Amount Of Mixing Research Articles

Prediction of transonic film cooling using the turbulent viscosity correction method

Two-equation turbulence models, such as the k–epsilon (k–ε) and shear stress transport (SST) models, have limited accuracy in calculating film cooling effectiveness. Previous studies have focused on modifying the turbulent Prandtl number from the perspective of thermal diffusion to improve the prediction accuracy of film cooling simulations. However, the flow accuracy of the jet flow is crucial for simulating film cooling. The calculated film cooling effectiveness differs from the experimental results due to deviations in the predicted amount of mixing. This study proposes corrections to the baseline k–ω model developed by Menter. The proposed method modifies the flow field with the mass species conservation equation in the mixing region while maintaining the advantages of the original model in the nonmixing region. The principle of the corrected model is explained through comparison and analysis with the SST model. The corrected model significantly improves the mixing effect of the two fluids. The main principle behind this is that the corrected model more accurately predicts turbulence intensity in the mixing zone of the two fluids. Furthermore, this paper experimentally validates the modified model for an array of film holes with Mach numbers of 0.4 and 1.4. The proposed model shows a 24% improvement in computational accuracy compared to the SST model.

Study on the high-temperature and aging properties of agricultural waste-modified asphalt based on rheology.

The modifier of road materials from agricultural waste (AW) as raw material has been widely noticed. Considering the environmental impact of AW treatment and the National policy on the promotion of resource reuse, the feasibility of four AW (namely, bamboo powder, rape straw, corn cob, and wheat straw) for styrene butadiene styrene (SBS) asphalt modification is studied from the properties and mechanism perspectives. Through properties evaluation tests (such as the dynamic shear rheometer, multiple stress creep recovery, and rotating thin film oven test), the influence of four AW and different mixing amounts on the properties of SBS modified asphalt pavement is analyzed from the aspects of high-temperature deformation resistance and anti-aging properties. The results reveal that the four AW can improve the SBS asphalt's high-temperature deformation resistance and anti-aging properties, among which rape straw has the most significant improvement effect. In addition, through the fourier transform infrared spectroscopy test, the microscopic mechanism of the AW/SBS composite modified asphalt binder is revealed from the functional groups. The analysis shows that the AW is physically mixed with the SBS asphalt binder, which inhibits the growth of sulfoxide groups and the cracking of the SBS modifier during aging.

Importance of subsurface water for hydrological response during storms in a post-wildfire bedrock landscape

Wildfire alters the hydrologic cycle, with important implications for water supply and hazards including flooding and debris flows. In this study we use a combination of electrical resistivity and stable water isotope analyses to investigate the hydrologic response during storms in three catchments: one unburned and two burned during the 2020 Bobcat Fire in the San Gabriel Mountains, California, USA. Electrical resistivity imaging shows that in the burned catchments, rainfall infiltrated into the weathered bedrock and persisted. Stormflow isotope data indicate that the amount of mixing of surface and subsurface water during storms was similar in all catchments, despite higher streamflow post-fire. Therefore, both surface runoff and infiltration likely increased in tandem. These results suggest that the hydrologic response to storms in post-fire environments is dynamic and involves more surface-subsurface exchange than previously conceptualized, which has important implications for vegetation regrowth and post-fire landslide hazards for years following wildfire.

Energy Consumption and Carbon Emission Analysis of Typical Regeneration Methods for Asphalt Pavements

A quantitative evaluation was conducted on the energy consumption and carbon emissions during the asphalt pavement regeneration process, and the energy consumption and emission ratios during the construction and raw material production stages of the cold and hot regeneration process were obtained. This study applies the theory of life cycle assessment to propose an evaluation framework and calculation method suitable for quantitatively evaluating the environmental impact of the asphalt pavement regeneration process. Firstly, based on the life cycle evaluation theory, the evaluation framework and calculation method applicable to the quantitative study of the environmental impact of asphalt pavement regeneration processes are discussed, and the calculation formulae for the comprehensive energy consumption and comprehensive carbon emission of asphalt pavement regeneration are derived. It is found that the energy consumption and emission in the hot regeneration process account for 50~70% of the total process in the construction stage, and 50~65% of the total process in the cold regeneration process in the raw material production stage. Compared with the milling and resurfacing process, the energy consumption and carbon emission of the asphalt pavement regeneration process are reduced by about 16~66%, and the carbon emission is reduced by about 14~53%, so the energy saving and emission reduction benefits are more significant. The amount of RAP mixing, transportation distance of raw materials and pavement regeneration depth have a great influence on the energy consumption and emission of pavement regeneration. It can provide scientific guidance for the quantitative evaluation of the environmental impact of asphalt pavement regeneration, with a view to providing energy-saving and emission reduction level data support for technology improvement and engineering decisions.

A new intelligent sunflower optimization based explainable artificial intelligence approach for early‐age concrete compressive strength classification and mixture design of RAC

AbstractThis study aims to develop a new artificial intelligence model that can produce explainable rules to predict the mix design and early‐age concrete compressive strength classes of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC). Unlike other black‐box machine learning methods and rule‐based algorithms, the study relies on a metaheuristic mechanism for explainability. This metaheuristic mechanism is not used for a traditional parameter optimization, but to automatically extract interpretable and interpretable rules from the experimental data. In the study, 30 series of RACs are produced, and the samples’ 1‐ and 3‐day early‐age concrete compressive strength values are determined. Concretes produced using these strength values are classified. The labels defined for each concrete class are Class A (C 8/10), Class B (C 12/15), Class C (C 16/20), and Class D (C 20/25). The proposed intelligent classification model that consists of rule set automatically produces interpretable and comprehensible rules from data to determine the early‐age concrete compressive strength class and RAC mix amounts. In addition, the proposed method eliminates the black‐box disadvantages of classical machine learning methods with its explainability and interpretability feature. The sunflower optimization algorithm is adapted as the metaheuristic mechanism and a special fitness function and representative solution form are developed for automatic extraction of high‐quality comprehensible rules by simultaneously optimizing many different metrics. This paper is the first interpretable and comprehensible artificial intelligence model attempt used for early‐age compressive strength classification and mixture design of recycled aggregate concrete by balancing and optimizing both the accuracy and explainability. Proposed explainable intelligent classification model is tested against both well‐known state‐of‐the‐art machine learning algorithms and standard rule‐based methods on the produced real data. Promising results in terms of accuracy, precision, recall are obtained along with the explainability feature.

GRB 221009A afterglow from a shallow angular structured jet

ABSTRACT Exceptionally bright gamma-ray burst (GRB) afterglows can reveal the angular structure of their jets. GRB jets appear to have a narrow core (of half-opening angle θc), beyond which their kinetic energy drops as a power-law with angle θ from the jet’s symmetry axis, $E_{\mathrm{ k},\rm iso}(\theta)\propto [1+(\theta /\theta _\mathrm{ c})^2]^{-a/2}$. The power-law index a reflects the amount of mixing between the shocked jet and confining medium, which depends on the jet’s initial magnetization. Weakly magnetized jets undergo significant mixing, leading to shallow (a ≲ 2) angular profiles. We use the exquisite multiwaveband afterglow observations of GRB 221009A to constrain the jet angular structure using a dynamical model that accounts for both the forward and reverse shocks, for a power-law external density profile, next ∝ R−k. Both the forward shock emission, that dominates the optical and X-ray flux, and the reverse shock emission, that produces the radio afterglow, require a jet with a narrow core (θc ≈ 0.021) and a shallow angular structure (a ≈ 0.8) expanding into a stellar wind (k ≈ 2). Moreover, these data appear to favour a small fraction (ξe ≈ 10−2) of shock heated electrons forming a power-law energy distribution in both shocks.

Investigating Catalyzed Transesterification for Castor Oil Ethyl Ester Production: A Promising Biodiesel Substitute

Abstract: This study investigates the catalysed transesterification method for producing castor oil ethyl ester (COEE), a biodiesel substitute. The research looks at a number of variables that impact the reaction, including temperature, the ratio of alcohol to oil, the concentration of the catalyst, the amount of mixing, and the purity of the reactant. In the experimental setting, biodiesel is created in a lab and tested on a diesel engine. The outcomes show that the transesterification procedure successfully lowers castor oil's viscosity and raises the fuel's cetane number. According to engine testing, a 20% blend of COEE demonstrates promising performance with conventional diesel fuel-like energy consumption and thermal efficiency. The study emphasises COEE's potential as a superior biodiesel alternative with viability.

Effect of phosphate ester grinding aids on cement grinding and water-reducing performance

Phosphate ester polymers were prepared from phosphate ester monomers for the first time and their effects as cement grinding aids and water-reducing performance were studied. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and tests for standard viscosity, setting time, mortar fluidity, mortar compressive strength were conducted. The results showed that hydroxyethyl dibutyl phosphate reduced the residues of 45 μm and 80 μm grinding sieves by 68.67% and 98.67%, respectively. Compared with triethanolamine, the grinding effect of hydroxyethyl dibutyl phosphate was not only better but also the optimal mixing amount was less (only 0.167%). For the same amount of grinder, the grinding time was shortened by 30% and, for the same grinding time, the grinding output was increased by at least 20%. The polymer grinding aids significantly improved the fluidity of cement paste (by 40.06%), meaning the water-reduction rate of cement mortar could reach over 20%. The experimental results show that, as a new generation of grinding aids, phosphate esters not only have a significant grinding effect but also have high molecular designability, which will significantly enrich the grinding aids market and effectively promote energy conservation and emissions reductions in the grinding process.

A Study on the Proper Mixing amount Derivation of Soil Ameliorants Utilizing the Industrial by-products Characteristics, and Crop Growth

Objectives : This study was conducted to derive an proper mixing amount for the utilize of soil ameliorants manufactured using some industrial by-products, and to examine the effectiveness of soil ameliorants and their applicability in the agricultural field.Methods : The soil ameliorants were prepared using red mud, petroleum refining desulfurized gypsum, and regenerated sulfuric acid. In consideration of the soil environment, after mixing with field soil and then crop growth was carried out. After that, the growth rate was calculated through the survey of growth indicators (number of leaves, leaves lengths, and leaves widths) before and after the growth experiment, and compared by experimental districts.Results and Discussion : Soil ameliorants mixing amounts for crop growth were selected as 0, 0.2, 0.5 and 1.0%, respectively. When amount of 1.0% of the soil ameliorants was performed the growth rates of the growth index were higher than amount of 0% (control) mixed with the soil ameliorants. This is attributed to the improvement effectiveness of elements necessary for crop growth in the soil environment through the mixing of soil ameliorants.Conclusion : The soil environment (pH) containing 1.0% soil ameliorant is considered to have a positive effect on the effectiveness of factors necessary for crop growth as it falls within the appropriate range of growth. Therefore, after mixing the red mud and desulfurized gypsum in a weight ratio of 100:50, the soil ameliorant neutralized with regenerated sulfuric acid is considered proper for lettuce growth when 1.0% is mixed with soil.

Pemanfaatan Limbah Plastik Dan Serabut Kelapa Menjadi Paving Blok

Plastic waste is still a problem that has not yet found a solution. The use of plastic-based objects is still in great demand so that waste from plastic waste needs good management measures so that it does not further contaminate land and waters. According to Indonesian domestic waste statistics, the type of plastic waste produced accounts for 5.4 million tons annually or 14% of total waste production. Plastic has a long carbon chain so it takes a very long time for plastic waste to decompose naturally. In this research, paving blocks will be made from plastic waste of the PET type (polyethylene terephthalate) mixed with coconut fiber, considering that Situbondo district has a long coastline of 150 km so the potential for the existence of coconut trees which are found in this area also produces a lot of coconut fiber waste. As for this study, it aims to determine the best composition of the combination of the amount of mixing between sand, plastic and coconut fiber in the manufacture of plastic paving blocks. The compressive strength test in this study was carried out manually using a gallon and water. The compressive strength test with good results was obtained on a composition of 210 grams of sand, 70 grams of plastic and 10 grams of fiber.

A case report: An unusual presentation of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the lacrimal gland.

Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is the most common malignant epithelial tumor of the lacrimal gland with the highest malignant degree. ACC of the lacrimal gland is characterized by symptoms of <1 years duration. We present a 38-year-old male patient who complained of an enlarging mass in the left lacrimal fossa for almost 10 years previous to the diagnosis of ACC. A 38-year-old male patient visited our ophthalmology clinic with a chief complaint of a mass in his left upper lid, which had enlarged significantly over the previous months. Magnetic resonance imaging with intravenous Gadobutrol showed moderate and homogenous mass enhancement. Bone destruction is found. The periosteum is not eroded. The magnetic resonance imaging finding was supportive for malignancy. Histopathological examination of the specimen revealed solid tumor showing a cribriform pattern mixed small amount of basaloid cell proliferation. Therefore, the final diagnose was Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the lacrimal gland. The treatment included en bloc resection of the mass and adjacent bone and radiotherapy. In 1 year follow-up after operation, there is no recurrence. Visual acuity is 30/30. The left eye shows limitation on abduction. The present case demonstrates an unusual progression of ACC of the Lacrimal Gland.

Evaluation of rheological and mechanical properties of hot and warm mix asphalt mixtures containing Electric Arc Furnace Slag using gyratory compactor

Workability and compactability are two key rheological properties of asphalt mixtures with direct impacts on pavement construction costs. These properties can be estimated by laboratory testing using the Superpave Gyratory Compactor (SGC). The compaction curves obtained from SGC can offer a general assessment of the workability, compactability, and even mechanical properties of asphalt mixtures. The most widely used workability and compactability indicators derived from these curves are the Workability Index (WI), Compaction Energy Index (CEI), Traffic Densification Index (TDI), and the slope of the semi-logarithmic compaction curve (k). In this study, these indicators were used to examine the workability, compactability, and mechanical properties of hot and warm mix asphalt (HMA and WMA) mixtures containing different amounts of Sasobit (0, 1.5, and 3%) and Electric Arc Furnace Slag or EAFS (0, 25, 50 and 75%) with two aggregate gradations (upper limit and middle range of Iran Highway Asphalt Paving Code No. 234). The results showed a decline in workability and compactability with the increase in EAFS content and also with the introduction of 1.5% Sasobit which was respectively caused by the high surface roughness of EAFS materials and the lack of sufficient workability by 1.5% sasobit at the mixing and compaction temperatures. However, the compactability of HMA mixtures with 3% Sasobit was comparable to that of HMA mixtures. Given the correlation between TDI and rutting resistance, experiential TDI values were used to develop a regression model for Flow Number (FN) estimation. The analysis of the variance of experimental results showed the significance of changes observed in the indicators. The study's findings demonstrated that, due to the high surface roughness of EAFS materials, the amount of additive and mixing and compaction temperatures should be chosen in accordance with the mixture's required workability and compactability. The TDI index can also be used to approximate the mechanical properties of asphalt mixtures during the initial stages of preparing laboratory specimens.

Impact of mixing between parallel year groups on genomic prediction in Atlantic salmon breeding programmes under random selection

A commercial breeding programme in Atlantic salmon utilises a four-year generation interval with four parallel breeding populations. In this study, we develop a computer simulation of a salmon breeding programme and explore the impact of gene flow between the parallel year groups on the accuracy of genomic prediction within and between breeding lines. We simulated four parallel lines for 10 discrete generations with random selection and different mixing rates between parallel year groups. The genetic distance between fish (as a measure of diversity) and the accuracy of estimated genomic breeding values were used as criteria of comparison. With no mixing the genetic distance increased between populations, the genetic variation within populations decreased and there was no increase in accuracy when combining data across populations. Even a low percentage of mixing decreased the genetic distance between populations and increased the genetic variation within populations. The higher the percentage of mixing the faster the lines became more similar. The accuracy of prediction climbed as the percentage of mixing increased. The increase in accuracy from the combined evaluation approach compared to the within evaluation approach was greater with an increased percentage of mixing. In conclusion, if there is no gene flow between populations the lines drift apart and there is no value in combining information across populations for genomic breeding value prediction. Only a low amount of mixing between lines brings the lines closer together and facilitates the use of information across lines to improve breeding value prediction. Optimising gene flow between lines should be an integral part of salmon breeding programme design.

DFT-guided flux synthesis of a family of layered titanates crystallizing in the lepidocrocite structure type

K0.72Fe0.72Ti1.28O4, a layered mixed-metal oxide belonging to the lepidocrocite structure type, was grown out of a molten KCl-KF mixture at 800 °C. The compound crystallizes in orthorhombic space group Cmcm and exhibits two-dimensional layers, composed of mixed Fe/Ti octahedra, separated by K ions that occupy the interlayer layer space and maintain charge balance. The targeted flux synthesis of the Ni, Cu, and Zn analogs was carried out after density functional theory (DFT) calculations predicted their formation to be energetically favorable, yielding K0.77Ni0.38Ti1.62O4, K0.77Cu0.38Ti1.62O4, and K0.73Zn0.36Ti1.64O4. All four compositions can be prepared via conventional solid-state technique by mixing and heating stoichiometric amounts of KNO3, appropriate transition metal oxide precursors, and TiO2.

Influence of Mixing Water Content and Curing Time on Bond Strength of Clinker Masonry: The Wrench Test Method

In the present study, experimental investigations on the influence of mixing water content used for the preparation of mortar mix using factory-made dry-mix mortar dedicated to bricklaying with clinker masonry units are presented, as well as the curing time on flexural bond strength of masonry made of these two materials. The flexural bond strength was tested using the "wrench test" method. The masonry tests specimens were prepared using three volumes of mixing water as follows: 4.0 L (the value recommended by the mortar manufacturer); 4.5 L; and 5 L of tap water per one 25 kg bag of dry pre-mixed mortar. The influence of the mixing water content was analyzed in relation to curing time. All masonry specimens were tested in four series after 9, 14, 21, and 28 days of sample curing. The results showed that the use of 6 and 18% more mixing water than recommended by the manufacturer (4.5 and 5 L per bag) adversely affected flexural bond strength. Moreover, for all three mixing water amounts, it was found that the maximum values of bonding strength were reached after 9 days of curing, which decreased over time. The largest decreases (30-40%) were recorded after 14 days. After 21 days, these values continued to decrease, but more slowly. The final value of the ratio of bond strength to flexural strength of the mortar was similar for all amounts of mixing water and for the 28-day curing time, it oscillated around 0.2.

An improved regression model to predict fatigue life of asphalt mixes incorporating low to moderate RAP contents

The research on the fatigue performance of recycled asphalt mixture and the establishment of its fatigue life prediction model is the key to its large-scale engineering application. The four-point bending fatigue tests of the fresh and recycled asphalt mixtures under the strain control of cyclic loading were conducted to investigate influencing factors on their fatigue performance and establish a new fatigue prediction model for RAP (recycled asphalt pavement). The hot recycled asphalt mixture samples of AC-16C were prepared by a uniform test design method, with the RAP content of 0%, 20%, 30%, and 40%. Through the fatigue test data of 20 groups of fresh asphalt mixture with 0% RAP and 40 groups of recycled asphalt mixtures with the contents of 20%, 30%, and 40% RAP, the simplified applicability of the fatigue prediction model in the current Chinese specifications for the design of highway asphalt pavement (JTG D50-2017, JTG model) and its parameters modification were studied, thereby an improved regression fatigue prediction model of recycled asphalt mixture is established on consideration of strain level, asphalt content, void ratio, and RAP mixing amount. This fatigue prediction model for recycled asphalt mixtures was proposed by modifying the parameters of the fatigue equation for new asphalt mixtures in the Chinese Highway Asphalt Pavement Design Code. (JTG D50-2017) and comparing the fatigue test data of the recycled asphalt mixture. The research results show that: The simplified JTG fatigue prediction model can effectively predict the fatigue life of fresh asphalt mixture with the content of 0% RAP, and the model parameter a is a constant of the order of 1016; The correction coefficients α and β of the initial bending stiffness modulus S0 and the Voids Filled with Asphalt (VFA) in the improved JTG model of the hot recycled asphalt mixture considering the RAP content are 0.006 and 0.0136, respectively; The model can accurately predict the fatigue life of recycled asphalt mixtures with the range of RAP content of 0–40%, with an average deviation of only 0.106, and has higher prediction accuracy for fatigue life measured close to or higher than 106 times. The average deviation of the predicted life of 20%, 30%, and 40 %RAP fatigue is only 0.057, 0.079, and 0.125. This paper’s indoor fatigue prediction model has higher accuracy for recycled asphalt mixture than the well-known traditional models.

Observations of River Plume Mixing in the Surf Zone

Abstract We use salinity observations from drifters and moorings at the Quinault River mouth to investigate mixing and stratification in a surf-zone-trapped river plume. We quantify mixing based on the rate of change of salinity DS/Dt in the drifters’ quasi-Lagrangian reference frame. We estimate a constant value of the vertical eddy diffusivity of salt of Kz = (2.2 ± 0.6) × 10−3 m2 s−1, based on the relationship between vertically integrated DS/Dt and stratification, with values as high as 1 × 10−2 m2 s−1 when stratification is low. Mixing, quantified as DS/Dt, is directly correlated to surf-zone stratification, and is therefore modulated by changes in stratification caused by tidal variability in freshwater volume flux. High DS/Dt is observed when the near-surface stratification is high and salinity gradients are collocated with wave-breaking turbulence. We observe a transition from low stratification and low DS/Dt at low tidal stage to high stratification and high DS/Dt at high tidal stage. Observed wave-breaking turbulence does not change significantly with stratification, tidal stage, or offshore wave height; as a result, we observe no relationship between plume mixing and offshore wave height for the range of conditions sampled. Thus, plume mixing in the surf zone is altered by changes in stratification; these are due to tidal variability in freshwater flux from the river and not wave conditions, presumably because depth-limited wave breaking causes sufficient turbulence for mixing to occur during all observed conditions. Significance Statement River outflows are important sources of pollutants, sediment, and nutrients to the coastal ocean. Small rivers often meet large breaking waves in the surf zone close to shore, trapping river water and river-borne material near the beach. Such trapped material can influence coastal public health, beach morphology, and nearshore ecology. This study investigates how trapped fresh river water mixes with salty ocean water in the presence of large breaking waves by using high-resolution measurements of waves, salinity, and turbulence. We find that the surf zone is often fresh and stratified, which could have significant implications for the fate of riverine material. Wave breaking provides a constant source of turbulence, and the amount of mixing is limited by the degree of vertical salt stratification; more mixing occurs when stratification is higher.

Experimental Study on the Impermeability and Micromechanisms of Basalt Fiber-Reinforced Soil-Cement in Marine Environments

In coastal areas, structures such as cement-soil dams are often eroded by seawater, so it is significant to study how to improve the impermeability of cement-soil. Basalt fiber with a strong tensile property, good stability and a high-performance price ratio was selected as the additive to study the influence of the basalt fiber content on the permeability of soil-cement. The permeability test and the chloride ion permeability test were used to evaluate the best mixing amount. The results of the permeability test showed that, although the permeability coefficient of soil-cement decreased with the increase in the basalt fiber content, the decreased rate of the permeability coefficient showed a slowing trend. The results of the chloride ion permeability test indicated that the chloride ion-related impermeability of soil-cement was enhanced with the increase in the basalt content, which was confirmed by the consistent findings of the contrast permeability test. The comprehensive analysis shows that the optimal content ratio of the basalt fiber was 1.5%. Furthermore, a SEM analysis established that the addition of the basalt fiber reduced the soil-cement porosity, improved the structural compactness and formed a more stable whole. This study could serve as a valuable reference for soil-cement used in projects with impermeability requirements.

Origin identification of Cornus officinalis based on PCA-SVM combined model.

Infrared spectroscopy can quickly and non-destructively extract analytical information from samples. It can be applied to the authenticity identification of various Chinese herbal medicines, the prediction of the mixing amount of defective products, and the analysis of the origin. In this paper, the spectral information of Cornus officinalis from 11 origins was used as the research object, and the origin identification model of Cornus officinalis based on mid-infrared spectroscopy was established. First, principal component analysis was used to extract the absorbance data of Cornus officinalis in the wavenumber range of 551~3998 cm-1. The extracted principal components contain more than 99.8% of the information of the original data. Second, the extracted principal component information was used as input, and the origin category was used as output, and the origin identification model was trained with the help of support vector machine. In this paper, this combined model is called PCA-SVM combined model. Finally, the generalization ability of the PCA-SVM model is evaluated through an external test set. The three indicators of Accuracy, F1-Score, and Kappa coefficient are used to compare this model with other commonly used classification models such as naive Bayes model, decision trees, linear discriminant analysis, radial basis function neural network and partial least square discriminant analysis. The results show that PCA-SVM model is superior to other commonly used models in accuracy, F1 score and Kappa coefficient. In addition, compared with the SVM model with full spectrum data, the PCA-SVM model not only reduces the redundant variables in the model, but also has higher accuracy. Using this model to identify the origin of Cornus officinalis, the accuracy rate is 84.8%.

Simulation and assessment of material mixing in an indirect-drive implosion with a hybrid fluid-PIC code

Hybrid fluid-PIC simulations aimed at a better understanding of the implosion physics and the material mixing into the hot spot are described. The application of a hybrid fluid-PIC code is motivated by the difficulty of modeling the material mixing by the commonly used radiation hydrodynamic simulations. Hybrid fluid-PIC techniques, which treat the ions with the traditional particle-in-cell method, and electrons with a massless fluid, are more adaptable to handle the heating of DT fuel through PdV work and the material mixing near the DT ice-gas interface and ablator-fuel interface of a compressed capsule. During implosion shock convergence, significant reactant temperature separation and a noticeable amount of material mixing are observed, both of which have important consequences for estimating neutron yield and the understanding of implosions. Physical explanations for these phenomena are discussed, with the non-equilibrium effect in the hotspot and hydrodynamic instabilities at the interface as the likely explanation, respectively. The hybrid fluid-PIC method would be helpful to test the phenomenological fluid model describing the material mixing in ICF implosion.