Amount Of GHG Emissions Research Articles

Climate change impact assessment of various wastewater treatment facilities: A case study in Bandung City, Indonesia

Untreated wastewater discharge poses notable environmental and public health problems, among others the production of CH4, CO2, and N2O gas emissions contributing to climate change phenomenon. The implementation of wastewater treatment facilities can minimize the GHG emissions resulting from the effluent. However, different technologies and systems perform different results. Using the Life Cycle Assessment method of analysis, this study took Bandung City as a case study and selected the seven most common wastewater treatment facilities found in the city. The results showed that individual hybrid systems with the combination of the conventional septic tank, conveyance by septage truck, and sludge treatment in the Septage Treatment Plant (HS1) and individual on-site system with the conventional septic tank (OFS1) produced substantial global warming impact, resulting in 0.78 and 0.71 kg CO2 eq respectively per 1 m3 treated wastewater. This amount was sixfold that of communal on-site systems with biofilter tanks (OFS2) and 2-3 times larger than other remaining systems. On the other side, the system that produced the lowest amount of GHG emissions performed by OFS2 (0.11 kg CO2 eq).

Greenhouse gas emission inventory of drinking water treatment plants and case studies in China

The Chinese government claimed to reach carbon dioxide emissions peaking by 2030 and achieve carbon neutralization by 2060. In this context, it's meaningful and urgent to estimate GHG emissions amount in every sectors. The growing concern about reducing GHG emissions has been shared by many water companies. This work aims to identify and estimate GHG emissions from the activities of drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs). According to the GHG protocol, the GHG emission inventory of DWTPs covers the sources of fossil fuel combustion, reservoir emissions, electricity and heat supply, use of chemicals and additives, disposal of waste, transportation, operation and maintenance. The tool was tested by nine DWTPs, which had an average GHG emission intensity of 0.225 kg CO2-eq/m3. The GHG emission intensities range from 0.167 kg CO2-eq/m3 to 0.272 kg CO2-eq/m3. The main source of GHG emissions is electricity supply, followed by the use of chemicals and additives. According to the average emission intensity, the estimated total amount of GHG emissions from DWTPs in China is about 1.82 × 107 t/a, corresponding to 0.15 % of the total GHG emission in China. The proposed GHG sources and emissions help decision-makers and DWTPs companies estimate GHG emissions more accurately and undertake GHG reduction measures.

Final Disposal of Urban Solid Waste and the Generation of Greenhouse Gases in the State of Pará

This paper presents the a study about the emission of greenhouse gases - GHG resulting from the final disposal of urban solid waste - USW in the State of Pará. The research was qualitative and quantitative, applied in nature and with exploratory and descriptive objectives, having as object of study the solid waste sector in the State of Pará. The activities carried out were divided into 3 stages, with the verification of the amount of GHG emissions in the State of Pará (Stage 1), the contribution of the sectors responsible for the state's emissions (Stage 2) and the analysis of GHG emissions in the USW sector (Stage 3). The survey results show that Pará is the state that emits the most GHG in Brazil (447,927,368 tons of CO2e). Although the USW sector accounts for only 1% of GHG, it was found that 138 of the 144 municipalities in Pará still send USW to dumps and controlled landfills. With the research, it was verified the need to adapt the environmentally-appropriate final destination of USW, as an alternative to reduce GHG emissions in the State of Pará.

The The Impact of the EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism on Russian Exporters

The European Union’s commitment to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050 led EU states to develop a new legal stimulus mechanism allowing to reduce greenhouse gas emissions: the ‘Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism’ (‘CBAM’). First introduced in July 2021, the CBAM anticipates an imposition of a special carbon import duty on companies that import certain goods and materials into the EU, with the amount of such duty calculated based on the amount of GHG emissions emitted into the atmosphere in relation to such products.
 CBAM constitutes a part of today’s environmental agenda of the EU, but it obviously places additional financial burden on the shoulders of exporters, including those from Russia, for many of whom the EU has been a strategic market for a long period of time.
 This article provides a summary of findings made as a result of research of available publications that addresses a potential impact of CBAM on the value and financial metrics of those Russian exporters. The authors aim to demonstrate the results of calculations of the additional burden placed on the exporters which arise from CBAM through an analysis of the structure of the export, identification of the economic sectors most affected by CBAM, calculation of a carbon export duty to be potentially paid at the border of the Eurasian Economic Union, as well as calculation of required government support for the exporters.This article further evaluates the impact of CBAM while factoring in amendments that were still not covered in comprehensive research papers at the time of publication of the particular research analysed herein. Additionally, a detailed analysis of goods exported to the EU and impacted by CBAM is conducted for the first time, including a list of significant commodity nomenclature codes which are stipulated in the relevant legislation. Finally, recommendations on potential reactions to the impositions of CBAM and their effects on the future growth of the Russian economy are also provided.
 In December 2021, the European Commission proposed a set of stringent amendments to the CBAM draft legislation, expanding the list of goods affected, broadening the emissions scope and accelerating the timeline for implementation of the CBAM. In June 2022 the European Commission agreed to compromise on less-stringent wording which goes outside the scope of this article. The details of proposed amendments assessed in this article thus represent the stricter version of language considered during the review process of the European Commission.

SIMULATION METHOD OF FLEET TRANSITION BASED ON TECHNOLOGY, ECONOMICS, AND REGULATION SCENARIO FOR DECARBONIZATION OF SHIPPING

International Maritime Organization (IMO) adopted an initial strategy for GHG reduction from ships, and the industry has started to consider how to respond to the strategy. To strategically advance decarbonization, it is necessary to develop tools to discuss how to implement the IMO’s strategy quantitatively. This paper proposes a method to simulate fleet transition toward decarbonization based on multiple scenarios of technology, economics, and regulation. The simulation model includes not only technical models such as energy consumption from ships and the GHG emissions but also social models of regulation for operation and operator’s decisionmaking. By inputting future assumptions of ship’s performance, fuel prices, regulation, and transportation demand, the simulation projects a transition of fleet and calculates OPEX, CAPEX, and amount of GHG emissions during the transition. The simulation enables the stakeholders of decarbonization of shipping to analyse and compare future possible strategies of the fleet transition quantitatively.

Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Fluxes Under Different Cover Crop Systems

Cultivated lands that support high productivity have the potential to produce a large amount of GHG emissions, including carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), and methane (CH4). Intensive land management practices can stimulate CO2, N2O, and CH4 emissions from the soil. Cover crop establishment is considered as one of the sustainable land management strategies under warm and humid environmental conditions. To better understand how the incorporation of cover crops affect three major GHGs, we compared trace gas fluxes in a no-till maize field over the whole growing season in 2018 in a no cover crop (Tr) system and three cover crop systems: crimson clover (CC), cereal rye (CR), and living mulch (LM) using white clover. In 2019, we further explored potential differences in the three GHGs between in-row (IR) and between-row (BWR) of maize for LM and Tr systems during the early growing season. Measurements were taken using a cavity ring-down spectroscopy gas analyzer in Watkinsville, GA. In 2018, the highest CO2 flux (7.00 μmol m−2 s−1) was observed from BWR of maize for LM. The maximum N2O flux observed in LM on June 20th in 2018 was when soil N increase rate was the largest. Soils served as sinks for CH4 and Tr system served as the smallest CH4 sink compared to the other three cover crop systems. For N2O, the highest fluxes were observed from the TrIR plot (4.13 μmol m−2 hr−1) in 2019 with the greatest N inputs. In 2019, we observed a smaller CH4 sink in TrIR (−0.13 μmol m−2 hr−1) compared to TrBWR (−0.67 μmol m−2 hr−1) due potentially to greater NH4+ inhibition effects on CH4 consumption from greater N fertilizer inputs. The net carbon equivalent (CE) from May 23rd to Aug 16th in 2018, taking into account the three GHG fluxes, soil carbon content, and fertilizer, irrigation, and herbicide application, were 32–97, 35–101, 63–139, and 40–106 kg ha−1 yr−1 for CC, CR, LM, and Tr, respectively. LM had the lowest net CE after removing white clover respiration (−16–60 kg ha−1 yr−1). Our results show that implementing different types of cover crop systems and especially the LM system have some potential to mitigate climate change.

Energy greenhouse gas emission inventory in Batu City

The development of the tourism sector in Batu City is in line with the development of non-agricultural activities in Batu City that dominates 66.7% of Batu City’s land use pattern. This pattern is related to the energy demand in Batu City and contributes to the increasing GHG emissions from the energy sector. The energy sector contributes 24-25% of GHG emissions and it will increase along with further development of activities. The GHG emission inventory is an important step related to GHG emission reduction, and, due to the uncertainty of GHG emission distribution, the inventory was based on the sources of emission. The main purpose of this research is to make an inventory of the amount of GHG emission from the energy sector in Batu City from 3 main emission sources in Batu, namely transportation, commercial, and household. The analytical method used is the Tier 1 approach using a database of energy consumption and the number of activities as an emission source. The results show that the total amount of GHG emissions from the energy sector in Batu City is 2,562,159,822,007.89 kg/year with an average increase of 0.75% per year and is dominated by emission sources from the household sector. The average increase in GHG emissions from the transportation sector is 58.83% with a significant increase in 2015. In the commercial sector, the average annual increase in GHG emissions is 3.83%, and the household sector—as the largest energy consumer—has an average increase in GHG emissions each year of 0.75%.

The Adoption of Electric Vehicles in Qatar Can Contribute to Net Carbon Emission Reduction but Requires Strong Government Incentives

Electric mobility is at the forefront of innovation. Cutting down greenhouse gases when low-carbon electricity sources are maintained has answered the concerns of skeptics when switching to electric mobility. This paper presents a life-cycle-based comparative study between the electric and conventional gasoline vehicles with respect to their environmental performance, taking the case of Qatar. A well-to-wheel life cycle assessment is used to understand the carbon footprint associated with the use of alternative mobility when powered by non-renewable energy sources such as natural gas for electricity production. A survey was also conducted to evaluate the economic and practical feasibility of the use of electric vehicles in Qatar. The analysis showed that electric vehicles (EVs) have passed conventional gasoline vehicles with a minimum difference between them of 12,000 gCO2eq/100 km traveled. This difference can roughly accommodate two additional subcompact electric vehicles on the roads of Qatar. Even though Qatar is producing all of its electricity from natural gas, EVs are still producing much less carbon footprint into the atmosphere with the results showing that almost identical alternatives produce triple the amount of GHG emissions. The results of the survey showed that, despite promising results shown in switching to carbon-neutral mobility solutions, a lack of willingness prevails within the State of Qatar to incline towards electric mobility among users. This implies that Qatar has to spend a lot of time and resources to achieve its ambitious goal to decarbonize mobility on roads with 10% electric vehicles by 2030. This research highlights the need for more practical incentives and generous subsidies by the government of Qatar on e-mobility solutions to switch the transportation system into an eco-friendly one.

Procedures and Methodologies for the Control and Improvement of Energy-Environmental Quality in Construction

Building performance from an energy and an environmental point of view is fundamental due to the large amount of GHG emissions related to the building sector [...]

Environmental impacts and greenhouse gas emissions assessment for energy recovery and material recycle of the wastewater treatment plant

This study investigated the environmental burdens concerning the recycling/recovery process of a wastewater treatment plant's construction material waste and biogas. Detailed data inventories of case studies were employed in several scenarios to explore the role of end-of-life treatment methods. The ReCiPe 2016 and the Greenhouse gas Protocol life cycle impact methods were conducted to measure the impact categories. The construction and demolition phases were considered for recycling potential assessment, while the operational phase was examined for assessing the advantages of energy recovery. Metal and concrete recycling show environmental benefits. Increasing the reprocessing rate requires more water consumption but results in: firstly, a decrease of 18.8% in total damage; secondly, reduces problematic mineral scarcity by 3.9%; and thirdly, a shortfall in fossil fuels amounting to 11.6%. Recycling concrete helps to reduce the amount of GHG emissions 1.4-fold. Different biogas treatment methods contribute to various outcomes. Biogas utilization for on-site energy purposes has more advantages than flaring and offsite consumption. Electricity and heat generation originating from biogas can provide 70% of the energy requirement and replace 100% natural gas usage. Biomethane production from biogas requires extreme power and more resources. Meanwhile, producing heat and electricity can offset 102.9 g of fossil CO2, and manufacturing biomethane contributes the equivalent of 101.2 g of fossil fuel-derived CO2. Reducing 10% of recovered electricity creation could rise 19.19% global warming indicator of the wastewater treatment plant.

A fuzzy robust multi-objective optimization model for building energy retrofit considering utility function: A university building case study

The majority of energy sources are limited and non-renewable and will soon be depleted if overused. One of the world's significant energy consumers is the building sector, which also is accounted for a considerable amount of GHG emissions. This study uses mathematical modelling to find the best strategy for building energy retrofit. The multi-objective optimization model takes into account economic criteria such as profit, initial cost, and payback period, as well as environmental objectives such as energy-saving and the use of clean and renewable energy. On the other hand, unlike many previous studies in which the mathematical models consider specific parts of the building, the generalized mathematical model of this study can examine any desired parts of the building for the decision-maker and add new items to enhance energy efficiency. Besides, the problem is investigated and solved with certain and uncertain parameters to determine the impact of uncertainty on the results, which is closer to reality. In this study, an actual university building is simulated to evaluate the model's validity by implementing the obtained energy retrofit strategy on the simulated building, which led to a 40% decrease in energy consumption. The results indicate that the presented model can find the best possible strategy to improve energy efficiency and significantly affect buildings' energy saving.

Quantification methods of forest and land fires impact on the atmospheric environment (case study: oil palm plantation in Kayuagung District, OKI Regency, South Sumatra)

The impact of forest and land fires on the atmospheric environment can be classified into three components, namely ambient air quality, its contribution to greenhouse gases, and microclimate change. Each component has a different method for assessing and measuring the magnitude of its impact. The aim of the study is to obtain quantitative methods to assess the magnitude of the impact of forest and land fires on the atmospheric environment so that they can be used for the valuation of environmental losses. The magnitude of the impact of the air quality component is measured based on the Air Pollution Index (ISPU) and visibility, the component of the greenhouse gas is assessed by approaching the amount of GHG emissions and / or loss of carbon stocks, while changes in the microclimate by assessing changes in the level of thermal comfort. Gas and particulate emissions values of forest and land fires use the carbon mass balance approach and emission factors. Analysis of air pollution dispersion is conducted use the Gaussian model, with case study is the incidence of land fires in oil palm plantations located in Kayuagung sub-district, Ogan Komering Ilir Regency, South Sumatra Province in 2015, 2016 and 2017. The data used in this study consisted of Landsat 8 satellite imagery, MODIS and VIIRS Hotspots, measurements of vegetation biomass in the field, organic C-peat and climate data during fires. The results of the assessment show that land fires covering 551 ha in 2015, 59 ha in 2016 and 253 ha in 2018 have resulted in changes in the air pollutant standard index in Kayuagung from the medium category (ISPU PM10 = 75) to very unhealthy (ISPU PM10 = 272) in 2015, unhealthy (ISPU CO = 116) in 2016 and very unhealthy (ISPU CO = 205) in 2018. Visibility in an area of about 500-600 meters in the direction of the wind from the fire’s location was less than 1 km with PM10 of more than 176 µg m−3. The contribution of GHGs to each fire’s year is 26.8, 2.8 and 12.3 kilo tons of CO2e consist of CO2 and CH4. The results of this study can be used to quantify the magnitude of the land fires impact on the atmospheric environment.

Economic, energy and environmental impact of coal-to-electricity policy in China: A dynamic recursive CGE study

In north China, many rural and urban residents still use coal for heating in winter. However, such method would result in a large amount of GHG emissions. China intends to change the heating method of its citizens from coal burning to electric heating to save energy, reduce emissions, which is called the project of Coal to Electricity (CtE). A dynamic recursive computable general equilibrium model is applied to analyze the real effect if the project is widely promoted in China. We found that CtE project is effective in reducing SO2 and NOx emission than CO2 emissions. In essence, energy substitution is not energy-saving, so the contribution to CO2 reduction of CtE project is limited. There is a certain co-benefit between CtE project and other energy saving policies (new energy generation, improving heating efficiency and building energy saving etc.). The findings indicate that single CtE policy can only bring better air quality. However, with other energy saving policies, CtE project can not only bring NOx and SO2 reduction, but also lead to less CO2 emissions and more convenient life. Multiple emission reduction measures are suggested to maximize the reduction effects of these policies.

Decentralized Power Generation using Renewable Energy Resources: Scope, Relevance and Application

Decentralized energy model successfully helps rural villages when it comes to supply of electricity because it’s a schematic way of utilization of renewable resources with decrease in the amount of GHG emissions whereas national electricity grid does not provide a solution to the problems faced by rural areas. Renewable energy sources can be use as standalone or in a combination of different resources like solar photovoltaic, biogas system, biomass system, micro-hydro and wind turbines known as hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) with a diesel generator as per the load demand and availability of the resources, which also protects our earth by remarkably decreasing the pollution caused by carbon emissions that we produce. The paper presents a review of various case studies on off-grid electricity generation which can be distinguished on the parameters like Cost of energy (COE), Net present cost (NPC), Levelized cost of energy (LCOE), Levelized unit electricity cost (LUEC), Per unit electricity cost (PUEC) and Life cycle cost (LCC) with respect to grid-connected systems and extension of grid. The paper also details the different initiatives taken by the government of Rajasthan to encourage off-grid generation in Rajasthan. The main motive of this work is to present an efficient hybrid technology combination from a blend of renewable energy resources for electricity generation to meet the electrical need of an off-grid village which is cost-efficient, sustainable, techno-economically feasible and environment friendly

Energy analysis of biodiesel production from jojoba seed oil

Abstract In this work, energy analysis is carried out to account for inputs and outputs of energy and GHG emissions associated with the biodiesel production system. Jojoba oil is obtained by cultivation of the jojoba plant, harvesting of seeds followed by extraction of oil, which is then converted to biodiesel by the process of transesterification. Energy efficiency is expressed in terms of the net energy balance (NEB) and the net energy ratio (NER). The use of the byproducts (husk, cake or meal, waste residues and glycerin) are also included as a part of the system boundary. The results show that the NEB and NER values are calculated at 46724.1 MJ/ha (28.9 MJ/L biodiesel produced) and 2.16, respectively. At the same time, the total amount of GHG emissions are estimated at 2.28 kg-CO2eq/L biodiesel produced (66.0 g CO2eq/MJ biodiesel produced). Nevertheless, if manure is used as fertilizer for jojoba plant cultivation, the primary energy input will fall by 9.52% (to 22.49 MJ/L of biodiesel).

The Productive Efficiency Assessment of Wind Power Generation in the United States

Wind power is the largest renewable energy source which produces a negligible amount of GHG emissions, have gained enormous attention, especially in the electricity generation sector over the past decade in the United States. In this study, a Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is developed to quantitatively evaluate the relative efficiencies of the 34 state’s wind power productivity for the electricity generation. An output-oriented CCR (Charnes, Cooper, and Rhodes (1978)) and BCC (Banker, Charnes, and Cooper (1984)) models are applied to pre-determined two input and three output variables. The sensitivity analysis is conducted to test the robustness of the DEA models. The DEA results indicate that more than two-thirds of the states operate wind power efficiently even though there are only five states that reach the maximum efficiency score. Findings of this study shed some light on the current efficiency assessments of the states and the future of wind energy for both energy practitioners and policy makers.

Thailand Green GDP assessment based on environmentally extended input-output model

Green GDP is an indicator of economic growth with the environmental impact on that growth factored into the traditional GDP. This study aims to develop a Green GDP model for Thailand using the EIO-LCA method. Green GDP is calculated by subtracting environmental costs from the traditional GDP. Environmental cost can be further divided into three components based on the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA) which include depletion cost, degradation cost and defensive cost. Life cycle assessment is a tool for evaluating the environmental impact which, in this study, focuses on GHG emissions. The total direct GHG emissions for Thailand are calculated for 1990–2020 based on the 2006 IPCC guidelines and Thailand public statistical data for each economic sector. It was found that the amount of GHG emissions are 242–459 million tonnes CO2eq/yr which come from 10 economic sectors, comprised of agriculture, mining, manufacturing, petroleum refinery, power generation, gas separation, construction, commercial, residential and transportation. More than 80% of the total direct emissions come from four sectors: manufacturing (28%), power generation (26%), transportation (16%) and agriculture (15%). The portion of total GHG emissions (direct and indirect emissions) contributions is different from direct GHG emissions because the proportion of emissions from upstream processes in each sector is different. The portion of total GHG emissions of manufacturing, agriculture, transportation and residential are 60%, 22%, 13% and 5% respectively. The total Thailand Green GDP is consolidated from the results of each sector’s Green GDP. The difference between Thailand’s GDP and Green GDP is about 2% due to the degradation cost of GHG emissions with variability in the ratio of GDP to Green GDP across different sectors. The forecast of Green GDP by sector for 2015–2020 can be used as business-as-usual (BAU) scenarios to support policy making as well as the NAMA and INDC Action Plan for Thailand.

EMISI METHANA (CH4) DARI SALURAN DRAINASE LAHAN GAMBUT DI KALIMANTAN TENGAH

<p>ABSTRACT</p><p>Peatland development is increasingly becoming a strategic, both in terms of aspects of agronomy, and environmental aspects. Information magnitude of GHG emissions from drainage canals are important in the management of peat sustainability. Its objective is to determine the amount of GHG emissions from peatland drainage channels that are used for traditional rubber plantation. Gas sampling is done in the secondary drainage channel with a channel width of 5 m and 3 m wide tertiary. Sampling was performed six times with five points by using the lid closed cylinder. Sample was analyzed by gas chromatography flame ionization detector incorporates detector (FID) for the determination of the concentration of CH4. CH4 fluxes in peatland drainage channel width of 5 m is relatively higher than in the drainage channel width of 3 m in Jabiren peatlands of Central Kalimantan. GHG emissions in the channel width of 5 m was 542,20 ± 258,57 kg CO2-e yr-1 and 379,14 ± 260,7 kg CO2-e yr-1 of the channel width of 3 m.</p>

Banning incandescent light bulbs in the shadow of the EU Emissions Trading Scheme

The light bulb ban introduced by the EU is used as an example to illustrate how to assess the climate impact of a policy that overlaps with a cap-and-trade scheme. The European Commission estimates that by 2020 the reduction in GHG emissions induced by banning incandescent light bulbs will reach 15 million tons annually. The number is a conservative estimate for the reduction in emissions from lighting if the total residential stock of incandescent light bulbs in 2008 is replaced by more efficient lighting sources. However, it ignores that use-phase and some non-use-phase emissions are covered by the EU Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS). This drastically reduces the amount of GHG emissions saved.Policy relevanceSeveral policies such as the EU-wide ban on incandescent light bulbs, energy efficiency mandates and support mechanisms for renewable energy overlap with the EU ETS. While there are typically several justifications for these policies, a chief reason is the reduction of GHG emissions. However, given that the aggregate emissions of the industries covered are fixed by the EU ETS, the climate change mitigation aspect of these policies is not obvious. Using the light bulb ban as an example, this article illustrates how a focus on non-EU ETS emissions changes the assessment of an intervention in terms of GHG reductions.

Low carbon energy behaviors in the workplace: A qualitative study in Italy and Spain

Large organizations are responsible for a significant amount of GHG emissions. This trend will even increase over the next 100 years. An issue for environmental research is the investigation of the factors promoting or hindering the transition to more sustainable energy behaviors in the workplace. This study is part of a larger project, funded under the EU-FP7 program, called “Low Carbon at Work” (LOCAW). We present the results of a qualitative study assessing the existing everyday behaviors in two large-scale organizations: an Italian-based multinational renewable energy producer, and a Spanish public university (The University of A Coruña). Data obtained by interviews with key-informers and focus groups were content analyzed, using ATLAS.ti. Results indicate many commonalities and some differences between the two case studies. Working in a green anergy company leads individuals to be more sensitized about environmental issues, although a core thematic category refers to the concept that energy-related behaviors “rely on individual feeling”. Data from the University of A Coruña suggest this organization has the right values and objectives, but it does not always adequately implement organizational policies to support sustainable energy use among students and employees. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.