Amount Of Debt Research Articles

The Effect of Current Ratio, Net Profit Margin and Total Asset Turnover on Capital Structure in Basic and Chemical Industry Sector Companies in 2018-2020

For companies, increasing the value of the company is considered very important to strengthen its financial stability, because changes in the capital structure can cause changes in the value of the company. A good capital structure is one whose value is less than one. If the value of the capital structure is more than one, the company is considered to have a greater amount of debt than the amount of its own capital. This study aims to examine the effect of the current ratio, net profit margin, and total asset turnover on the capital structure. This study uses a quantitative approach with a sample population of 74 companies. By using purposive sampling, the sample that meets the criteria is 31 companies. The results show that the current ratio partially affects the capital structure. Partially, net profit margin and total asset turnover have no effect on capital structure. Simultaneously the current ratio, net profit margin and total asset turnover affect the capital structure of the basic and chemical industries listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2018-2020 period.

Real responses to anti-tax avoidance: Evidence from the UK Worldwide Debt Cap

We analyze how multinational firms reallocate real operations and debt across their affiliates in response to anti-tax avoidance policies. The UK introduced a worldwide debt cap in 2010, generating a quasi-natural experiment that limited interest deductibility for a group of multinational firms. We find that multinationals affected by the reform reduced the amount of debt held in the UK and increased debt held abroad. Affected multinationals reallocated a share of their real operations away from the UK. Our findings provide causal evidence for tax-motivated debt and real activity reallocation within multinationals and show how multinationals can circumvent tax avoidance regulations.11We would like to thank Jennifer Blouin, Steve Bond, Travis Chow, Mike Devereux, Jim Hines, Krzysztof Karbownik, James O’Donovan, Daniela Scur, Michael Stimmelmayr, Juan Carlos Suarez Serrato, Shiheng Wang, Bohui Zhang and three anonymous referees for their comments. Further thanks to the participants of National Tax Association conference, Utah Tax Invitational, China International Conference in Finance, Asia Meeting of Econometric Society, Ce2 workshop, Oxford University Centre for Business Taxation Summer Symposium, Fanhai International School of Finance at Fudan University seminar, Australian National University, International Institute of Public Finance Annual Congress and European Economic Association Congress for their helpful suggestions. Xing acknowledges financial support from National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 71903125), Shanghai Pujiang Program (No. 16PJC056) and Shanghai Institute of International Finance and Economics. All omissions and errors are our own.

34699 Early life socioeconomic factors that influence specialty choice and USMLE test performance in United States medical residents: A single institution cross-sectional survey study

Studies show that minorities are underrepresented in high-paying subspecialties. Additional study is needed to further examine the extent to which early life socioeconomic background influences US physicians’ academic performance and medical specialty choice. We distributed a Qualtrics survey to all house-staff at Saint Louis University (approximately 600 physicians) and to other dermatology programs through a national Dermatology Program Directors Listserv. Survey respondents were asked about their demographics, family socioeconomic status, medical specialty, United States Medical Licensing Exam (USMLE) Step 1 scores, and amount of debt from loans. The medical specialties were grouped into 3 categories based on level of competitiveness according to 2020 NMRP applicant match data: least competitive with average Step 1 scores of 220-229, medium competitive with scores of 230-239, and highly competitive with scores of >240. Respondents were also stratified into low, medium, and high-risk groups based on having certain risk factors, including being female, nonwhite, non-Asian, foreign-born, and having a childhood household income <$50,000. Univariate analysis was performed. Average Step 1 scores were higher in respondents in the low-risk group (238) compared with respondents in high-risk groups (210), P = .016. More respondents in the low-risk group matched into competitive versus noncompetitive specialties (42% versus 35%), and more respondents in the medium risk group matched into noncompetitive versus competitive specialties (65% versus 55%). This study demonstrates that early life socioeconomic factors influence academic performance and specialty choice. The study is limited because it does not capture the personal preferences that factor into specialty choice.

A Message from the Editor

In what might be called the first principle of modern corporate finance, the primary source and main driver of a company's long‐run value is said to be its strategy and what finance academics refer as the corporate investment decision—in brief, what corporate managers choose to do with the capital their investors have entrusted them with. Having committed themselves to a strategy and business plan, and figured out the amount of capital required to carry out the plan, the managers are then assumed to address the financing decision: What's our targeted capital structure? Should it be mostly equity, with few (visible) strings attached; or should it include large amounts of debt, with its contractually fixed and obligatory payments of interest and principal?

The Role of Microfinance in China's Rural Public Health: Evidence from the Anti-Poverty Microcredit Program.

This study presents nonlinear evidence of the effects of a microcredit program implemented in poverty-stricken villages in China on rural public health using multivariate-ordered Probit and IV-ordered Probit models. The results, which were based on a unique set of data gathered from two rounds of official tracking statistics obtained through investigation (2015 and 2018) at a household level, suggest that rural residents’ health levels and health insurance demands are related to the formal credit amount that they receive from the microcredit program. Further, the amount of debt that remains to be paid is a negative mediator and the poverty reduction degree is a positive mediator for the health impact of credit. After dividing the sample into subgroups according to income, credit rating and social network, the results show heterogeneity: the health outcomes of groups with a low income, a high credit rating and a strong social network are more significantly improved by loans. The estimations are still robust after using network and village clan numbers as instrumental variables to address endogeneity. Although most of the existing literature demonstrates that credit and indebtedness have negative impacts on health, our results supplement previous findings of the positive causality between access to formal credit and rural public health by showing that the former can exert positive effects by relaxing individuals’ external constraints and increasing health spending.

Generational perspectives of orthodontists in the U.S. and Canada: A survey study

The objectives of this study were to identify differences between generations of orthodontists in the United States and to evaluate the perspective of each generation on widely debated topics in orthodontics. A 22-item Institutional Review Board-approved survey was randomly distributed to orthodontists in the United States and Canada. Participants were asked questions about the use of technology, the future of clear aligner therapy, orthodontic education, student debt, marketing, and corporate orthodontics, among other topics. Significant increase in female orthodontists over generations and a decrease in orthodontic educators were found (P<0.001). Among generations, differences were found regarding the amount of student debt, use of specific diagnostic tools, marketing preferences, and their opinion on the future of clear aligner therapy. Most of the silent generation did not have student debt, whereas millennials reported paying off their debt in 1 year to>20 years and being most heavily burdened by student debt. Younger generations appeared more likely to use cone-beam computed tomography and intraoral imaging, whereas older generations preferred traditional diagnostic tools such as hand-wrist radiographs and alginate impressions. Most of the silent generation indicated not marketing their practices, whereas millennials rely heavily on social media and e-mails for marketing. Clear distinctions exist between different generations of orthodontists. Issues such as increasing student debt load and a decrease in orthodontic educators over generations should be addressed to preserve the future of the orthodontic specialty.

Association of Chronic Disease With Patient Financial Outcomes Among Commercially Insured Adults

The bidirectional association between health and financial stability is increasingly recognized. To describe the association between chronic disease burden and patients' adverse financial outcomes. This cross-sectional study analyzed insurance claims data from January 2019 to January 2021 linked to commercial credit data in January 2021 for adults 21 years and older enrolled in a commercial preferred provider organization in Michigan. Thirteen common chronic conditions (cancer, congestive heart failure, chronic kidney disease, dementia, depression and anxiety, diabetes, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, liver disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma, serious mental illness, stroke, and substance use disorders). Adjusted probability of having medical debt in collections, nonmedical debt in collections, any delinquent debt, a low credit score, or recent bankruptcy, adjusted for age group and sex. Secondary outcomes included the amount of medical, nonmedical, and total debt among individuals with nonzero debt. The study population included 2 854 481 adults (38.4% male, 43.3% female, 12.9% unknown sex, and 5.4% missing sex), 61.4% with no chronic conditions, 17.7% with 1 chronic condition, 14.8% with 2 to 3 chronic conditions, 5.4% with 4 to 6 chronic conditions, and 0.7% with 7 to 13 chronic conditions. Among the cohort, 9.6% had medical debt in collections, 8.3% had nonmedical debt in collections, 16.3% had delinquent debt, 19.3% had a low credit score, and 0.6% had recent bankruptcy. Among individuals with 0 vs 7 to 13 chronic conditions, the predicted probabilities of having any medical debt in collections (7.6% vs 32%), any nonmedical debt in collections (7.2% vs 24%), any delinquent debt (14% vs 43%), a low credit score (17% vs 47%) or recent bankruptcy (0.4% vs 1.7%) were all considerably higher for individuals with more chronic conditions and increased with each added chronic condition. Among individuals with medical debt in collections, the estimated amount increased with the number of chronic conditions ($784 for individuals with 0 conditions vs $1252 for individuals with 7-13 conditions) (all P < .001). In secondary analyses, results showed significant variation in the likelihood and amount of medical debt in collections across specific chronic conditions. This cross-sectional study of commercially insured adults linked to patient credit report outcomes shows an association between increasing burden of chronic disease and adverse financial outcomes.

Pendampingan Penggunaan Aplikasi Laporan Keuangan BUMDES

Village-Owned Enterprises BUMDES are business entities whose capital is wholly or partly from the village, and the existence of BUMDES is intended to create jobs or improve public services for the community. One indicator of the success of BUMDES is where the administrators who are included in the management organizational structure have understood financial management which at the end of the period will produce correct financial reports. Financial recording is the initial stage in the activity of providing good and correct financial reports, it is necessary to record expenses and income so that all transactions can be known clearly and in detail. By having financial records, even simple ones, all financial flows can be recorded properly, such as the amount of capital that has been used, capital that has not been used, the amount of debt and so on. With the availability of good financial records, the BUMDes can see the development of their business so that the BUMDes management can make plans related to the condition of the BUMDes owned based on the financial records that have been made. The final result of all financial records is the availability of financial statements. The results of this activity are increasing partner insight, especially about financial records that can be used as the basis for detailed and clear BUMDES financial management, as well as increasing partner skills in application-based financial management in the application of recording daily transactions.

An Analysis of Finnish Debtors Who Defaulted in 2014–2016 Because of Unsecured Credit Products

Consumer credit has become an important element of the economy despite the negative effects: Over-indebtedness has wide-ranging repercussions affecting consumers and society as a whole. We analysed the debt judgements (N = 4,095) of Finnish district courts from 2014 to 2016, as well as administrative data on debtors. Our focus was on the position of consumers on the credit market and their consumption-related problem debts, namely instant loans, extensive consumer credit, and credit-card as well as distance-selling indebtedness. Regarding the four credit products, first we considered the average amount of outstanding debt and then we looked at the sociodemographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the debtors. The results revealed that the average outstanding debt (€) varied according to the credit product and that the highest average amount originated from extensive consumer credit. Instant loans and distance-selling indebtedness caused debt problems especially among low-income young adults, adverse selection seemingly being one factor behind instant-loan-related debts. Extensive consumer credit and credit-card indebtedness were behind debt judgements against older consumers with a good socioeconomic position and numerous previous loans. This is a moral-hazard situation whereby borrowers may have more information about their total amounts of debt than the lenders. We suggest that, in many cases, debt problems reflect an abundant supply of consumer credit, which seems to foster asymmetric information, the consumer’s position and competence to act in the credit market, as well as various overall risk factors. The findings highlight the need to strengthen consumers’ financial skills and for loan products that meet the needs of low-credit-rated consumers. Moreover, lenders should act responsibly in the current credit market.

ROLE OF ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE IN ACCOUNTING (FINANCIAL) STATEMENTS

Receivables in the financial statements are an important element that reflects the amount of an organization's funds diverted from turnover, those that are expected to be received in the near future. At the same time, receivables differ in terms of maturity, quality and it is necessary to analyze them in order to understand what share of the total amount of debt will actually return to the turnover of the organization. For analysis, you need to set up the accounting and analytical collateral system so that the entire accounts receivable management system is tailored to the needs of the users of this information. Understanding how much funds we actually have to pay off accounts payable, we can ensure the timely repayment of the organization's debts and improve solvency indicators. The organization's revenue reflects the amount of funds invested in production and commercial operations taking into account the profit received, therefore, its financial stability depends on the speed of the refund. Thus, accounts receivable management is a process aimed at improving its quality, return rate and more efficient use of funds. Performance indicators of accounts receivable reflect the speed of their circulation; their calculation and correct interpretation are an important element of analysis. The article provides an example of how the change in receivables affects the key performance indicators of the organization. Using this method, you can in practice calculate the performance indicators of the use of receivables for making decisions regarding their optimization.

Does Religion Matter on Financial Decisions? The Case of SMEs Capital Structure

Different finance theories have tried to explain the capital structure of companies considering it as a rational choice with limited results. In contrast, upper echelons theory highlights the influence of top managers’ values and beliefs in the decisions of firms. This research aims to fill this gap and looks into the linkage of religious belonging to explain why SMEs differ in their preferences between equity and liabilities. Therefore, the present study uses the two main Christian faiths to analyze the impact on the capital structure. We hypothesize that SMEs in countries with a mainly Catholic faith preferably carry higher amounts of debt, and contrary, firms in predominantly Protestant nations are more willing to issue equity.

LIVES IN DEBT AND DISTRESS: A CASE STUDY ON INDEBTEDNESS OF FARMERS IN THE DRY ZONE OF HARYANA STATE, INDIA

The study has been conducted to measure the extent and burden of debt on farmers. The study has been conducted to measure the extent and burden of debt on farmers. The study revealed that an average amount of debt per sampled farmer, per owned acre and per operated acre is rupees 491975, 70838 and 62775 respectively. The real burden of debt is very high. Institutional as well as non-institutional sources played main role in loan disbursement to farmers. One third amount of loan is still being taken for non-productive purposes. &lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/span&gt; Farmers are trapped under debt. They are not in situation to rid of from indebtedness. Because, small size of land holding by ownership, non-productive loans and high rate of interests charged by non-institutional sources are the main causes of their indebtedness.

Pengaruh ROE dan DER Terhadap Dividend Payout Ratio pada Industri Barang Konsumsi di Bursa Efek Indonesia

This research was conducted the Financial Statements of the Consumer Goods Industry listed on Bursa Efek IndonesiaIn 2014-2019. The phenomenon occurs is the consumer goods industry experiences fluctuating amount of net profit so Return On Equity (ROE) is the same. Most of the capital cannot meet the amount of debt, which makes the value of Debt to Equity Ratio (DER) high. In addition, companies continue to provide dividends even though experience losses. The purpose of this was to determine effect of ROE and DER on Dividend Payout Ratio (DPR). Using Panel Data Regression Analysis through three approach models, namely common effect, fixed effect and random effect. Chow test, Hausman test and Langrangian multiplier test were carried out to find appropriate approach. The result is that ROE and DER simultaneously have a significant effect on DPR. Furthermore, partially ROE and DER have an effect on DPR.

A Giant Falls: The Impact of Evergrande on Asian Stock Indexes

The economic growth of China has been driven by the development of its real estate market, especially after the 2008 crisis. This growth is mostly related to the huge housing bubble and growing amounts of sovereign debt that have been redirected to corporations in the sector. Evergrande is one of those corporations; it is a Chinese company in the construction and real estate sector, a global giant with investments in many parts of the world. Its bond default in September 2021 sounded alerts in financial markets. Several news outlets spoke of the “next Lehman Brothers”, and apprehension was very high, especially in Asian markets. This research work aims to evaluate the impact of Evergrande’s bond default on six Asian stock markets, using an event study approach. The results show a strong reaction from the markets towards the event in study, even anticipating it. Furthermore, it is worth mentioning a quick reversion to “normal” behavior, indicating the rapid absorption of information by the markets.

How does institutional quality moderates the impact of public debt on economic growth? Startling evidence from OIC countries

Utilizing the data for forty-three member countries of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), this study delves into the impact of public debt on economic growth and evaluates how institutional quality moderates this effect. The outcomes of the study disclose a nonlinear relationship between public debt and economic growth in OIC countries. The results disclose threshold value of public debt is 63.43 as a percent of GDP in OIC economies after this it thwarts economic growth. The quantitative outcomes unveil that the quality of political and economic institutions boosts economic growth. The findings from the various models demonstrate that political institutions influence the growth impact of the economic institutions, these findings are acknowledging the "hierarchy of institutions hypothesis." The results of the interaction term reveal that, even as public debt hurts economic growth, better political and economic institutional quality measures alleviate this negative impact. Institutional infrastructure reforms are critical for public debt accumulation policy to mitigate the undesirable consequence of debt on economic growth in OIC member countries. Countries should considerably lessen their dependence on public debt and keep it below the threshold level that harms economic growth. OIC countries should mobilize their internally produced revenue collection mechanisms in order to increase revenue generation and close the gap between available resources and spending while incurring the least amount of public debt. Our findings can be pragmatic to design a germane fiscal policy to maximize economic growth.

A study to assess the subjective well being of farmers at selected villages of Dharwad Taluka

Farmers almost unique as a group whose work is so intimately tied with every aspects of their lives and the lives their families often across several generation Isolation, long work days. Climate change economic rationalization and globalization are just some of the many pressure that make farming a vulnerable occupation for incurring mental health issues. And the work and health is particularly pertinent for their livelihood and wellbeing. Topic: ‘A study to subjective wellbeing of farmers in selected village Dharwad district’ Objective: To assess the subjective well being of farmers, to assess level of Subjective wellbeing of farmers. And To find out the association between the level of subjective wellbeing of farmers with socio demographic variables of farmers. Design: Descriptive research design was used for conduct study, and convenience sampling technique was used to draw the samples. Setting: Selected village at Dharwad district. Tool for data collection: i. Socio demographic data sheet ii. Standardized Subjective wellbeing scale, Procedure for data collection: Collecting data by interview method Main outcome measures: Level of Subjective well-being farmers were measured and find association with socio-demographic variables. Results reveals that it was found that there was significantly association between the farmers have you experienced recent failure of bore wells variable and level of subjective wellbeing by one way ANOVA and t Test (t=2.6754, p=0.0087 as the level of p>0.05) and the farmers the amount of debts variables subjective well beings as per Chi-square test (χ2 =11.3020 p=0.0230 at the level of p>0.05).Hence research hypothesis is accepted. The study concludes that among all variables, have you experienced recent failure of bore wells and amount of debt found to be significant.

The Influence of the Bank Restructuring on the Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Iraq

This study analyzes how Bank Restructuring in Iraq has impacted the financial performance of banks. Information collected from 2014–2020 is analyzed quantitatively using correlation and multiple regression with a sample size of six banks from the Iraq stock exchange to determine how Bank Restructuring has affected Iraqi bank performance. These findings show that the Capital Ratio (CR) affects bank performance in a negative way that is statistically significant. In contrast, the Bad Debt Ratio (BDR) has the opposite impact on bank performance. The Bank Restructuring (Debt ratio (DR)) also deleteriously affects bank performance. Based on the results, it is evident that both the accounts payable and capital structures need to be restructured. Increasing the amount of owners' capital money while decreasing the amount of payables, lowering the amount of bad debt, and increasing the requirements for credit quality would be beneficial to improving financial performance. Keywords: CR, BDR, DR, Financial Performance. DOI: 10.7176/RJFA/13-14-09 Publication date: August 31 st 2022

Analisis Reaksi Pasar Modal Perusahaan LQ45 Terhadap Pergerakan Nilai Tukar di Masa Pandemi Covid 19

COVID-19 is one of the major pandemic disasters that really has a snowball effect and simultaneous effects on all aspects of life. One of those affected by this pandemic is the occurrence of a fairly deep exchange rate movement in 2020. The purpose of this study is to analyze how the capital market reacts to LQ45 companies with an approach to IHSGLQ45 on the movement of the Rupiah exchange rate against the dollar by using quantitative data that presented in the form of time series data. The data used are companies listed on LQ45 on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, namely in the period April 2020 to July 2021. The results of this study indicate that during this pandemic the depreciation of the rupiah against the dollar that occurred running into the capital market occurred due to companies that had going public on the IDX, most of them have foreign debt in the form of foreign currency (forex). In addition, going public produces products that use a lot of imported materials. This depreciation of the exchange rate resulted in an increase in the amount of company debt and production costs incurred in rupiah currency and in the end would lead to a declining company profitability.

Analisis Kinerja Keuangan Berdasarkan Metode Common Size Pada PT. Sulotco Jaya Abadi Periode 2017-2020

This study aims to determine the financial performance based on the common size method at PT Sulotco Jaya Abadi for the 2017-2020 period in terms of the balance sheet and income statement. This research design uses descriptive quantitative research methods. The data source used is secondary data. The data analysis technique uses common size analysis and trend analysis. The results showed that the common size in terms of balance sheet, PT Sulotco Jaya Abadi's Financial Performance using common size analysis when viewed from liabilities and equity, the company's financial performance was not very good. When compared with the company's equity, the amount of debt is higher than capital, so it can be concluded that the company will find it increasingly difficult to pay off its debts, especially short-term debt because the capital owned is quite low. Financial Performance of PT Sulotco Jaya Abadi using common size analysis when viewed from the income statement it can be concluded that the company's ability to generate profits is very low. It is proven that in 2017 the company still made a profit, but in 2018 to 2020 the company suffered a fairly high loss. This happened because the company's cost of goods sold was too high.

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI TAX AVOIDANCE SEBELUM DAN SELAMA PANDEMI COVID-19

The purpose of this research is to obtain empirical evidence on these factors are the variables of commisioner independent, committe audit, profitability, leverage, company size, sales growth and tax avoidance. The population of this research is all manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during 2018 to 2020. There were 168 manufacturing companies that are listed from 2018 to 2020. Samples are obtained through purposive sampling method. The sample taken for this research is 70 companies, so that the total data used as the research sample was 210. The analysis method used in this research is multiple regression.This results of this research that profitability and leverage have a significant influence on tax avoidance. Meanwhile, commisioner independent, audit committee, company size, sales growth has no effect on tax avoidance. Profitability has an effect on tax avoidance because if the company has a high profit, the company will try to reduce tax expense by tax avoidance, so that the profit earned by the company can still be maximized. The results of this study are in line with agency theory which states that managers have the hope of being able to increase profits or high company profitability because of the benefits obtained, namely getting compensation from the principal (company owner). The principal does not want the company to do tax avoidance, but the manager wants to do it to keep getting optimal profit so that the manager can get compensation from the principal. Leverage has an effect on tax avoidance because the increasing level of corporate debt will increase the amount of debt from third parties, with an increase in the amount of debt it will increase interest costs and will make the tax expense paid decreases. So that the use of debt by the company can be used for tax savings by obtaining incentives in the form of interest expense which will be a deduction from taxable income. The results of this study are in line with the trade off theory which states that if a company uses debt as its financial funding, it will provide benefits to reduce the company’s tax costs, because according to the company, debt has a fixed burden, namely interest costs. Interest costs are part of the burden that reduces the company’s taxable income (deductible expense) so that using debt will provide a positive relationship with tax avoidance actions taken by the company. Keywords: Tax Avoidance, Profitability, Leverage, Sales Growth, Size, Independent Commissioners, Audit Committe.