Amount Of Glucocorticoid Research Articles

ОЦЕНКА БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ СВЯЗЕЙ КОРТИКОСТЕРОНА И КОРТИЗОЛА В ОРГАНИЗМЕ КУР ПРИ СТРЕСС-РЕАКЦИИ

The variability of corticosterone and cortisol concentrations and their ratio in laying hens during the development of a stress reaction, as well as the correlation of hormone levels with the variability of protein parameters in the blood, are evaluated. It was found that when the technological factor (the density of birds in the cage) changes by 1.5 times, the amount of glucocorticoids in the blood of birds during the stress reaction increases, both due to corticosterone and cortisol. Therefore, the balance between the hormones were not significantly changed and is in the range of 4.23-5,43conv. Units. When the technological factor is increased by 2 times, the content of corticosterone in the blood of birds mainly increases, determining an increase in the value of the corticosterone/cortisol ratio by 16.56-28.71%. The biological effects of glucocorticoids in the body of birds are realized by corticosterone, the level of which in a moderate and strong degree, including statistically significant, both under normal and stress conditions, is associated with the activity of transamination enzymes: Corticosterone-AlAT (r(group I) = 0,69±0,32 – 0,88±0,21; r(group II) =0.63±0.24 – 0.91±0.13; r(group III) = 0,59±0,22 – 0,76±0,16) and Corticosterone-AsAT (r(I group) = 0,57±0,36 – 0,83±0,25; r(group II) =0,68±0,23 – 0,72±0,22; r(group III) = 0,67±0,19 – 0,89±0,12), and also with the concentration of albumins during the development of a stress reaction (Corticosterone-Alb: r(group II) = -0,69±0,22 – -0,81±0,19; r(group III) = -0,58±0,21 – -0,81±0,16).

Glucocorticoid Receptor Alpha Targets SLC2A4 to Regulate Protein Synthesis and Breakdown in Porcine Skeletal Muscle Cells.

In the presence of stress, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity can be enhanced to promote the secretion of a large amount of glucocorticoids (GCs), which play an important role in the anabolism and catabolism of skeletal muscle. When the endogenous and exogenous glucocorticoids are deficient or excessive, the body will produce stress-related resistance and change the protein metabolism. In this study, we investigated the effect of GC receptor GRα on protein breakdown and synthesis in porcine skeletal muscle cells (PSCs). Overexpression of GRα was shown to increase the expression of protein degradation-related genes, while knockdown of GRα decreased the expression of these genes. Additionally, we found a relationship between GRα and solute carrier family 2 member 4 (SLC2A4), SLC2A4 expression level increases when stress occurs, suggesting that increasing SLC2A4 expression can partially alleviate stress-induced damage, and we found that there is a combination between them via luciferase reporter assays, which still needs to be confirmed in further studies.

Effect of intermittent versus daily inhalation of budesonide on pulmonary function and fractional exhaled nitric oxide in children with mild persistent asthma

To study the effect of intermittent versus daily inhalation of budesonide on pulmonary function and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) in children with mild persistent asthma. A total of 120 children, aged 6-14 years, with mild persistent asthma who attended the hospital from January 2016 to January 2018 were enrolled. The children were divided into an intermittent inhalation group with 60 children (inhalation of budesonide 200 μg/day for 6 weeks when symptoms of asthma appeared) and a daily inhalation group with 60 children (continuous inhalation of budesonide 200 μg/day) by stratified randomization. The children were followed up at months 3, 6, 9, and 12 of treatment. The two groups were compared in terms of baseline data, changes in FeNO and pulmonary function parameters, amount of glucocorticoid used, number of asthma attacks, and asthma control. At the start of treatment, there were no significant differences in baseline data, FeNO, and pulmonary function between the two groups (P>0.05). Over the time of treatment, FeNO gradually decreased and pulmonary function parameters were gradually improved in both groups (P<0.001). Compared with the intermittent inhalation group, the daily inhalation group had a better effect in reducing FeNO and increasing the predicted percentage of forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1%pred) (P<0.001). The inhalation method and treatment time had an interaction effect on FeNO and pulmonary function parameters (P<0.001). In the daily inhalation group, FeNO and lung function parameters were improved rapidly and stabilized after 3 months of treatment, while those in the intermittent inhalation group stabilized after 6 months. After 12 months of treatment, there were no significant differences in the increases in body height and body weight and the degree of disease control between the two groups (P>0.05). Compared with the daily inhalation group, the intermittent inhalation group had a significantly lower amount of budesonide inhaled (P<0.05) and a significantly higher number of asthma attacks (P<0.05). Intermittent inhalation and daily inhalation of budesonide can achieve the same level of asthma control in children with mild persistent asthma and both have no influence on the increases in body height and body weight. Daily inhalation of budesonide can produce a better efficiency in reduing FeNO and increasing FEV1%pred. Although intermittent inhalation can reduce the amount of glucocorticoid used, it may lead to a higher risk of asthma attacks.

Clinical efficacy of plasma exchange therapy for treatment of autoimmune bullous skin disease

Objective: To investigate the clinical efficacy of plasma exchange therapy for autoimmune bullous skin disease. METHODS: Fifty patients with autoimmune bullous skin disease enrolled in our hospital from January 2018 to January 2019 were selected. The patients were grouped by treatment method: 25 control group patients were given conventional hormone therapy, while 25 experimental group patients were treated with plasma exchange therapy; efficacy of treatment was compared between two groups of patients. RESULTS: Initial dose, maximum dose, and cumulative dose of glucocorticoids were lower in experimental group patients than those in control group (P&lt;0.05). Incidence of complication was lower in experimental group patients than those in control group (P&lt;0.05); the difference was significant. There was no significant difference in short-term efficacy between the two groups (P&gt;0.05). Conclusion: The application of plasma exchange therapy was effective for treatment of autoimmune bullous skin disease. It could reduce dosage amount of glucocorticoids and incidence of complications; its application can be promoted.

Observation on the ciliary body detachment after remission of the acute attack of glaucoma

Objective To observe relevant factors and therapic efficacy of the secondary ciliary body detachment after remission of the acute attack of primary acute angle-closure glaucoma(PACG). Methods Clinical data of 82 eyes of 82 patients with PACG were collected.Seven eyes of 7 patients were determined with ciliary detachment by ultrasound biomicroscope (UBM) after remission of the acute attack. The IOP and anterior chamber depth measured with noncontact tromometer and UBM were retrospectively analyzed. Results The IOP was (62.71±8.34) mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa) and the central anterior chamber depth was (1.60±0.21) mm in eyes without ciliary body detachment at the acute attack of PACG.After remission of the acute attack the IOP was (9.71±5.06) mmHg and the central anterior chamber depth was (1.27±0.20) mm in eyes with ciliary body detachment.Seven eyes of 7 cases (8.54%) measured by UBM and B ultrasound with ciliary body detachment and without choroidal detachment.After the pilocarpine eye dropping was ceased and appropriate amount of glucocorticoid was applied, all the detached ciliary bodies reattached. Conclusion After remission of the acute attack of PACG often cause ciliary body detachment. The direct signs of ciliary detachment are ocular hypotension and shallower anterior chamber. Promptly stopping pilocarpine and the appropriate amount of glucocorticoid is an effective method. Key words: Glaucoma, angle-closure, acute; Detachment, ciliary body; Ultrasound biomicroscope

Expression of mRNA for glucocorticoid receptors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with Crohn's disease.

The amount of glucocorticoid (GC) receptors (GR) in immune cells might be critical for successful GC treatment of patients with Crohn's disease (CD). However, little is known about the expression of GR in CD; therefore, we carried out quantitative analyses for GR messenger (m)RNA expression in peripheral-blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of CD. Seventeen patients with CD and 33 healthy subjects entered into this study. We measured the GRalpha mRNA level in the PBMC of these subjects by a reverse transcription-competitive polymerase chain reaction procedure. Relative amounts for GRbeta mRNA were obtained semiquantitatively. The amounts of GRalpha-mRNA in the CD patients and healthy subjects were 0.053 +/- 0.052 and 0.130 +/- 0.108 (copies/copies of beta-actin mRNA), respectively. The former value was significantly lower than that of the latter (P < 0.01). The rates of the CD patients and healthy subjects expressing GRbeta-mRNA in PBMC were 41.2% and 45.5%, respectively, and there was no significant difference in the rates between the two groups (P = 0.339). However, the relative amounts of GRbeta-mRNA in the PBMC were estimated to be 1.053 x 10-5 +/- 2.540 x 10-5 for the CD patients, and 1.872 x 10-5 +/- 3.252 x 10-5 (fluorescence intensity/copies of beta-actin mRNA) for the healthy subjects, and the former was significantly smaller than the latter (P < 0.05). Moreover, there was an inverse correlation between the duration of disease (year) and the amounts of GRalpha-mRNA in the PBMC of the CD patients (P < 0.05). The amounts of GRalpha-mRNA and GRbeta-mRNA in the PBMC of the CD patients were lower than those of the healthy subjects. The duration of disease correlated with decreased amounts of GRalpha-mRNA in the PBMC. Furthermore, the clinical significance of the GR-mRNA status in the PBMC remains to be elucidated.

Adrenocortical dysplasia: a mouse model system for adrenocortical insufficiency

A spontaneous autosomal recessive mutation causing disordered morphogenesis of the adrenal cortex has been identified in DW/J inbred strain mice and named adrenocortical dysplasia (acd). The acd mutant gene has been mapped just proximal to oligosyndactyly (Os) and esterase-1 (Es-1) in the central region of chromosome 8. Both male and female acd/acd mice are characterized by reduced survival, retarded growth, skin hyperpigmentation, poorly developed pelage and focal ureteral blockage leading to hydronephrosis. Morphometric measurements showed that acd/acd cortical cells and nuclei were increased sevenfold in volume; nuclei often showed a variety of inclusions. Cortical cells of acd/acd mice contained large numbers of mitochondria, smooth endoplasmic reticulum and lipid droplets characteristic of steroidogenic cells. While cortical X-zones failed to develop in acd/acd adrenals, medullary cells and nuclei were unaffected by mutant gene action. Resting serum corticosterone levels in female, but not male, mutant mice were significantly lower than in +/? normal littermates, whereas ACTH levels were significantly elevated in mutants of both sexes. Serum aldosterone levels were normal in acd/acd mice. Functional studies of adrenals cultured in vitro revealed that acd/acd adrenals secreted reduced amounts of corticosterone per pair of glands under both basal and ACTH-stimulated conditions. However, correction of the corticosterone secretion data to mg cortical mass in culture showed that the mutant cortical tissue secreted the same amount of glucocorticoid as did their +/? normal littermate glands. We conclude that the acd mutant gene acts in an unknown fashion to cause a fundamental defect in cellular proliferation in the adrenal cortex, leading to compensatory marked hypertrophy of cortical cells and grossly enlarged nuclei. The role of acd action in adrenal cortical development remains to be established.

On the hormonal regulation of lipolysis in isolated reindeer adipocytes.

The effects of insulin and bovine growth hormone (bGH) on lipolysis (basal and/or adrenaline-stimulated) were investigated in isolated adipocytes from the Norwegian reindeer. Addition of 100 nmol l-1 adrenaline to the cells increased lipolysis 20-fold above basal lipolytic rate. Insulin (0.I and I nmol l-I) depressed lipolysis significantly at submaximal adrenaline stimulation but had no effect when lipolysis was stimulated maximally. Bovine GH (25 and 100 ng ml-I) inhibited basal lipolysis during the first 2 h of incubation, whereas refractoriness to this action was induced during the third and fourth hour of incubation. These effects were not influenced by inclusion of a small amount of glucocorticoid (dexamethasone, 25 ng ml-I). Addition of 0.I and I nmol l-I insulin together with bGH (100 ng ml-I) prevented the initial antilipolytic effect of the latter and resulted in the expression of normal basal lipolytic rates. Preincubation with bGH (100 ng ml-I) for 2 h did not alter the lipolytic response of the adipocytes to adrenaline. These findings lend support to the conclusion that insulin exerts a major control of lipolysis in reindeer adipose tissue. The significance of the antilipolytic effect of bGH is difficult to evaluate since this effect was transient and was abolished during the third and fourth hour of incubation.

Growth of interscapular brown adipose tissue in cold-acclimated hypophysectomized rats maintained on thyroxine and corticosterone.

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) of rats is known to grow in response to acclimation to cold. The growth is accompanied by changes in mitochondrial polypeptide composition (an increase in the relative proportion of a polypeptide of molecular weight 32,000, known to be associated with the thermogenic proton conductance pathway). The mediator of the change in mitochondrial polypeptide composition is unknown. The objective of these experiments was to find out whether any of the pituitary hormones might be the mediator. Treatment of rats with growth hormone failed to alter BAT size or mitochondrial polypeptide composition. BAT grew and the change in BAT mitochondrial polypeptide composition occurred in cold-acclimated hypophysectomized rats, maintained on thyroxine and corticosterone to ensure their survival in the cold. It is concluded that none of the pituitary hormones is the mediator for the cold-induced change in BAT mitochondrial polypeptide composition or is required to exert a direct effect on BAT for cold-induced BAT growth to occur. It also seems unlikely that more than a maintenance amount of glucocorticoids is required for normal cold-induced growth of BAT; these hormones are thus also unlikely to mediate the change in BAT mitochondrial polypeptide composition. The requirement for no more than a maintenance amount of thyroxine for BAT growth and for the cold-induced change in BAT mitochondrial polypeptide composition confirms previous conclusions drawn from studies on cold-acclimated thyroidectomized rats.

GLUCOCORTICOID MAINTENANCE THERAPY FOLLOWING ADRENALECTOMY: ASSESSMENT OF DOSAGE AND PREPARATION

Plasma cortisol was monitored repeatedly after oral administration of cortisol and cortisone (cortisone acetate) to seven adrenalectomized patients with pituitary-dependent Cushing's syndrome. The amount of glucocorticoid administered was 25 mg cortisol or 33 mg cortisone/g urine creatinine/24 h. Peak plasma cortisol levels were within recommended values in all patients after cortisone and in three of the patients after cortisol. The remaining four patients had elevated peak plasma cortisol levels after cortisol. Transcortin binding capacity in plasma was normal. It is concluded that cortisol as well as cortisone is suitable for oral glucocorticoid substitution therapy in patients with normal liver function, but that cortisone apparently gives a marginally smoother plasma cortisol curve. However, it is essential to monitor plasma cortisol after institution of glucocorticoid maintenance therapy, since different and unpredictable plasma cortisol levels may exist after a given amount of glucocorticoid, although the dose required correlates reasonably well with creatinine excretion in urine.

Circadian variations in sensitivity to glucocorticoid evaluated by urinary trypsin inhibitor excretion.

SummaryThe urinary excretion of trypsin inhibitor produced by equal amounts of glucocorticoid hormone administered to man at 2 different periods of the day was studied. The hormonally induced increase in excretion was much larger during daytime than during the night. It is concluded that the response, in terms of urinary trypsin inhibitor excretion, to a given amount of glucocorticoid, (i.e., the sensitivity to the hormone) is much lower during the night than during the day.