Amounts Of Kaolinite Research Articles

Fine-fraction Clays from Chiang Muan Mine, Phayao Province, Northern Thailand

Fine-fraction clays from the Chiang Muan mine in Phayao Province, northern Thailand, were studied using the x-ray diffraction method. The analysis determined the parent rocks and depositional environments of clays. Clay minerals in this area are subdivided into three zones of I to III. In zone I, montmorillonite is dominant, followed by kaolinite and illite. These clay minerals were derived from Jurassic rhyolite, tuffaceous shale, and sandstone in the southern part of the Chiang Muan basin. Kaolinite and illite are dominant in zones II and III. These minerals are the alteration products of feldspar and mica and probably had the same origin as those of zone I. Montmorillonite is abundant in the Underburden unit of mine but it is much less in the Lower coal zone unit. This suggests that the climate changed about 13 million years ago. Later the amount of kaolinite and illite increased because of much weathering. These clay minerals assemblages indicate that the area in which they were deposited had changed from a dry temperate to a tropical climate and a high meteoric water supply. The paleocurrent direction in the area was northward during initial deposition as suggested by clay mineral assemblage. The present current in the area flows from north to south.

The influence of topography on some engineering and geological characteristics of two sandstone – derived lateritic soils from Ishara, Southwestern Nigeria

Clay mineralogy, major oxides geochemistry and some geotechnical properties of two sandstone-derived lateritic soils taken from two topographically contrasting sites in Ishara, Southwestern Nigeria were investigated. The higher amounts of kaolinite and ferric oxide obtained for soil samples taken from gentle slopes than in those from flat terrains indicates that the soils along the gentle slope are better drained and more laterised than those from the flat site. This phenomenon is responsible for the higher amount of gravel-size particles, lower amount of sand-size particles, lower plasticity and higher strength characteristics exhibited by soil samples along the gentle slope than those in the flat site. It is thus reasonable to win soils required for construction work from gently slopy terrains since such soils are likely to possess better geotechnical characteristics than those from flat sites. Journal of Applied Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 3(1) 2003: 1-6

Adsorption of Chromium(VI) from Water by Clays

Interactions of kaolinite and its modified forms, acid-activated kaolinite, poly(oxozirconium) kaolinite, and tetrabutylammonium kaolinite, have been investigated for their utilization as adsorbents for Cr(VI) in aqueous medium. The variables are Cr(VI) concentration, amount of kaolinite or its modified forms, pH, interaction time, and temperature. The adsorption is strongly dependent on the pH of the medium with Cr(VI) uptake increasing from pH 1.0 to pH 7.0, after which the uptake decreases. The process attains equilibrium within 240 min. The kinetics of the interactions is tested with respect to pseudo-first-order, second-order, Elovich, liquid film diffusion, and intraparticle diffusion models, and it is seen that the interactions do not follow a simple model. The adsorption process, however, gives a good fit with both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm equations. The Langmuir monolayer capacity of the clay adsorbents is from 10.6 to 13.9 mg g-1. The adsorption process is endothermic (ΔH = 30.4−63.9...

Clay mineral associations in soils of the Lusikisiki area, Eastern Cape Province, and their agricultural significance

The study deals with changes in clay mineral associations with soil development and related implications for land users in the Lusikisiki area of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Fifteen profiles, encompassing all major soil forms in the region, were investigated. The pedons developed from pre-Jurassic sedimentary rocks or Jurassic dolerite under a modeled annual precipitation of −950 to 1250 mm. The least weathered horizons in soils, derived from sedimentary rocks, contained mica, illite/smectite interstratifications (I/S) and minor amounts of kaolinite, a clay mineral suite, characteristic of the geothermal history of the region. Profiles, developed from dolerite, formed from an association of plagioclase and pyroxene. The A horizons in the vast majority of the profiles were dominated by either kaolinite, quartz or gibbsite, but generally contained an association of at least two of the above minerals. In some profiles significant amounts of hydroxy-interlayered vermiculite (HIV) were also present. The weathering pathway, therefore, seems to lead from illite, I/S and smectite to HIV, kaolinite and gibbsite. Quartz is hypothesized to be of aeolian origin, possibly reflecting desert loess. Mineral parageneses were not related to topographic position and little related to parent material. Soils with greatly different degrees of pedogenesis had almost identical clay mineral suites in their uppermost horizons.

Effects of suspended sediment characteristics and bed sediment transport on streambed clogging

AbstractFine sediment deposition in streambeds can reduce pore water fluxes and the overall rate of hyporheic exchange, producing deleterious effects on benthic and hyporheic ecological communities. To increase understanding of the factors that control the reduction of hyporheic exchange by fine sediment deposition, we conducted experiments in a laboratory flume to observe changes in the rates of solute exchange and kaolinite clay deposition as substantial amounts of kaolinite accumulated in the streambed. Two long‐term experiments were conducted, with durations of 14 days and 29 days. Use of a laboratory flume system allowed steady stream flow conditions to be maintained throughout both experiments, and alternating injections of known quantities of kaolinite and a sodium chloride tracer were used to assess the effect of clay accumulation on hyporheic exchange directly. In the first experiment, there was no bed sediment transport and kaolinite deposition formed a highly clogged near‐surface layer that greatly reduced hyporheic exchange. Application of a fundamental model for advective hyporheic exchange indicated that the effective permeability and porosity of the streambed decreased substantially during the course of the experiment. In the second experiment, the kaolinite was prepared with different surface properties to be more mobile, and the experiment was conducted with a small degree of bed sediment transport. As a result, no distinct clogged layer developed, and the rate of hyporheic exchange was found to remain approximately constant throughout the experiment (29 days). These results indicate that increasing fine sediment loads, e.g. those that occur from changes in land use, can have substantially different impacts on hyporheic exchange and associated ecological processes depending on the stream flow conditions, the rate and frequency of bed sediment transport, and the extent of interaction of the introduced fines with bed sediments. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Combined ERT and GPR methods for investigating two-stepped lateritic weathering systems

Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) surveys have been carried out in eastern Senegal for investigating two-stepped lateritic systems developed upon crystalline basement rocks. The geo-electrical pseudo-sections derived from ERT data provide a broad view of the lateritic weathering mantle, which is characterised by a decrease in resistivity with increasing depth. High resistivities characterise hardened ferruginous materials, in particular, the ferricrete, while the lower resistivities are related to the clayey horizons such as the saprolite. GPR provides high-resolution and continuous subsurface data on the hardened ferruginous horizons. The underlying clay horizons, however, drastically restricted the investigation depth. An anomalous area showing an obvious disruption of the reflections was detected in one of the radar records, suggesting contrasting iron and clay contents of superimposed lateritic weathering materials with differentiated porosity rate and kaolinite amount. Both ERT and GPR allow quite similar investigation depths of the hardened ferruginous surface horizons. Observations from trial boreholes located near the profiles contribute to better interpretation of the ERT and GPR results. The thickness of the weathering horizons depicted from ERT and GPR data roughly corresponds to that measured in the boreholes. The two geophysical methods are affected in different ways by lateritic terrains, but ERT and GPR surveys combined with borehole observation help to reduce ambiguous geological interpretations. ERT and GPR images show the variability of the lateritic weathering facies identified in the boreholes of each landsurface, ‘Middle-’ and ‘High-glacis’, depending on different erosion and weathering-ferruginisation processes that have shaped these landsurfaces and allowed the development of more or less mature underlying lateritic weathering profiles.

An Efficient and Convenient Method for the Synthesis of Dialkoxymethanes Using Kaolinite as a Catalyst

A one pot synthesis of dialkoxymethanes (2a–h) is described from the reaction of alcohols (la–h) with paraformaldehyde under reflux in the presence of catalytic amount of kaolinite.

Mineralização de palha de milho e adsorção de carbono, cálcio, magnésio e potássio em substratos com caulinita natural e goethita sintética

Carbono e nutrientes liberados na decomposição de resíduos orgânicos podem sofrer vários tipos de interação com diferentes componentes da fase mineral, alterando sua dinâmica no solo. Com o objetivo de avaliar a retenção de carbono, Ca2+, Mg2+ e K+ em caulinita natural e goethita sintética, foi realizado um experimento com mistura de palha de milho em substratos inorgânicos preparados com areia e quantidades conhecidas de cada componente. Nesses substratos, foram realizadas percolações com água destilada aos 7, 15, 33, 68 e 113 dias de incubação, em temperatura ambiente, sendo as massas dos elementos liberados acumuladas no tempo. Após duzentos dias de incubação, foi determinado o carbono orgânico total que permaneceu nos substratos. A soma das massas de Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ e carbono, liberados com a água de percolação, foi inversamente relacionada com a massa dos componentes inorgânicos nos substratos, exceto para o K+ nos substratos com goethita. A caulinita e a goethita apresentaram diferente retenção do Ca2+, Mg2+ e K+ liberados, independentemente da área superficial, o que pode estar relacionado com suas distintas características eletroquímicas superficiais. A goethita foi mais efetiva do que a caulinita em reter carbono da solução do solo e acumular carbono orgânico total, sendo sua maior reatividade diretamente relacionada com sua superfície específica.

Applications in sustainable production

It is known that there are several factors affecting potassium fixation and release in soils. Wetting and drying as well as freezing and thawing are considered to be of primary importance among these. In our previous experiments, potassium fixation of different soil types and nutrient levels was evaluated as well as the significance of soil properties controlling fixation capacities of soils. The objective of this experiment was to study the influence of a relatively high and a low temperature (25°C and 0°C) on potassium fixation capacities of selected soils. Soil samples were taken from seven sites of multilocation long‐term fertilization trials. Exchangeable K content (Kex) in soils at both temperatures was significantly determined by soil characteristics, fertilizer rates and temperature. On the other hand, wet and dry K fixation (Kwf and Kdf) were dependent on soil characteristics. From the results of a stepwise regression analyses, it was established that soil parameters and mineralogy plays a significant role in the relationship between wet and dry K fixation. After evaluating the effect of temperature on exchangeable potassium content, it was concluded that at 25°C, 40.7 percent of the value of Kex could be attributed to soil K2O content, total quantity of kaolinite plus chlorites in soils. At 0°C, 63.5 percent of the value of exchangeable K was attributed to soil K2O, humus and illite content. Comparing the correlation coefficients obtained for the variables studied, it was concluded that the correlation between Kex and Kwf was the closest.

Mineralogical Interference on Kaolinite Crystallinity Index Measurements

AbstractThis study examines the influence of minerals and amorphous phases associated with kaolin and kaolinitic rocks on kaolinite crystallinity indices (KCI) derived from X-ray diffraction (XRD) data in order to select the best index for systematic studies of commercial kaolins or geological sequences. For this purpose, 8 kaolins of differing structural order were chosen and used to prepare mixtures containing different weight fractions of quartz, feldspar, illite, smectite, chlorite, halloysite and iron hydroxide and silica gels. An additional 17 samples of kaolin were also studied to test the results and evaluate the restrictions. KCIs used included Hinckley (HI), Range and Weiss (QF), Liètard (R2), Stoch (IK), Hughes and Brown (H&B) and Amigó et al. (full width at half maximum, FWHM), and the “expert system” of Plançon and Zacharie.Based on more than 15,000 KCI determinations, the HI and QF are influenced by quartz, feldspar, iron hydroxide gels, illite, smectite and halloysite. IK can be used in the presence of quartz, feldspar and iron hydroxide and silica gels. Also, R2 is the only KCI that could be measured in the presence of halloysite; FWHM indices should not be used in the presence of chlorite and/or halloysite; and H&B should only be used with pure kaolinite samples. The “expert system” of Plançon and Zacharie is strongly affected by the presence of other mineral phases, particularly with more than 25% of well-ordered kaolinite. Their system is less sensitive to other mineral phases when only disordered kaolinite is present, and it should not be used with kaolinite of medium order-disorder because the well-ordered phase is present in an inappreciable proportion (<10%). KCI is only measurable in kaolinitic rocks if kaolinite is >20 wt% and the precision increases with an increase in the quantity of kaolinite. In all cases, the reliability will depend on the other minerals present. When a KCI can be measured accurately, the others can be obtained by using the empirical relationships reported in this paper.

Synthesis and characterization of novel polyacrylate-clay sol-gel materials

Organo-functional silanes which were able to form chemical bonds with kaolinite and could also have an affinity to the materials of concern here, were studied by the sol-gel process. Polymethacrylate with trialkoxy silyl functional groups were prepared, hydrolysed and co-condensed with kaolinite. The progress of the hydrolysis, which proceeded very slowly, was followed by Karl-Fischer titration. Thermal behavior was investigated by differential thermal analysis. The extent of the reaction leading to network formation was qualitatively followed by Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Free-radical polymerization was carried out ultrasonically in the presence of a catalyst. Trimethoxy silane end-capped silane was found to be covalently bonded to kaolinite. The copolymers, with various amounts of kaolinite, were then hydrolysed and co-condensed in the presence of a catalyst to yield sol-gel materials which have a controllable combination of properties of both the polymer and kaolinite.

Clay mineralogy, major elements geochemistry and strength characteristics of three highway subgrade soils in Southwestern Nigeria

The clay mineralogical assemblage, major elements geochemistry and strength characteristics in terms of the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) of three genetically different residual soils in Southwestern Nigeria were investigated. The study revealed a fairly strong negative correlation of-0.58 between the amount of kaolinite and the silica-sesquioxides of iron and aluminium ratio. It also showed a weak positive correlation of 0.004 between the amount of kaolinite and ferric oxide. The amount of ferric oxide and kaolinite showed positive correlation of 0.24 and 0.29 respectively with the strength (measured in term of (CBR) of the studied soils.

Diagenetic Development of Clay and Related Minerals in Deep Water Sandstones (S. Spain): Evidence of Lithological Control

AbstractThe turbiditic facies of the Aquitanian-Oligocene of the Algeciras and Bolonia Units consist of lutitic-marly beds alternating with varied sandstones. Early diagenetic processes and the development of secondary porosity in sandstones were controlled largely by sedimentary facies. Mineral dissolution processes were important in rocks with high primary porosity (quartzose sandstones) and led to the development of allophane and kaolinite/dickite in later diagenetic stages. In rocks with high contents of biotitic matrix, chlorites and iron oxides were produced, together with the development of secondary porosity. In feldspathic sandstones, the early diagenetic processes produced chlorite, illite, illite-smectite mixed-layers and smaller amounts of kaolinite. In calcareous sandstones, the presence of an early cement prevented, to a certain extent, the dissolution of unstable fragments and restricted the development of clay minerals. The movement of fluids was not important during this early diagenetic stage in controlling the variety or abundance of mineral cements; the controlling factors were the different chemical conditions developed in the pore-solution of the various sandstone types. In spite of similar sandstone burial conditions, the different sandstone lithologies continued to determine the diagenetic processes, especially the degrees of compaction and dissolution. Certain burial processes are common to all levels: the development of reducing conditions is indicated by the development of Fe and Mn carbonates, Fe-dolomites and Fe-chlorites. A later alkaline diagenetic phase was responsible for the development of calcite, feldspar and illite. The circulation of fluids in these stages remained limited, although there was probably some movement from the lutitic-level fluids to the overlying sandstones.

Micromorphology and Mineralogy of Cracking Soils from the Accra Plains of Ghana

AbstractFour soil profiles, uncultivated and cultivated examples of Akuse and Prampram series from the Accra Plains of Ghana, developed in situ from garnetiferous hornblende gneiss, were examined in this study to establish their physical and chemical properties, macromorphology, micromorphology, and mineralogy. Cracking is well expressed in both soils; however, slickenside formation is found only in the deeper and moderately weathered Akuse soils. Although the clay content of the soils is only slightly >30%, the soils are still capable of developing cracks. The cation‐exchange capacity (CEC) values are all >32 cmolc kg‐1 and smectite is the dominant clay mineral. Moderate to minor amounts of vermiculite, chlorite, mica, and kaolinite occur throughout the profile. The amount of kaolinite is largest in the coarse‐clay fraction, which also contains considerable amounts of quartz and feldspar, especially in the Prampram soils. Weathering of amphiboles, micas, and feldspars in the solum is responsible for the formation of swelling clay minerals and Fe‐Mn nodules. Total chemical composition of both the coarse and fine clays suggests that clay minerals contain considerable structural Fe. The large proportion of vughs and interconnected vughs makes these soils unique and separates them from other cracking soils with higher clay contents. The Akuse soils have greater frequency of voids than the Prampram soils. Carbonate nodules with dendritic Fe‐Mn precipitation, and Fe‐Mn nodules are particularly distinct pedogenic features. A greater concentration of Fe‐Mn nodules in the Akuse than the Prampram soils represents a greater mobility of Fe and Mn because of long‐term moisture retention. A majority of the nodules at depth are formed in situ, but those at the surface are probably displaced upwards by the swell‐shrink process. Considering the overall soil properties, the Akuse soils may be classified as Typic Haplusterts and the Prampram soils, because of the absence of slickensides, as Vertic Ustochrepts.

Chemical and physical behavior of two kentucky soils: II. Saturated hydraulic conductivity ‐ exchangeable sodium relationships

Abstract Limited information on the saturated hydraulic conductivity behavior of salt‐affected soils in the temperate region of the U.S. led to this study. Two Kentucky soils of mixed mineralogy (Pembroke and Union‐town) were selected to conduct this study. The primary objective was to evaluate the effect of pH, electrolyte concentration and solution composition on the saturated hydraulic conductivity of soils with both a permanent and variable charge. It was shown that the saturated hydraulic conductivity (SHC) of the two soils is affected by pH, electrolyte concentration and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR). Furthermore, the SHC of the Uniontown soil was more sensitive to electrolyte concentration and SAR or exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) changes, but less sensitive to pH changes than the Pembroke soil. The SHC of the Pembroke soil was relatively sensitive to pH changes due to the fact that the Pembroke soil contains a large amount of kaolinite. However, the pH and ESP effect on the SHC for both soil...

A mössbauer and mineralogical investigation of soils from central Sudan

Abstract Quaternary soil samples from four localities (El Gezira, El Gunaid, El Mukabrab, and El Gash) in central Sudan were examined by Mossbauer spectros‐copy, x‐ray diffraction, transmitted light microscopy, and chemical analyses. Quartz, feldspars, and rock fragments are the main components of the detrital portions together with clay minerals, Fe and Ti oxides, and traces of pyroxene and amphibole. The main sources of these materials are the basic igneous and metamorphic rocks of the Abyssinian plateau as well as the eolian sands to the east of the Nile River (particularly for El Mukabrab soil). The less than 2‐μm fraction contains smectite and chlorite as the dominant clay minerals with subordinate amounts of kaolinite. Mossbauer data indicate that about 95% of the iron is in the ferric state which is mainly (up to 857c) located in the structure of smectite and chlorite. Variable amounts (15 to 30%) of the ferric iron occur in hematite and goethite with roughly equal proportions. A substantial part o...

天草陶石に含まれるセリサイトの粘土浮選に及ぼす影響 天草陶石の脱長石浮選に関する研究 （第３報）

The effect of sericite property on clay flotation of Amakusa pottery stones with Coco amine hydrochloride (COAC) as a collector was examined for the samples collected from different quarries. The clay minerals of Amakusa pottery stones are mainly sericite and a little amount of kaolinite. Results obtained are summarized as follows.1) When sericite in Amakusa pottery stones was treated with dodecylamine hydrochloride (DAC) which is the main component of the collector, dodecylamine-sericite complex was formed in the interlayers of sericite. The formation ratio of dodecylamine-sericite complex increased with the increase of the ratio of swelling layers (montmorillonite) in sericite.2) The flotation recovery of clay minerals was low, since the amount of COAC adsorption on the external surface of clay minerals was little due to the large amount of COAC adsorption in the interlayers of sericite with the swelling layers.3) With increasing the ratio of the swelling layers in sericite, the amount of DAC adsorption increased and the flotation recovery of clay minerals decreased.

How Important is the Late Cimmerian Unconformity in Controlling the Distribution of Kaolinite in Sandstone Reservoirs of the North Sea?: ABSTRACT

A study of the kaolinite content in the Rannoch Formation in the Gullfaks Field and in the Statfjord and upper Lunde formations in the Snorre field, shows that there is no relationship between the content and distribution of kaolinite and the location relative to the late Cimmerian unconformity. These observations are supported by mass balance calculations, which include consideration of meteoric water flow rates, dissolved carbon dioxide, mineral dissolution rates and erosion rates. These calculations strongly support the idea that the propagation rate of the dissolution front in sandstones during meteoric flushing, on the average, was slower than the erosion rates during the late Cimmerian unconformity. Hence, the sandstones kaolinitized by transformation of feldspar and mica during meteoric flushing are not likely to be preserved in sandstones underlying the unconformity. This suggests that the kaolinite content and distribution in the sandstones underlying the late Cimmerian unconformity is not controlled by the unconformity. The calculations and observations from other areas suggest, however, that the amount of kaolinite may increase in the upper few meters below the unconformity.

Secondary Porosity in Sandstones and Acid-Producing Reactions in Adjacent Shales, Oligocene, South Texas: ABSTRACT

Frio and Vicksburg sandstones in the McAllen Ranch and Hinde fields in south Texas show two depth-related zones of secondary porosity. Anomalously high porosity in the upper zone, from 4,000 to 6,500 ft (1,220 to 1,980 m), is related to the dissolution of analcime cement by acidic pore fluids released from adjacent shales. Much of this acid may be produced by the reduction of octahedral iron in smectite clay. Sodium released by analcime dissolution may be responsible for abnormally high salinities calculated for pore fluids in these sandstones. Calcite cementation below the upper zone may be related to fluids rich in calcium carbonate that have migrated up fault zones from great depth. The lower zone of secondary porosity extends from 8,400 to 10,000 ft (2,560 to 3,050 m) at Hinde and from 8,400 to 14,000 ft (2,560 to 4,270 m) at McAllen Ranch. The top of this zone also corresponds to the clay dehydration depth and the top of the abnormally pressured zone. At this depth and temperature, randomly interstratified illite and/or smectite clay becomes ordered and a large amount of water is expelled from the clay structure by potassium fixation. Smectite illitization produces minor amounts of kaolinite and chloritemore » and, more importantly, releases silica and acidic pore water. The acidic pore water migrates into adjacent sandstones and enhances the dissolution of feldspar grains and calcite, creating secondary porosity. The shales at McAllen Ranch have undergone more extensive illitization than those at Hinde, and more secondary porosity is observed in the McAllen Ranch sandstones. Data from detailed chemical and mineralogical analyses were used in mass-balance calculations to confirm that the amounts of acid produced by these reactions can account for the observed secondary porosity in these sandstones.« less

The Effect of Freezing of Slightly Consolidated Cores

Summary This paper presents laboratory experimental techniques, procedures, and routine core analysis data of unconsolidated to slightly consolidated core plugs from North Sea reservoirs. The effect of freezing on permeability has been investigated, and results from about 30 core plugs with permeabilities ranging from 0.2 to 12 darcies indicate a considerable change in permeability after freezing. Both increased and decreased permeability were obtained after freezing. For one rock type, the freezing seemed to increase the permeability in cores with initial permeability less than 2 darcies, while decreasing the permeability of core plugs with initial permeability greater than 2 darcies. The observed changes in permeability depend on the amount of kaolinite in the core plugs and the changes in kaolinite morphology during freezing and thawing.