Amount Of Dosage Research Articles

Effect of caffeine on the cardiovascular system and performance: A systematic review

Caffeine is a compound found in the leaves, seeds and fruits of plants such as coffee and guarana. The aim of the systematic review was to determine the influence of caffeine on cardiorespiratory functions and physical performance. The method was the collection of relevant literature in the period from 2011-2022, and their analysis. The results clearly show the benefit and positive influence of caffeine on both investigated areas. The recommended consumption of caffeine should be higher than 75mg in order to expect positive changes and effects. Also, doses above 600mg should not be exceeded due to side effects, especially on the heart. It is necessary to consume caffeine for at least 45 minutes before the planned activity to ensure complete absorption. Caffeine is a very powerful supplement, it is only necessary to take care of the method and amount of dosage.

Porous Hierarchical Ni/Mg/Al Layered Double Hydroxide for Adsorption of Methyl Orange from Aqueous Solution.

A basic urea technique was successfully used to synthesize Mg/Al-Layered double hydroxides (Mg/Al LDHs), which were then calcined at 400 °C to form Mg/Al-Layered double oxides (Mg/Al LDOs). To reconstruct LDHs, Mg/Al LDOs were fabricated with different feeding ratios of Ni by the co-precipitation method. After synthesis, the Ni/Mg/Al-layered double hydroxides (NMA-LDHs) with 20% and 30% Ni (S1 and S2) were roasted at 400 °C and transformed into corresponding Ni/Mg/Al-layered double oxides (NMA-LDOs) (S1a and S2b, respectively). The physiochemical properties of synthesized samples were also evaluated by various characterization techniques, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET). The adsorption behavior of methyl orange (MO) onto the synthesized samples was evaluated in batch adsorption mode under varying conditions of contact time, adsorbent quantity, and solution pH. As the dosage amount increased from 0.01-0.04 g, the removal percentage of MO dye also increased from 83% to 90% for S1, 84% to 92% for S1a, 77% to 87% for S2, and 93% to 98% for S2b, respectively. For all of the samples, the adsorption kinetics were well described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The equilibrium adsorption data were well fitted to both Langmuir and Freundlich models for methyl orange (MO). Finally, three adsorption-desorption cycles show that NMA-LDHs and NMA-LDOs have greater adsorption and reusability performance for MO dye, signifying that the design and fabrication strategy can facilitate the application of the natural hydrotalcite material in water remediation.

Parental Experiences of Melatonin Administration to Manage Sleep Disturbances in Autistic Children and Adolescent in the UK.

Autistic children and adolescents are 40-80% more likely to experience sleep disturbances than their neurotypical peers. In the United Kingdom, melatonin is licensed for short-term usage in adults at age 55 years and above; however, it is often prescribed to autistic children and adolescents to help manage their sleep. The current study sought to understand parental experiences and their motivation of using melatonin to manage sleep disturbances of their autistic children. The sample included 26 parents who took part in online focus groups answering questions regarding their experiences of using melatonin as a sleep treatment for their children diagnosed with autism between 4 and 18 years old. Four main themes were identified: (i) parental perception of melatonin used as 'a naturally produced hormone'; (ii) perceived benefits of using melatonin to improve their child's sleep; (iii) administration of melatonin: dosage amount, timing and pulverising; and (iv) expectation and apprehension over melatonin use. Some parents reported success with the use of melatonin, and others reported the effects being limited or diminishing in time. Suggestions for healthcare professionals and families regarding melatonin usage in the UK are made with respect to setting clear guidelines for usage, whilst ensuring expectations are set and managed appropriately.

A sequential combination of advanced oxidation and enzymatic hydrolysis reduces the enzymatic dosage for lignocellulose degradation

High cellulase cost is a significant challenge to reducing the production cost of the lignocellulosic ethanol industry. Fenton reagents can oxidize and degrade organic matter through the advanced oxidation process. This study combined the Fenton reagent with cellulase to improve lignocellulose degradation efficiency and reduce the amount of enzyme dosage. Fenton reaction studies showed that the experimental group of 1000 mmol/L H2O2 + 10 mmol/L FeSO4 was the most suitable condition for coupled cellulase hydrolysis and excessive reagents might cause a decrease in the promotion effect. The solid loading analysis evidenced that the lignocellulose degradation can be facilitated by the Fenton reagent in the 15%–30% solids range. Treated with the Fenton reagent, the release of free water and the increase of specific surface area in the degradation process were enhanced. It's indicated that the amount of cellulase decreased by 76.2% under the combination of advanced oxidation and enzymatic hydrolysis. The techno-economic analysis of 300,000 t/a lignocellulosic ethanol showed that the combination reduced 26.96% annual costs. These results confirmed that the method of combining advanced oxidation with enzymatic hydrolysis is an effective way to improve the economics of industrial ethanol.

Fe3O4@MIL-100(Fe) modified ZnS nanoparticles with enhanced sonocatalytic degradation of tetracycline antibiotic in water

Sonocatalysis has attracted excellent research attention to eradicate hazardous pollutants from the environment effectively. This work synthesised an organic/inorganic hybrid composite catalyst by coupling Fe3O4@MIL-100(Fe) (FM) with ZnS nanoparticles using the solvothermal evaporation method. Remarkably, the composite material delivered significantly enhanced sonocatalytic efficiency for removing tetracycline (TC) antibiotics in the presence of H2O2 compared to bare ZnS nanoparticles. By adjusting different parameters such as TC concentration, catalyst dosage and H2O2 amount, the optimized composite (20 %Fe3O4@MIL-100(Fe)/ZnS) removed 78.25% antibiotic in 20 min at the cost of 1 mL of H2O2. These much superior activities are attributed to the efficient interface contact, effective charge transfer, accelerated transport capabilities and strong redox potential for the superior acoustic catalytic performance of FM/ZnS composite systems. Based on various characterization, free radical capture experiments and energy band structures, we proposed a mechanism for the sonocatalytic degradation of tetracycline based on S-scheme heterojunctions and Fenton like reactions. This work will provide an important reference for developing ZnS-based nanomaterials to study sonodegradation of pollutants.

Consistent long-term practice leads to consistent improvement: Benefits of self-managed therapy for language and cognitive deficits using a digital therapeutic.

Although speech-language therapy (SLT) is proven to be beneficial to recovery of post-stroke aphasia, delivering sufficiently high amounts of dosage remains a problem in real-world clinical practice. Self-managed SLT was introduced to solve the problem. Previous research showed in a 10-week period, increased dosage frequency could lead to better performance, however, it is uncertain if dosage still affects performance over a longer period of practice time and whether gains can be seen following practice over several months. This study aims to evaluate data from a health app (Constant Therapy) to investigate the relationship between dosage amount and improvements following a 30-week treatment period. Two cohorts of users were analyzed. One was comprised of patients with a consistent average weekly dosage amount and the other cohort was comprised of users whose practice had higher variability. We conducted two analyses with two cohorts of post-stroke patients who used Constant Therapy. The first cohort contains 537 "consistent" users, while the second cohort contains 2,159. The 30-week practice period was split into three consecutive 10-week practice windows to calculate average dosage amount. In each 10-week practice period, patients were grouped by their average dosage into low (0-15 min/week), medium (15-40 min/week) and moderate dosage (greater than 40 min/week) groups. Linear mixed-effects models were employed to evaluate if dosage amount was a significant factor affecting performance. Pairwise comparison was also applied to evaluate the slope difference between groups. For the consistent cohort, medium (β = .002, t 17,700 = 7.64, P < .001) and moderate (β = .003, t 9,297 = 7.94, P < .001) dosage groups showed significant improvement compared to the low dosage group. The moderate group also showed greater improvement compared to the medium group. For the variable cohort in analysis 2, the same trend was shown in the first two 10-week windows, however, in weeks 21-30, the difference was insignificant between low and medium groups (β = .001, t = 1.76, P = .078). This study showed a higher dosage amount is related to greater therapy outcomes in over 6 months of digital self-managed therapy. It also showed that regardless of the exact pattern of practice, self-managed SLT leads to significant and sustained performance gains.

Structural Behaviour of Hybrid Fibres Concrete Using Regression Analysis

Abstract: The main objective of the current effort is to create hybrid fibre reinforced concrete with improved strength properties, structural behaviour, and structural performance by adding the right dosage amount of hybrid fibre. In this work, it is suggested to employ hybrid fibres of two different types, one of which is Steel fibre, a metallic fibre, and the other is Polyvinyl Alcohol fibre, which has a synthetic foundation. In this way, the concrete gains high tensile strength, flexural strength, and compressive strength due to the inclusion of steel fibre with a high Young's modulus and tensile strength. The steel fibre functions as a crack arrestor, stopping the growth of cracks at the macro level. The microscopic cracks are stopped from spreading by the use of synthetic Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) fibre, which is more flexible and ductile, increasing the strength and hardness of the concrete. The objective of the current study is to assess the structural behaviour and strength features of hybrid fibre reinforced concrete. For different mix proportions, such as 0% Steel fibre and 1% PVA fibre, 0.25% Steel fibre and 0.75% PVA fibre, 0.50% Steel fibre and 0.50% PVA fibre, 0.75% Steel fibre and 0.25% PVA fibre, and 1% Steel fibre and 0% PVA fibre by the volume of concrete, the specimens were cast with the addition of hybrid fibres at a total volume fraction of 1%.

A NEW MODEL FOR HYDROPONIC LETTUCE NUTRITION ADAPTIVE CONTROL SYSTEM BASED ON FUZZY LOGIC SUGENO METHOD USING ESP32

In the last few years, the terms Smart Agriculture, Smart Farming, Urban Farming, or Precision Farming have been increasingly recognized and growing rapidly. Hydroponics is one part that is currently a trend, both in industrial or household scale businesses and hobbies. One of the most important things to consider in maintaining the quality of hydroponic plant growth is the concentration of nutrients in the water. A series of studies have been conducted to improve the quality of hydroponic plants. However, the developments that have been carried out have not focused on optimal nutritional control. The previous hydroponic plant nutrition control system still used conventional methods, namely the use of a rule base with firm values ​​, and did not consider the quantity and quality of water. Therefore, this study proposes a new model for an adaptive control system for hydroponic lettuce nutrition based on the Fuzzy Logic Sugeno method using ESP32. The fuzzy logic Sugeno method is used to create a new model of the inference system for determining the amount of nutrient dosage based on supporting data obtained from sensors installed on hydroponic growing media. Compared with the conventional method, the resulting test results show that the proposed method can adapt the amount of added nutrients, provide optimal nutrient addition output, and prevent excess nutrient additions that can potentially accumulate toxic ions in water that degrade water quality.

Photoadsorption and reaction mechanism of periwinkle shell ash in the removal of hazardous dye

AbstractCombined adsorption and photocatalysis synergy was explored in this research because the porosity of activated carbon and hydroxyl radicals' generation are the main drivers of the adsorption and photodecomposition efficiency of dyes. In this study, periwinkle shell ash (PSA) activated at 800 °C was used for the adsorption of toxic crystal violet (CRV) dyes. The PSA was characterized by scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area analysis, and X-ray diffraction. Findings showed that CRV adsorption was dependent on the dosage, pH, contact time, and initial concentration. The adsorption capacity was 46.82 at pH (9) for CRV, dosage amount of 0.2 g/L, and an adsorbate concentration of 70 mg/L. Pseudo-second order gave a perfect fitting-chemisorption mechanism with values &amp;gt;0.98 (R2). Maximum photodegradation (93–98%) was achieved when the catalyst dosage increased to 0.75 g. Thermodynamics confirmed a spontaneous/exothermic process. The photocatalysis process confirmed that the combined process was effective and determined to be the rate-determining step by Langmuir–Hinshelwood. The study concluded that PSA was an efficient adsorbent, and TiO2 was a key factor in the reaction mechanism and recommended for potential synthesis of membrane substrates, high performance, efficiency, and cost reduction.

Combined conditioning of inorganic coagulant and polyamine to improve the dewaterability of municipal sludge, minimize dosage and reduce the influence of filtrate.

Efficient dewatering of sludge is necessary for its cost-effective transportation and final disposal. However, the common method of using polyferric sulfate (PFS) and polyacrylamide (PAM) requires a large amount of dosage and produces high iron ion content in the filtrate. This study examined a solution of applying polyamine (PA) coupled with inorganic coagulant PFS. The results demonstrated that using PFS + PA together could achieve the same or similar filtering rates as using PFS + PAM. The capillary suction time (CST) of PFS + PA (89.0 s) was equivalent to that of PFS (75.1 s) and better than that of PA (117.1 s) and raw sludge (RS, 403.8 s). Compared with PFS + PAM, the combination of PFS and PA efficiently removed Fe ions and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in sludge water content, with Fe ions in the sludge filtrate reduced by 97.8% and COD reduced by 78.9%, respectively. By analyzing the basic physicochemical properties of the sludge system, including the synergistic effect of coagulation and flocculation, sludge hydrolysis and flocculation, it indicated that PA + PFS could reduce bound water. These results demonstrated that combining PFS and PA to improve sludge dewatering performance is more beneficial than utilizing a coagulant or flocculant alone, even PFS + PAM.

Hydrogen sulfide removal from fermentative biohydrogen process: Effect of ZSM‐5 zeolite loading

AbstractThe production and consumption of biohydrogen is growing because it is a “green,” renewable energy that can be obtained in a relatively cost‐effective manner through anaerobic digestion. Biohydrogen produced from biomass is a viable source of renewable energy; nevertheless, the presence of highly toxic and corrosive hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in the process can hinder the quality of biohydrogen production and limit its application in energy conversion equipment. Consequently, the goal of the research was to assess the feasibility of using ZSM‐5 zeolite for H2S adsorption that function as activating agent to enhance biohydrogen quality under thermophilic conditions. The effect of ZMS‐5 Zeolite loading (0.2–1.0 g) on biohydrogen production via dark fermentation from mixed fruit waste (MFW) was investigated using anaerobic sludge from a sewage treatment plant. The pH of the broth mixture was adjusted to 6.0, anaerobic conditions were created by purging it with nitrogen gas, and the temperature of the fermentative biohydrogen process was maintained at 60°C. Meanwhile, the H2S adsorption test was run at ambient temperature with flow rates (100 ml/min) and an H2S inlet concentration of 10000 ppm. The results indicate that the Z + H2S exhibit spectral lines corresponding to the S‐H asymmetric stretching vibration of H2S at 2345.97 cm−1. The ideal adsorption capacity is at 0.8 g with yet, increasing the dosage amount of adsorbents, increases the time required for the adsorbent to achieve 90% saturation. The non‐linear curve fitting demonstrated that the adsorption kinetics of all dosages used followed those of the Avrami kinetic model. This approach of using ZSM‐5 zeolite for H2S removal provides an advantage in terms of minimizing environmental pollution and having great potential uses in industrial processes.

Impact on the Geotechnical Properties of Soil mixed with Terrazyme

The financial sustainability and serviceability of any project after standard performance are the most crucial requirements in emerging nations like India. Hence there is a need to find the best possible ways to satisfy the performance as well as economic criteria. The stabilization of soil with bio-enzyme is a revolutionary technique which becoming popular worldwide. Recently there are many bio-enzymes available for soil stabilization such as Fujibeton, renolith, Perma-Zyme, Terrazyme, etc. These enzymes have been proven to be very effective and economical as well as environment friendly in nature. The efficiency of bio-enzyme depends upon the amount of dosage, types of soil and curing period. One such type of bio-enzyme, Terrazyme has been used in the present work. This study shows the effect of Terrazyme on stabilization of soil. Including the improvement in unconfined compressive strength, shear strength and the Atterberg’s limits. The enzyme treated soil shows significant improvement in strength parameters of soil and little improvement in liquid and plastic limit of the soil.

Using Mindful Behavior to Reduce Fluoroscopic Time and Radiation in Motorized Internal Femur Lengthening

Abstract Introduction: Fluoroscopic imaging is universally employed by orthopedic surgeons in the operating room. Nonetheless, intraoperative radiation exposure has an appreciable risk for patients and operating room personnel. Mindful practice of limiting fluoroscopic shots by the operating surgeon can be a useful tool for minimizing dose-dependent radiation. Methods: Ten consecutive patients (20 limbs) undergoing bilateral femoral lengthening osteoplasty with insertion of an intramedullary lengthening nail at the study institution were selected. Intraoperative imaging from one group (control) consisting of five patients (10 limbs) who underwent the standard procedure was retrospectively reviewed. The second group (image conscious) consisted of five patients (10 limbs) who underwent the procedure while a conscious effort was made to reduce the number of extraneous fluoroscopic images. Fluoroscopic images were logged for quantity and time stamps. One-tailed Student’s t-test was used to compare the control group to the image-conscious group with a statistical significance level set to P &lt; 0.05. Results: The number of fluoroscopic images acquired in the image-conscious group (61.2 ± 11.1) compared to the control group (112.6 ± 20.6) showed a statistically significant decrease (P = 0.006). The amount of radiation dosage absorbed in the image-conscious group (6.82 mGy ± 1.8) compared to the control group (9.89 mGy ± 2.7) was also statistically significant (P = 0.037). The average total operative time per limb in the control group was 103 min (±15) versus 106 min (±12) in the image-conscious group (P = 0.399). There was no significant difference between the groups for age, body mass index, nail diameter, or nail length. There were no intraoperative complications or need for revision surgery in either group. Discussion: Image-conscious fluoroscopy leads to a 45.7% reduction in radiation dosage with a statistically significant decrease in the number of images taken, absorbed dosage, and fluoroscopic imaging time in a standardized procedure without increasing operating room time or perioperative complications. Conclusion: Orthopedic surgeons have the potential to minimize the adverse effects of radiation exposure in the operating room by being mindful about avoiding excessive fluoroscopy shots.

Propositional Inference for IoT Based Dosage Calibration System Using Private Patient-Specific Prescription against Fatal Dosages.

IoT-based insulin pumps are used to deliver precise quantities of insulin to diabetic patients to regulate blood glucose levels. Generally, these levels correspond to the dietary patterns observed at time intervals that vary between patients. However, any misrepresentation in insulin levels may lead to fatal consequences. As a result, most IoT-based insulin pumps are rejected due to the possibility of external threats, which include software and hardware attacks. However, IoT-based insulin pumps are extremely useful in real-time patient monitoring, and for controlled insulin delivery to the patient based on their current glucose level. We propose a blockchain-based method to protect against the above-mentioned attacks. The system creates a patient-specific private blockchain wherein the dosage information is added as a new block by obtaining the approval of the doctor, chief doctor, nurse, and caretaker of the patient who are authorized blockchain miners. Secondly, it securely transfers prescription data, such as dosage quantity and time of delivery, to the IoT insulin pump, which ensures the dosage information is not modified during transit before insulin administration to the patient. The proposed approach uses a state-behavior-based solution that detects anomalies in the behavior of the insulin pump via temporal data analysis and immutable ledger verification, which are designed to eliminate fatal dosages in case of anomalies. The system is designed to work within binary outcome conditions, i.e., it verifies and delivers dosage or halts. There is no middle ground that an attacker can exploit, resulting in accountability for the system.

Application of a new derivatives of traizole Schiff base on chromium recovery from its wastewater

ABSTRACT Interaction of 3-Amino-1 H–1,2,4-triazole with 4,4“-Dihydroxybenzil yielded 4,4”-((1E)-1,2-bis((1 H–1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)imino)ethane-1,2-diyl)diphenol. The adsorbent (TIHP) was made by subjecting the synthesized Schiff base to a phosphorylation reaction; its structure was validated by FTIR, TGA, 1HNMR, 13CNMR, GC-MS, and Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance (31P-NMR). Chromium oxyanions (Cr(VI)) in water were successfully removed by using the newly synthesized adsorbent (TIHP). Many different variables, namely; the initial concentration of Cr(VI), the period of interaction, the temperature, the amount of the adsorbent dosage, and the pH of aqueous were tested via the batch technique. Maximum sorption efficiency were obtained at pH 2, 45 min contact time, 0.08 dose, at room temperature. When exposed to the proposed foreign ions, Cr(VI) desorption)‘s behavior modifies. The novel adsorbent had an extreme adsorption capability of 307.07 mg/g for Cr(VI) at ambient temperature. Adsorption isotherms could be explained by Freundlich’s isotherm model. The pseudo-second-order equation provided tight limits on the kinetic outcomes. Thermodynamic analyses confirm that the up taking process was spontaneous and endothermic.

Correlating solvation-adsorption phenomena of some styrylpyridinium dyes on SDS modified silica surface in organic media

Sodium dodecyl sulfate modified silica (SDSMS) surface has been used to study the adsorption of some cationic styrylpyridinium dyes from organic solvent media using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometric technique. The modifications of silica surface and subsequent modification through adsorption of dye molecules on the surface have been characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV-Vis spectroscopy and zeta potential measurements. Kinetics of adsorption and consequent thermodynamic parameters have been studied and discussed. The isotherm modeling, choice of solvents from sedimentation analysis, and other common adsorption related parameters such as amount of adsorbent dosage, contact time, adsorption efficiencies have been reported. The influences of solvents and the substituents present on the dye molecules, on the rate of adsorption have been discussed. A pictorial model of adsorption process has been suggested based on the experimental results.

IoT Based Expert System for Diabetes Diagnosis and Insulin Dosage Calculation.

High blood glucose levels are the defining characteristic of diabetes. Uncontrolled blood glucose levels in diabetic patients might result in mortality. As a result, there is a dire need to control blood glucose levels by constantly monitoring them and delivering the appropriate amount of insulin. However, insulin consumption is affected by several variables, including age, calorific intake, and body weight. The patient must see the doctor on a regular basis in order to determine the appropriate dose. Nonetheless, hospital facilities are finding it increasingly difficult to treat patients as the number of patients rises; thus, the healthcare industry is searching for an efficient method that can alleviate their burden by assisting patients with chronic conditions through remote patient care. In this work, we have developed an expert system to provide remote treatment for diabetic patients. Our expert system consists of two distinct components: one for the patient and one for the hospital. The sole requirement for the patient will be a wearable device that captures and transmits all relevant data to the cloud. On the hospital side, there should be a system in place to process that data in the cloud. The system employs a fuzzy system to handle data in two stages. A fuzzy system is initially employed to identify whether or not a patient is diabetic. In the second stage, a fuzzy system is utilized to determine the insulin dosage for a diabetic patient. Using sensors and the ESP8266 platform, we have developed a prototype of patient-side hardware. The MATLAB fuzzy toolbox is used for the processing part, which includes fuzzy systems, and the results of the MATLAB analysis are presented in the form of simulation results to demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed system in terms of determining insulin dosage. The results of the simulation using the fuzzy toolbox for the insulin dose of the diabetic patient are significantly close to the amount of dosage prescribed by the endocrinologist.

Characterizing Aqueous Cd2+ Removal by Plant Biochars from Qinghai–Tibet Plateau

Increased anthropogenic activities have caused cadmium pollution in Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, which is harmful to human health. This paper investigated aqueous Cd2+ adsorption using biochar of three typical vegetation types in cold and arid areas of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau: (i) Chinese wolfberry (GBB), (ii) highland barley (QBB), and (iii) seabuckthorn (SBB). In order to investigate the effect of pyrolysis temperature on the performance of biochar for cadmium adsorption, three types of biochar were prepared at 350 °C, 500 °C, and 650 °C. The as-prepared biochar was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Thermogravimetric (TG), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Brauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis. The results showed that the biochar prepared at 650 °C had the best adsorption capacity. Compared with QBB and SBB, the GBB had a higher Cd2+ adsorption capacity of 19.48 mg/g. Moreover, the effects of biochar dosage, experimental temperature, and biochar preparation temperature on the adsorption of Cd2+ by biochar and the interaction between the factors were investigated using Box–Behnken Design (BBD). As a result, the amount of biochar dosage showed the most obvious influence on Cd2+ adsorption capacity, followed by sample preparation temperature and experimental adsorption temperature. This study paves the way for the design of biochar for Cd2+ adsorption in wastewater.

Long-term durability of immune responses to the BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccines based on dosage, age and sex.

The lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-formulated mRNA vaccines BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 are a widely adopted multi vaccination public health strategy to manage the COVID-19 pandemic. Clinical trial data has described the immunogenicity of the vaccine, albeit within a limited study time frame. Here, we use a within-host mathematical model for LNP-formulated mRNA vaccines, informed by available clinical trial data from 2020 to September 2021, to project a longer term understanding of immunity as a function of vaccine type, dosage amount, age, and sex. We estimate that two standard doses of either mRNA-1273 or BNT162b2, with dosage times separated by the company-mandated intervals, results in individuals losing more than 99% humoral immunity relative to peak immunity by 8months following the second dose. We predict that within an 8month period following dose two (corresponding to the original CDC time-frame for administration of a third dose), there exists a period of time longer than 1month where an individual has lost more than 99% humoral immunity relative to peak immunity, regardless of which vaccine was administered. We further find that age has a strong influence in maintaining humoral immunity; by 8 months following dose two we predict that individuals aged 18-55 have a four-fold humoral advantage compared to aged 56-70 and 70+ individuals. We find that sex has little effect on the immune response and long-term IgG counts. Finally, we find that humoral immunity generated from two low doses of mRNA-1273 decays at a substantially slower rate relative to peak immunity gained compared to two standard doses of either mRNA-1273 or BNT162b2. Our predictions highlight the importance of the recommended third booster dose in order to maintain elevated levels of antibodies.

Activity and mechanism of macroporous carbon/nano-TiO2 composite photocatalyst for treatment of cyanide wastewater

Photocatalytic oxidation can effectively treat cyanide wastewater generated from cyanide plating and gold cyanidation extraction process. In this study, monodisperse SiO2 microspheres were prepared by stober method, and macroporous carbon was prepared by template method with SiO2 as template and sucrose as carbon source, and the macroporous carbon/nano-TiO2 composite photocatalyst were prepared by solid-phase dispersion method. The material was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD)，UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS), photoluminescence (PL), energy spectrometry (EDS), N2 adsorption–desorption test, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Raman spectra, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results show that the material has a large specific surface area, excellent pore structure, and light absorption properties. The photocatalytic treatment of cyanide wastewater was carried out by changing variables such as the loading amount of nano-TiO2, light wavelength, and catalyst dosage. The data showed that when the loading amount of nano-TiO2 was 15 wt% and the catalyst dosage was 3 g/L, the degradation efficiency of total cyanide was 98.10% and the removal efficiency of copper and zinc ions were 99.56% and 100%, respectively, after adsorption in cyanide wastewater for 0.5 h and then light illumination under high-pressure mercury lamp for 3 h (air is introduced during this period). Based on the EDS and XPS analyses, macroporous carbon/nano-TiO2 material will decompose Cu(CN)32- and Zn(CN)42- in cyanide wastewater to Cu+, Zn2+ and •CN. Cu+, •CN and CN－ are further oxidized to Cu2+ and CNO－, Cu2+ and Zn2+ will be removed by being adsorbed to the material surface, and CNO－ will be further degraded to carbon oxides (COX) and nitrogen oxides (NOX).