Watang Bacukiki Village in the Bacukiki District of Pare Pare City, South Sulawesi. Data was collected through observation, interviews, and a questionnaire given to all group members (a 37-person census). In order to determine the final reserve amount, which will serve as an initial estimate for business development, the natural resource utilization balance is analyzed through a physical balance by calculating the amount of initial reserves in the research year, adding with planting, and then reducing by the amount of depletion or use. The results revealed that candlenut, coffee, cashew, cinnamon, cloves, and rhizomes are the NTFP categories that have the potential to be developed as sources of revenue for the community. Specifically, in the candlenut plant are the greatest final reserves to be discovered. In terms of ensuring the supply of raw materials for the survival of community forestry businesses, it is crucial to calculate the balance of forest resources.

Suitability of Different Machine Learning Outlier Detection Algorithms to Improve Shale Gas Production Data for Effective Decline Curve Analysis

Shale gas reservoirs have huge amounts of reserves. Economically evaluating these reserves is challenging due to complex driving mechanisms, complex drilling and completion configurations, and the complexity of controlling the producing conditions. Decline Curve Analysis (DCA) is historically considered the easiest method for production prediction of unconventional reservoirs as it only requires production history. Besides uncertainties in selecting a suitable DCA model to match the production behavior of the shale gas wells, the production data are usually noisy because of the changing choke size used to control the bottom hole flowing pressure and the multiple shut-ins to remove the associated water. Removing this noise from the data is important for effective DCA prediction. In this study, 12 machine learning outlier detection algorithms were investigated to determine the one most suitable for improving the quality of production data. Five of them were found not suitable, as they remove complete portions of the production data rather than scattered data points. The other seven algorithms were deeply investigated, assuming that 20% of the production data are outliers. During the work, eight DCA models were studied and applied. Different recommendations were stated regarding their sensitivity to noise. The results showed that the clustered based outlier factor, k-nearest neighbor, and the angular based outlier factor algorithms are the most effective algorithms for improving the data quality for DCA, while the stochastic outlier selection and subspace outlier detection algorithms were found to be the least effective. Additionally, DCA models, such as the Arps, Duong, and Wang models, were found to be less sensitive to removing noise, even with different algorithms. Meanwhile, power law exponential, logistic growth model, and stretched exponent production decline models showed more sensitivity to removing the noise, with varying performance under different outlier-removal algorithms. This work introduces the best combination of DCA models and outlier-detection algorithms, which could be used to reduce the uncertainties related to production forecasting and reserve estimation of shale gas reservoirs.

Government Reserve of Rare Earths under Total Quota Management: An Interactive Game between Government and Rare-Earth Firms

The total quota control and reserve of rare earths are important means for the sustainable development and utilization of rare-earth resources. Focusing on the government reserve of rare-earth products under stochastic demand, this paper analyses the interactive decisions of the government and the rare-earth firms from a game-theoretic perspective. The government determines the total quantity, reserve quantity and reserve–release quantity of the rare-earth products to maximize social warfare, while the firm decides the price of rare-earth products to maximize its own profit. The results show that the production cost and the expected net present value (NPV) of the reserve are important factors affecting the government’s decisions. When the expected NPV of the reserve is below a threshold, the government adopts the no-reserve strategy: it determines only a total quota index that maximizes the current-period social welfare but keeps no reserve. When the expected NPV of a reserve is higher than the above threshold but lower than the production cost, the government adopts the low-reserve strategy: it determines a total quota index and a low reserve that are both in increasing in the expected NPV of reserve, and will release the reserve as many as possible if there is a supply shortage. When the expected NPV of a reserve is higher than both the above threshold and the production cost, the government adopts the high-reserve strategy: it sets a total quota index which is sufficiently large to cover the entire market demand, reserves a large amount, and releases part of the reserve to completely fill the demand gap (if any).

Conversion of Coal-Biomass into Diesel by Using Aspen Plus

Taking the importance of Pakistan’s dire need for energy breakthrough, in this paper, we explore how the country’s vast estimated reserves of 175 billion tons of Thar coal is a useful source for the clean and efficient production of good quality liquid fuel. Coal to liquid (CTL) technology has gathered increasing attention among many countries with a sufficient volume of coal reserves, and this technology can also be implemented in Pakistan, which in result can also reduce harmful greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the environment. In this study, the Fischer Tropsch Synthesis (FT) liquefaction method was used, and the reactor design, chemical reactions, syngas ratio fraction, and Anderson-Schulz-Flory and Langmuir model were all obtained from the Aspen Plus simulation. The results showed that, at the optimum syngas flow rate of 9 Kg/s, the FT model produced diesel fuel at 0.00134 Kg/s. Per this calculation, the massive amount of Thar coal reserves can be transformed into 123.22 million barrels of diesel. The design of the reactor is very critical, and, in this study, it was prioritized to design a reactor that produces liquid fuel only of composition C12+; during the production of liquid fuel, the quantity of methane is not high; and it can still be further reduced on optimized conditions. On the other hand, CO2 gas, which is a sole contributor of GHG emissions, was also reduced by up to 98%.

Determination of Polymer Injection Method to an Oil Field Using Screening Criteria: Literature Review

The amount of oil reserves in Indonesia is currently still large, but has not been able to meet the needs of enegi. To overcome this imbalance, one of the efforts that the government has made in improving oil lifting is through Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR). The purpose of this research, is to determine the right EOR method for a reservoir by conducting a screening criteria on one of the fields in Indonesia. EOR is a method of increasing the volume of oil that previously could not be produced. This condition usually occurs in heavy crude oil, poor permeability and irregular faultlines. EOR is applied to fields that have been produced long enough (mature field) with the aim of taking the remaining oil that cannot be produced by primary and secondary (water flooding) methods. Some of the EOR techniques that are widely known to date are steam flooding, chemical flooding, and gas injection (gas flooding). The study is a reservoir X that has a six-aspect match from seven aspects suggested by Taber et al. namely polymer injection as an EOR method. The six aspects are the magnitude of oil gravity, oil viscosity, porosity, permeability, depth and temperature. From this research it can be concluded that, in Field X is very suitable for the EOR Method with the Chemical Flooding Method, by injecting polymer compounds.

Effect of N and CO2 supply on source size per grain at anthesis and its relationship with grain growth in wheat

AbstractRising atmospheric CO2 concentration ([eCO2]) increases the yield of wheat mainly by increasing grain number, but effects on single grain weight are variable. It is discussed whether single grain growth is limited by the sink or the source size under a non‐stress environment. This study explores the effect of e[CO2] combined with varying N supply on the source and sink size during grain filling. Source size was defined as the amount of stem reserves per grain (SRG) and the proportion of incident radiation intercepted by the green canopy per grain (fIRG) at anthesis. Data from a 2‐year free‐air CO2 enrichment experiment with wheat with three N levels (on average 38 [Nd], 190 [Nad] and 320 kg N ha−1 [Nex]) and two CO2 levels (393 and 600 ppm) on SRG, fIRG and grain filling rate (GFR) and duration (GFD) were evaluated. SRG ranged from 2.5 to 12.9 mg and fIRG from 4.0 × 0.001% to 6.8 x 0.001%. Rising N supply or e[CO2] decreased SRG and fIRG via their increases in grain number. Accordingly, there was a negative linear relationship between grain number and SRG (r2 ≥ 0.84) or fIRG (r2 ≥ 0.97). Increasing N supply decreased GFR, but increased GFD, and GFR was increased by e[CO2] under Nad and Nex. For GFR and final grain weight, there was a strong positive (r2 ≥ 0.85), and for GFD, a strong negative linear relationship (r2 ≥ 0.76) with fIRG under Nad and Nex. Under these N levels, fIRG supplied the largest share (>86%) for grain growth and thus single grain growth was possibly source limited under Nad and Nex. Under high grain number such as under Nex and e[CO2], there might be a risk for low final grain weight due to the low SRG that is insufficient for buffering assimilate shortage under unfavourable environmental conditions in early grain filling.

A Mathematical Model to Predict Hydraulic Fracture Geometry in Shale Gas Formation

Shale gas represents a new abundance for natural gas, which could aid keeping up with increasing world demand for energy. Enormous quantities of shale gas reserves are in Africa and China; however the technology to extract natural gas from shale formations is not yet developed in these regions. Hydraulic fracturing is the most viable technique to recover shale gas in economical quantities. Designing and controlling fracture geometry are crucial to achieve economical production rates from shale gas formations. Currently there is no universal model that can be applied to predict the fracture height and half-length in shale gas formation. Earlier models have addressed the issue of fracture geometry that is induced by hydraulic fracturing operation in conventional formations. Models such as KGD (Khristianovich- Geertsma-DeKlerk) and PKN (Perkins-Kern-Nordgren) solving the problem by assuming fixed fracture height, while complicated 3D models (planar and pseudo) are used to describe fracture geometry. Pseudo-3D model suffers from unrealistic fracture height outputs when the assumptions are violated. In this paper new equations for both fracture’s height and half-length are developed using Bingham theory in combination with a statistical approach (Monte Carlo simulation). The equations can be applied for wide ranges of rock properties and operational conditions of hydraulic fracturing.Model’s outcomes validation was verified using available data in the literature. Moreover, a parametric study showed that fluids viscosity and Poisson’s ratio were the major parameters that control fracture half-length. On the other hand, fracture height has been found to predominantly be controlled by formation thickness. These results are in line with the previous models outcomes.

Investigation of Optimum Reserve Capacity Requirement in Ancillary Services with Extreme Learning Machine

In advanced power systems, reserves are used to balance load mismatches in the face of unexpected events and to meet unforeseen contingencies. This reserve used in the units is defined as the spinning reserve (SR), which is realized with the loading and unloading instructions within the scope of the Ancillary Services (AS). As the contribution of solar and wind turbines increases in installed power, it requires larger amounts of SR and creates a significant increase in production costs. This article uses the Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) method to estimate SR capacity in the day-ahead and intraday market. In this study, experiments were conducted to determine the effectiveness of ELM-SR in estimating the SR parameter, by randomly dividing the data set into 60–40% training-test sets and using 1–100 neurons in the latent layer. The results obtained with the ELM were also compared with the results observed with the ANN, LR, and SVM methods, which determine the optimum reserve amount of the method used. Thus, even in the face of increased production in renewable energy in the power system with a properly planned reserve with ELM, a significant economic gain is achieved with the allocation of the optimum reserve.

Conservation and enhancement of naturally aged paper using bi-functionalized polyamidoamine (SiPAAOH)

Abstract PAAs can be further functionalized (hydroxylation and alkoxylation) by side chain substitution. In this study, we synthesized a SiPAAOH containing hydroxyl and siloxane groups based on the Aza-Michael addition reaction and applied it for reinforcement of aged paper. The results showed that the optimum conditions of SiPAAOH synthesis were as follows: the monomer molar ratio of APTES to EtA was 0.7:0.3, the solvent system for SiPAAOH reinforced aged paper was ethanol/water = 1:5 (v/v). The alkaline SiPAAOH could increase the pH of paper to 7.68, and to improve the amount of alkaline reserve to 200 mmol/kg. The whiteness and color difference of the treated paper were not significantly different from those of the untreated paper, and the mechanical properties of the paper were obviously improved. The results of contact angle and thermogravimetry showed that the SiPAAOH-treated paper was hydrophobicity and high temperature resistance.

A review on the plant resources of important medicinal licorice

Ethnopharmacological relevanceGlycyrrizae Radix et Rhizoma has various effects, including tonifying the spleen and qi, clearing heat and toxic substances, eliminating phlegm, relieving cough and pain, and harmonizing the effects of other medicines. It is widely used in the pharmaceutical and food industries. Aims of the studyThis review systematically collates the identification of Glycyrrhiza Linn. species with medicinal value and their distributions. The morphological and genetic characteristics, distribution, quantity of reserves in China, suitable environment, and area of suitable habitat of important medicinal species were reviewed. The effects of the natural environment and cultivation management (water and nutrients) on the growth and quality of licorice were reviewed. The aim is to make people have a systematic understanding of the status of medicinal plant resources of the G. Linn., and understand the natural and human factors that affect its quality, so as to provide help for the collection of resources of the important medicinal licorice and the human control of its quality in the future. Materials and methodsWe conducted extensive searches of the primary literature, master's and doctoral theses, and pharmacopeias of many countries using PubMed, Geenmedical, CNKI, Web of Science, SCI-hub and other databases. The keywords used in searches included “classification of Glycyrrhiza,” “medicinal Glycyrrhiza,” “distribution of Glycyrrhiza,” and “suitable environment for Glycyrrhiza” The results of research conducted by our research group on the morphological and genetic characteristics, natural distribution, and effects of artificial regulation on the growth and quality of licorice were summarized. ResultsThere are approximately 29 species of G. Linn. worldwide, including 15 species with medicinal value. These species occur on all continents except Antarctica across 41 countries. Only one licorice is recorded in Indian pharmacopoia,two species are recorded in US and Japanese pharmacopoeias,and three species are recorded in most national pharmacopoeias: G. glabra Linn., G. uralensis Fisch. and G. inflata Batalin. These three medicinal licorice species are mainly distributed in Eurasia, especially Central Asia. The main morphological differences between these three medicinal licorice species are in the leaves, inflorescences, pods, and seeds, and they can be distinguished by ITS and psbA-trnH sequences. The reserves of wild licorice in China have decreased annually to 1.04 million(t) in 2010. The cultivation area of G. uralensis Fisch in China is currently approximately 26,900 hm2. Soil conditions have a substantial effect on the yield and quality of G. uralensis Fisch, especially water and nutrients. Appropriate irrigation and fertilization measures can enhance the quality of G. uralensis Fisch. ConclusionsG. Linn. species and their natural distributions were summarized. The morphology, genetic characteristics, suitable environment, and area of suitable habitat of three medicinal licorice species collected in major countries were described. The main environmental conditions and cultivation measures affecting their growth and medicinal quality were determined. This article provides a comprehensive review on G. Linn. medicinal plant resources to enhance the future use of these resources.

Analisis Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Cadangan Devisa Periode 2000-2019

Foreign exchange reserves is foreign currencies that are reserved at the central bank for the purposes of financing development and foreign transactions such as imports, foreign debt payments, investments and other financing. Foreign exchange reserves are very influential on the economic activities of a country. The amount of foreign exchange reserves can be used as an indicator to assess the country's resilience in facing the economic crisis. This study aims to determine the impact of exports, imports, inflation, exchange rates, foreign investment and foreign debt on Indonesia's foreign exchange reserves during the period 2000-2019 using the Ordinary Least Square approach. The results show that exports, foreign investment, and foreign debt have a positive effect on foreign exchange reserves, while imports and exchange rates have a negative effect on foreign exchange reserves. Meanwhile, inflation has no effect on Indonesia's foreign exchange reserves during the 2000-2019 period.

De facto statehood and natural resources: How oil resources affect the foreign relations of the Kurdish Regional Government of Iraq

This article examines the ways in which oil resources affect the foreign relations of the Kurdish Regional Government of Iraq (KRG). The KRG has large amounts of oil and gas reserves and with these resources it aims to leverage political/diplomatic power as well as gain economic revenues. The influence of de facto states in the international system is affected by its’ availability of natural resources, and the KRG is no exception. Thus, these resources affect the relations of the KRG with international actors such as states and international companies. This study is theoretically based on the literature of state-like entities and defines the KRG as a de facto state. This article claims that the KRG pursues an oil resources policy which may provide not only economic revenues but also political gains. The KRG presents itself as a viable entity to gain acceptance and support of those international actors. But, this policy has political and economic limits which are shaped by the main principles and priorities of the international society. It is also observed that mostly small- medium energy companies prefer investing in the KRG due to legal, economic and geopolitical conditions.

The FOMC's Committee on the Directive: Behind Volcker's New Operating Procedures

On October 6, 1979, Chairman Volcker announced that the Federal Reserve was embarking on a new, forceful, and ultimately successful campaign to lower the rampant inflation of that time. At the center of this campaign were new operating procedures for conducting monetary policy—procedures that focused daily open market operations on controlling the quantity of monetary reserves and the quantity of nonborrowed reserves in particular. This was a dramatic shift from the prior focus on targeting the federal funds rate. These new operating procedures were preceded by well over a decade of work that was directed by the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) and was carried out by its Committee on the Directive (COD). Prior to 1979, the COD had recommended, but then rejected, operating procedures based on controlling nonborrowed reserves. It was the Volcker Fed that accepted and implemented these reserves-based operating procedures, and it did so with the goal of targeting the monetary aggregates to have restrained and stable growth rates.

Peran Ekspor, Nilai Tukar dan Suku Bunga Terhadap Jumlah Cadangan Devisa di Indonesia

The limited amount of foreign exchange reserves owned by Indonesia is still one of the problems faced today. Foreign exchange reserves will also continue to change due to macroeconomic factors such as exports, exchange rates and interest rates. This study aims to determine the role of exports, exchange rates and interest rates on the amount of foreign exchange reserves in Indonesia. This research uses multiple linear regression with the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method and quantitative descriptive analysis. The data used is secondary data with time series from 1988-2020 with a total of 33 observations. The data is processed using eviews 10 software. The results of this study indicate that partially (1) exports have a significant positive effect on the amount of foreign exchange reserves in Indonesia (2) the exchange rate has a significant positive effect on the amount of foreign exchange reserves in Indonesia (3) the interest rate has a significant negative effect on the amount of foreign exchange reserves in Indonesia, while simultaneously or simultaneously exports, exchange rates and interest rates affect the amount of foreign exchange reserves in Indonesia.

독일과 오스트리아의 최근 집합건물법 개정 동향과 시사점

In this article, the main contents of the German Condominium Act amended in 2020 and the Austrian Condominium Act of 2002 amended in 2021 are reviewed focusing on their legislative materials. The Condominium Act of Germany and Austria are similar to that of Korea, and their recent revisions were mainly made to cope with the aging of condominium buildings and to improve management efficiency. The implications drawn from the studies are as follows. First, it is necessary to consider lowering the quorum for matters regarding the change of the section for common use of collective buildings, such as Germany. Second, referring to the case of Austria, it is necessary to review the introduction of regulations on the repair allowance (reserve), especially the minimum reserve amount. Third, referring to the case of Germany, the manager has comprehensive management authority for matters that do not require a resolution of the managing body, so that the manager can escape from excessive interference by the sectional owner, and at the same time, the sectional owner can also easily dismiss the manager. For the problems that have not been solved by relying solely on private autonomy for the past several decades, it is necessary to either allow the sectional owner to solve the problems autonomously according to more relaxed requirements than now, or, if necessary, find a way to establish management standards in the law.

Comprehensive Review Of Karanja And Jatropha Biodiesel Fuelled Diesel Engines

The globe has been compelled to develop other fuels due to tight emission restrictions, poor environmental circumstances, depletion of oil reserves, and rising prices of petroleum fuels. The rapid and rapid development of the automobile sector has resulted in a sharp increase in demand for petroleum-based fuels. Petroleum-based fuels have a finite amount of reserves. Biodiesel, a viable alternative fuel and has qualities that are similar to diesel fuels. By combining it with diesel, it can be a suitable fuel in diesel engines. Biodiesel, which is usually made from non-edible oils like Jatropha karanja oils, has sparked a lot of interest as a diesel engine alternative fuel. When compared to edible oil, non-edible oil is more helpful.Non-edible plants that may be grown in a variety of soils, including degraded woods, road edges, and irrigation canals. The goal of this study is to take review of the performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of Jatropha and Karanja biodiesel fuels in diesel engines in more depth. Researchers will benefit from this comprehensive analysis of the published literature in understanding the suitability of biodiesel as a diesel engine fuel substitute.

Research on P2P product portfolio strategy based on term structure under risk reserve system

This paper studies the portfolio strategy of P2P products based on the term structure under the risk reserve system. It constructs a Lagrange revenue function for each type of product to indicate the relationship between the optimal loan interest rate and the Lagrange revenue, and further proposes the optimal portfolio strategy model based on the term structure under the risk reserve system. A simulation analysis is carried out and the results show that. (i) Under the risk reserve system, the revenue is increasing with the loan interest rate. (ii) The optimal term will change due to the adjustment of supervision, and then the optimal portfolio will be transformed. (iii) The optimal revenue is increasing with the amount of risk reserve, and excess risk reserves will lead to an increase in the penalty cost, which makes it less likely for the platform to obtain profits from the excess. (iv) If the loan interest rate remains fixed, the cost minimization model is equivalent to the revenue maximization model, and the revenue is the largest when the total cost is minimal. (v) When the loan interest rate reaches a certain threshold, the marginal default cost will be greater than the marginal benefit, which will reduce the revenue. (vi) The differentiation of default risk with different terms will result in the change of the optimal revenue, which will cause the alteration of the optimal portfolio.

Is there evidence of mild explosive behavior in Alaska North Slope crude oil prices?

Alaska has long been important to U.S. oil production. With the sixth largest amount of proven reserves of any state and >95% of oil production occurring on the North Slope, Alaska will continue to be an important factor in U.S. energy production. Given the importance of the North Slope crude oil to West Coast refineries, it is surprising that very few studies have investigated the prevailing price of crude oil from the North Slope: the Alaska North Slope West Coast price (ANS). This study provides evidence of mildly explosive behavior in the time series of ANS price relative to the consumer price level, Alaska oil production, and a measure of oil stocks by utilizing the recursive generalized supremum Augmented Dickey-Fuller of Phillips, Shi, and Yu (2015). The sample period spans from May 1987 until September 2020 and we find evidence of mild explosive behavior prior to and during the 2007–2009 recession. Our findings are consistent with others who found mildly explosive behavior in other oil prices during the same period.

Microscopic molecular insights into methane hydrate growth on the surfaces of clay minerals: Experiments and molecular dynamics simulations

Clay is widely present in hydrate reservoirs and drilling and completion fluids. A quantitative understanding of hydrate growth characteristics on clay solid phase surfaces is vital for predicting hydrate formation and preventing secondary hydrate generation in solid-phase-containing drilling fluid systems. The experiments and nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations are performed to investigate the characteristics of methane hydrate growth on the surfaces of kaolinite and montmorillonite. The experiments and dynamics simulated results demonstrate that a large number of bound waters is absorbed on the clay surface. However, the bound water does not participate in hydrate formation. The mechanisms by which clay minerals influence the formation of hydrates are different. Kaolinite reduces the induction time of hydrate formation, but the massive amount of bound water on the kaolinite surface reduces the total amount of free water molecules, which hinders the formation of hydrates, and the inhibition effect on hydrates is more significant than that with montmorillonite. Significantly, the hydrolysis of interlayer cations on the montmorillonite surface inhibits the formation of hydrates. This study will help us to understand the mechanism for gas hydrates formation on reservoir clay minerals, and to predict the amount of hydrate reservoir reserves, which will further aid hydrate resource drilling and exploration.

Uji Kualitas Batubara terhadap Kedalaman Lapisan Daerah Penambangan Pulau Bunyu dengan Metode Proksimat pada Lokasi 4 Pit

The purpose of this research was motivated by the level of coal quality at each depth of the layer. Each coal company needs to do a quality testing when conducting exploring. In addition to measuring the amount of potential coal reserves, it also measures the quality level of the coal. Whether if carried out exploration or excavation can provide benefits, therefore in this research the author will conduct research on the effect of the depth level of the layer of coal using parameters such as calorific value, total sulfur, fixed carbon, volatile matter, ash, and moisture. As for the place of this research conducted at PT. lamindo inter multikon mining area of Bunyu Island, Bulungan Regency, North Kalimantan Province. From the results of this research it was found that the highest caloric value was the location of PIT 4.